Process of conveying information from one place Communications

to another.

Is a long-distance communications Telecommunications

One of the most remarkable devices ever invented. Telephone

Anyone who uses a telephone or a data modem on a telephone circuit Public Telephone Network
is part of a global communications network .

The PTN comprises several very large corporations and hundreds of Telco
smaller independent companies jointly.

The telephone system as we know it today began as an unlikely Alexander Graham Bell
collaboration of two men with widely disparate personalities: and Thomas A. Watson

The simplest and most straightforward form of telephone service. Plain Old Telephone
Service

Most fundamental component of a telephone circuit. Subscriber Loop or Local

Loop

An unshielded twisted-pair transmission line consisting of two Local Loop

insulated conductors twisted together

Comes from the Greek word "tele" meaning from afar and phone, Telephone
meaning sound, voice, or voiced sound.

The first telephone set that combined a transmitter and receiver into a Butterstamp Telephone
single handheld unit was introduced in 1878

Helps prevent the speaker from talking too loudly Sidetone or Talkback

The pair of wores connecting. Local Loop

Sound in motion Speech

A series of telephone connection interfaces that are registered with RJ or Registered Jacks
the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.

The most common telephone jack in use today and can have up to six RJ-11
conductors.

● received volume quality of transmission

● relative frequency response of the telephone circuit, over a telephone
● degree of interference connection depends:

● translation of acoustic pressure into an electrical signal Ratio of the acoustic

● losses of two customer local loops, the central telephone pressure at the transmitter
office equipment, and the cables between central offices to responding pressure at
● the translation of the electrical signal at the receiving the rx depends:
telephone set to acoustic pressure at the speaker output.
 1. notify the subscriber when there is an incoming call with an Basic Functions of the
audible signal. telephone set
2. Provide a signal to the telephone network verifying when the
incoming call has been acknowledged and answered
3. Convert speech (acoustical) energy to electrical energy in the
transmitter and vice versa in the receiver.
4. Incorporate some method of inputting and sending
destination telephone numbers (either mechanically or
electrically) from the telephone set to the central office switch
over the local loop.
5. Regulate the amplitude of the speech signal the calling person
outputs onto the telephone line.
6. Incorporate some means of notifying the telephone office
when a subscriber wishes to place an outgoing call (i.e.,
handset lifted off hook).
7. Ensure that a small amount ofthe transmit signal is fed back to
the speaker, enabling talkers to hear themselves speaking
8. Provide an open circuit (idle condition) to the local loop when
the telephone is not in use (i.e., on hook) and a closed circuit
(busy condition) to the local loop when the telephone is in use
(off hook).
9. Provide a means of transmitting and receiving call progress
signals between the central office switch and the subscriber,
such as on and off hook, busy, ringing, dial pulses,
Touch-Tone signals, and dial tone.

An apparatus that creates an exact likeness of sound waves with an Telephone Set
electric current.

Is originally an electromagnetic bell, placed directly across the tip of Ringer Circuit
the ring of the local loop.

Purpose of a Ringer Alert the destination party

of incoming calls

Sometimes called a Switch Hook. On/Off Hook Circuit

Helps solve an important transmission problem in telephone set Equalizers

design.

Is the transmitter of the telephone. Microphone

Converts acoustical signals in the form of sound pressure waves from Microphone
the caller to electrical signals that are transmitted into the telephone
network.

Enables the subscriber to output signals representing digits. Dialing Circuit

Signaling messages can be subdivided further into one or four Alerting, Supervising,
categories: Controlling, and
Addressing

Indicate a request for service. Alerting Signals

Provide call status information Supervising Signals

Provide information in the form of announcements. Controlling Signals

Provide the routing information. Addressing Signals

Is strictly for signaling between a subscriber's location and the nearest DTMF (Dual Tone
telephone office or message switching center. Multi-frequency)

Are used to transfer digits and control signals between switching Multifrequency Tones
machines.

Are combinations of two frequencies that fall within the normal MF Tones
speech bandwidth so they can be propagated over the same circuits
as voice.

used to transfer digits and control signals between switching

machines

Equipment Busy Signal is sometimes. Congestion Tone or

No-Circuit-Available

Occurs whenever the system is overloaded and more calls are being Blocking
placed than can be completed.

Is sent from a central office to a subscriber whenever there is an Ringing signal

incoming call

Telephones that operate with out the cords attached to the handset. Cordless Telephones

Relay radio signals and messages from wire line and cellular Paging Transmitters
telephones to subscribers carrying portable receivers.

