Lecture - 01

Telecommunication System
ICT-4103
By-
Dr. Jesmin Akhter
Professor
Institute of Information Technology
Jahangirnagar University
WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Communications at a distance.
Telecommunications are the transmission of signals over long distance, such as by
telegraph, radio, or television.
Telecommunications are the means of electronic transmission of information over
distances . The information may be in the form of voice telephone calls, data, text,
images, or video
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Telecommunications links may be implemented with various communication media,
with a corresponding variety of characteristics. The main feature of a medium is its
potential transmission speed.
 Six potential media are employed to implement telecommunication links:
1. Twisted pair
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber Optics cable
4. Terrestrial Microwave
5. Satellite Transmission
6. Radio Transmission
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Three of the transmission media are classified as guided

media - in which the signal moves along an enclosed path.
Guided media require wiring. They include:
1. Twisted pair
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber optic cable
 Three of the transmission media are classified as wireless
media - the signal is broadcast (radiated in many directions) over the air or
space and received through an antenna. They include:
1. Terrestrial Microwave
2. Satellite Transmission
3. Radio Transmission
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Twisted Pair a communications medium consisting of a pair of wires.
Coaxial Cable a communications medium that consists of a relatively
thick central conductor shielded by several layers of insulation
Fiber Optics high-capacity communications medium that consists of
many strands of pure glass with a data carrying core in the middle,
surrounded by a reflective coating and a protective sheath.
Terrestrial Microwave long-distance telecommunications by means of
microwave signals travelling on the surface of the earth.
Satellite Transmission form of microwave transmission in which the
signal is transmitted by an earth station to a satellite which rebroadcasts
the signal to the receiving station.
Radio Transmission wireless communications technology that transmits
voice or data over the air using a lower frequency band than microwaves.
INTRODUCTORY TOPICS IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
 An overall telecommunications network (i.e., the PSTN) consists
of local networks inter-connected by one or more long-distance
networks. The concept is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
 The public switched telephone network, or PSTN, is the world's
collection of interconnected voice-oriented public telephone
networks. It is the traditional circuit-switched telephone network.
 PSTN comprises all the switched telephone networks around the
world that are operated by local, national or international
carriers.
 This is the PSTN, which is open to public correspondence. It is
usually regulated by a government authority or may be a
government monopoly.
 The phones themselves are known by several names, such as
PSTN, landlines, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), or
fixed-line telephones.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
End-Users, Nodes, and Connectivities:
 End-users provide the inputs to the network and are recipients of network outputs. The end-
user employs what is called an I/O, standing for input/output (device). An I/O may be a PC,
computer, telephone instrument, cellular telephone or combined device, facsimile, or
conference TV equipment.
 Hosts or end-users are often called terminal nodes which provide the interface between the
"users" and the network for example a users' desktop computer or a set-top box in a cable TV
 A node is a point or junction in a transmission system where lines and trunks meet. A node
usually carries out a switching function. Nodes are computers, switches, routers, servers and
other devices. network. End-users usually connect to nodes.
 Switches, routers, etc. are not identified by any user but handle information as it is sent
between users. Nodes may provide various "helper" functions, such as directory services.
 In the case of the local area network (LAN), a network interface unit is used, through which
one or more end-users may be connected.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
 A connectivity links an end-user to a node, and from there possibly through other nodes to
some final end-user destination with which the initiating end-user wants to communicate.
 At this juncture, the end-users are assumed to be telephone users, and the path that is set up is a
speech path (it could, of course, be a data or video path).
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
 There are three sequential stages to a telephone call.
1. Call setup
2. Information exchange
3. Call takedown
 Call setup is the stage where a circuit is established and activated.
 The setup is facilitated by signaling, It is initiated by the calling subscriber (user) going off-hook. It means
“the action of taking the telephone instrument out of its cradle.”
 Two little knobs in the cradle pop up, pushed by a spring action causing an electrical closure. It now passes
current. The current source is a “battery” that resides at the local serving switch. It is connected by the
subscriber loop. This is just a pair of copper wires connecting the battery and switch out to the subscriber
premises and then to the subscriber instrument.
 The action of current flow alerts the serving exchange that subscriber requests service. When the current starts
to flow, the exchange returns a dial tone, which is audible in the headset (of the subscriber instrument). The
calling subscriber (user) now knows that she/he may start dialing digits or pushing buttons on the subscriber
instrument. Each button is associated with a digit. There are 10 digits, 0 through 9.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• Figure 1.3 shows a telephone end instrument connected through a subscriber loop to a local
serving exchange. It also shows that all-important battery (battery feed bridge), which
provides a source of current for the subscriber loop.
• If the called subscriber and the calling subscriber are in the same local area, only seven digits