Step 1 Calling station goes off hook.

Step 2 After detecting a dc current flow on the loop), the switching
machine returns an audible dial tone to the calling station,
acknowledging that the caller has access to the switching machine.
Step 3 The caller dials the destination telephone number using one of
two methods: mechanical dial pulsing or, more likely, electronic
dual-tone multifrequency (Touch-Tone) signals.
Step 4 When the switching machine detects the first dialed number, it
removes the dial tone from the loop.
Step 5 The switch interprets the telephone number and then locates
the local loop for the destination telephone number.
Step 6 Before ringing the destination telephone, the switching
machine tests the destination loop for dc current to see if it is idle (on
hook) or in use (off hook). At the same time, the switching machine
locates a signal path through the switch between the two local loops.
Step 7a If the destination telephone is off hook, the switching
machine sends a station busy signal back to the calling station.
Step 7b If the destination telephone is on hook, the switching
machine sends a ringing signal to the destination telephone on the
local loop and at the same time sends a ring back signal to the calling
station to give the caller some assurance that something is
happening.
Step 8 When the destination answers the telephone, it completes the
loop, causing dc current to flow.
Step 9 The switch recognizes the dc current as the station answering
the telephone. At this time, the switch removes the ringing and
ring-back signals and completes the path through the switch, allowing
the calling and called parties to begin their conversation.
Step 10 When either end goes on hook, the switching machine
detects an open circuit on that loop and then drops the connections
through the switch.

Acknowledgement and status signal that ensure the processes Call Progress Tones and
necessary to set up and terminate a telephone call are completed in Call Progress Signals
an orderly and timely manner.

exchange of signaling message over local loops between stations station signaling

exchange of signaling messages between switching machines interoffice signaling

the method originally used to transfer digits from a telephone set to Dial Pulsing or Rotary Dial
the local switch. Pulsing

sent from the switching machine back to the calling station whenever Station Busy Signal
the called telephone number is off hook (i.e., the station is in use).

sent from the switching machine back to the calling station whenever equipment busy signal is
the system cannot complete the call because of equipment sometimes called a
unavailability congestion tone or a
no-circuits-available tone.

sent from a central office to a subscriber whenever there is an ringing signal

incoming call. The purpose of the ringing signal is to ring the bell in
the telephone set to alert the subscriber that there is an incoming call

sent back to the calling party at the same time the ringing signal is ring-back signal
sent to the called party.

Chapter 17

The information transferred in a telephone circuit Message

It comprised of two or more facilities, interconnected in tandem, to Telephone Circuit

provide a transmission path between a source and a destination.

The circuit used in transferring information in a telephone circuit. Message Circuit

The network bandwidth for a standard voice-band message 4 kHz

channel.

Unused frequency bands located between

information signals. Guard Bands
 300 Hz to 3000 Hz
Effective channel bandwidth for a voice-band
message signal.

The only facility required by all voice-band circuits, as it is the Local Subscriber
means by which subscriber locations are connected to the local Loop
telephone company

The primary caused of attenuation and phase distortion on a Two components

telephone circuit. found on local loops:

Loading
Coils
Bridge
Taps

The largest cable used in a local loop, Feeder Cable (F1)

usually 3600 pair of copper wire placed underground or in conduit.

A cross-connect point used to distribute the larger feeder cable into Serving Area
smaller distribution cables. Interface

A smaller version of a feeder cable containing less wire pairs. Distribution Cable

A device that serves as the demarcation point between local Subscriber or Standard
telephone company responsibility and subscriber responsibility for Network Interface
telephone service. (SNI)

The final length of cable pair that terminates at the SNI Drop Wire

That portion of the local loop that is strung between poles. Aerial

The location where individual cable pairs within a distribution cable Distribution Cable and
are separated and extended to the subscriber's location on a drop Drop Wire Cross
wire. Connect Point

Adding inductors periodically in series with the wire Loading

The inductor in loading technique. Loading Coil

An irregularity frequently found in cables serving subscriber Bridge Tap

location.

A loss that allows signals to split and propagation down more than Bridging Loss
one wire introduced by bridge taps

Weighting network introduced by AT & T to C-Messaging

accomplish equal magnitude of noise signals. Weighting

The most annoying frequency to human (i.e. the best frequency 1000 Hz
response).
The basic yardstick used for making power Decibel (dB)
measurements in communications.