need be dialed. These seven digits represent the telephone number of the called subscriber
(user). This type of signaling, the dialing of the digits, is called address signaling. The digits
actuate control circuits in the local switch, allowing a connectivity to be set up. If the calling
and called subscribers reside in the serving area of that local switch, no further action need be
taken.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• A connection is made to the called subscriber line, and the switch sends a special ringing
signal down that loop to the called subscriber, and her/his telephone rings, telling her/him
that someone wishes to talk to her/him on the telephone.
• This audible ringing is called alerting, another form of signaling. Once the called
subscriber goes off-hook (i.e., takes the telephone out of its cradle), there is activated
connectivity, and the call enters the information-passing phase or phase 2 of the telephone
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• Suppose now that a subscriber wishes to call another telephone subscriber outside the
local serving area of her/his switch. The call setup will be similar as before, except that at
the calling subscriber serving switch the call will be connected to an outgoing trunk.
Subscriber loops connect end-users (subscriber) to a local serving switch and trunks
interconnect exchanges or switches.
• When the call is completed, the telephones at each end are returned to their cradle,
breaking the circuit of each subscriber loop. The current stops flowing. Phase 3 of the
telephone call begins. It terminates the call, and the connecting circuit in the switch is
taken down and is then freed-up for another user.
• Both subscriber loops are now idle. If a third user tries to call either subscriber during
stages 2 and 3, she/he is returned a busy-back by the exchange (serving switch). This is
the familiar “busy signal,”. The return of the busy-back is a form of signaling called call-
progress signaling.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• A trunk can be defined as “a transmission path between exchanges or central
offices.”
• The transmission medium might be wire-pair cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave
radio, and satellite communications. In the conventional telephone plant, coaxial
cable has fallen out of favor as a transmission medium for this application.
• Of course, in the long-distance plant, satellite communication is fairly widely
employed, particularly for international service.
TELEPHONE NUMBERING AND
ROUTING
• Every subscriber in the world is identified by a number, which is geographically tied to a
physical location. This is the telephone number. The telephone number, as we used it: the last
four digits identify the subscriber line. The first three digits (i.e., 234) identify the serving
switch (or exchange).
• Let’s consider he subscriber number, consisting of the last four digits, has a theoretical
numbering capacity of 10,000. The first telephone number issued could be 0000; the second
number, if it were assigned in sequence, would be 0001, the third would be 0002, and so on.
At the point where the numbers ran out, the last number issued would be 9999.
• The first three digits of the example above contain the exchange code which identify the
exchange or switch. The theoretical maximum capacity is 1000. If again we assign numbers in
sequence, the first exchange would have 001, the next 002, then 003, and finally 999.
ROUTING
• In the case of the exchange code, there are blocked numbers.
• Numbers starting with 0 may not be desirable because in North America 0 is used to dial the
operator.
• The numbering system for North America (United States, Canada, and Caribbean islands) is
governed by the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). It states that central office codes
(exchange codes) are in the form NXX, where N can be any number from 2 through 9 and X can be
any number from 0 through 9. Numbers starting with 0 or 1 are blocked numbers in the case of the
first digit N. This cuts the total exchange code capacity to 800 numbers.
• Inside these 800 numbers there are five blocked numbers such as 555 for directory assistance and
958/959 for local plant test.
ROUTING
• For long-distance service we must use an additional three digits. These are called area
codes.
• In the official North American terminology used in the NANP is “NPA” for numbering
plan area are called NPA codes.
• Both exchange codes and NPA codes do not cross political/administrative boundaries.
Such as state, city, and county boundaries.
• We have seen exceptions to the county/city rule, but not to the state. For example, the
exchange code 443 (in the 508 area code, middle Massachusetts) is exclusively for the
use of the town of Sudbury, Massachusetts. Bordering towns, such as Framingham, shall
not use that number. Of course, the 443 exchange code number is meant for Sudbury’s
singular central office (local serving switch). There is similar thinking for NPAs (area
codes). In this case, these area codes may not cross state boundaries. For instance, 212 is
for Manhattan and may not be used for northern New Jersey.
ROUTING
• For telephone call, the calling party wishes to speak to a called party that is served by a different
exchange. We will assign the digits 234 for the calling party’s serving exchange; for the called party’s
serving exchange we assign the digits 447. This connectivity is shown graphically in Figure 1.5.
• The functions required for the calling party to reach her/his exchange( 234 exchange): It examines
the dialed digits of the called subscriber, 447–8765.
• To route the call, the exchange will only work upon the first three digits. It accesses its local look-up
table for the routing to the 447 exchange and takes action upon that information.
ROUTING
• An appropriate vacant trunk is selected for this route, and the signaling for the call advances to the
447 exchange. Here this exchange identifies the dialed number as its own and connects it to the
correct subscriber loop, namely the one matching the 8765 number. Ringing current is applied to the
loop to alert the called subscriber.
• The called subscriber takes her/his telephone off hook, and conversation can begin.
Thank You

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Telecommunication System

 Three of the transmission media are classified as guided

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