The optimum level of a test tone on a channel at som point in a

transmission
communications system. It is used for voice circuits.
level point (tlp)

The ratio in dB of the power of a signal at that point to the power Transmission Level (TL)
the same signal would be at 0 dBm transmission level point.

0 dBm
The reference for TLP.

A parameter equivalent to TLP except it is used as a reference for

Data Level Pint (DLP)
data transmission.

dBmO
dBm reference to a zero transmission level point

dB reference value for noise reading. reference noise (rn)

dB level of noise with respect to reference noise (- 90 dBm). dBrn

Similar to dBrn except it is the dB value of noise with respect to

reference noise using C-message dBrnc
weighting

Noise readings taken with a filter that has a flat frequency response dBrn 3 kHz Flat
from 30 Hz to 3 kHz

The amount of noise in dBrnc corrected to a 0 TLP dBrncO

Transmission parameters which include terminal impedance, in band Interface

and out of band signal power, test signal power and ground Parameters
isolation

Transmission parameters which includes noise measurements, Facility Parameters

frequency distortion, phase distortion, amplitude distortion and non
linear distortion.

The difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular frequency Attenuation

with respect to the circuit gain of a reference frequency. Distortion

Another names attenuation distortion:

● Frequency Response,
● Differential Gain
● 1004-Hz Deviation

An indirect method of evaluating the phase delay Envelope Delay

characteristics of a circuit. Distortion

It satisfies the minimum line conditioning requirements Basic

Voice-Band
Channel
another name for basic voice-band. Basic 3002
Channel

Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion and C-type Conditioning
envelope delay distortion.
Classifications of C-type:
● C1
● C2
● C3
● C4
● C5

Classification of C-type conditioning pertains to two point C1 and C2

and multi point circuits.

C-type conditioning used for access lines and trunk circuits C3

associated with private switched networks

C-type conditioning pertains to two point and multi point C4

circuits with a maximum of four stations

C-type conditioning pertains to two point circuits only C5

A relatively low-capacity switching machine where the Private Branch

subscribers are generally limited to stations within the same Exchange
building or building complex. (PBX)

The frequency response of a transmission medium referenced Attenuation

to 1004 Hz test tone. Distortion

Linear Phase vs.

A requirement for error free data transmission
Frequency

The difference in phase shifts with respect to frequency that Delay Distortion
signals experience as they propagate through a transmission
medium.

The time delay encountered by a signal as it propagates Propagation Time

from source to a destination.

Phase Delay
The delay measured in angular units.

The actual time required for a particular frequency to Absolute Phase

propagate from a source to a destination through a Delay
communications channel.

The time required to propagate a change in an AM Envelope Delay

envelope through a transmission medium.
The phase difference at the different carrier frequencies Envelope Delay
Distortion

It sets the minimum requirements for signal to noise ratio and D-Type Line
nonlinear distortion. Conditioning

The data transmission rate when D type conditioning is 9600 bps

mandatory.

Telephone industry standard test tone frequency 1004 Hz

Measurement that determines the average weighted rms

C-message Noise
noise power.
Measurement

A communications term that indicates the presence Loaded

of a signal power comparable to the power of an actu message
transmission.

Characterized by high amplitude peaks of short duration Impulse Noise

having an approximate flat frequency spectrum

A sudden, random change in the gain of a circuit resulting in a Gain Hit

temporary change in the signal level.

A decrease in circuit gain of more than 12 dB lasting longer

Dropout
than 4 ms

A sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal. Phase Hits (Slips)

A form of incidental phase modulation - a Phase Jitter

continuous, uncontrolled variation in the zero crossings of a
signal

The presence of one or more continuous, unwanted tones Single Frequency

within a message channel. Interference

Unwanted tones within a message channel. Spurious Tones

The frequency of the signal changes during Frequency Shift

transmission.

It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received Phase Intercept

carrier is not reinserted with the exact phase Distortion
relationship to the received signal as the transmit
carrier possessed.

It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received Phase Intercept

carrier is not reinserted with the exact phase Distortion
relationship to the received signal as the transmit
carrier possessed.

A four wire circuit an interface. Hybrid Set

Another name for hybrid set. Terminating Set

Any disturbance created in a communications channel by Crosstalk

signals in other communications channels.

Annoying and objectionable because the listener senses a real Intelligible crosstalk
or fancied loss of privacy

It does not violate privacy, although it can still be Unintelligible

annoying. crosstalk

A direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog Nonlinear Crosstalk

communications system.