the

DRAINAGE,
DRAINAGE,
WASTE,
WASTE,
AND
AND
VENT
VENT
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
the
GROUP 3
Introductio
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Terminolo
gies
 ➊ Building Drain - is that part of the lowest horizontal piping pf a
drainage system which receives the discharge from soil, waste, and
other drainage pipes inside the walls of 600mm outside the building
wall. It is also known as House Drain.
➋ Building Sewer - is that part of the horizontal piping of a
Terms and drainage system which starts from the end of the building drain and
receives the discharge of the building drain and conveys it to the
Definition in the public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or
other point of disposal.

DWV SYSTEM ➌ House Sewer - is that part of a plumbing system extending from
the house drain at a point 600mm from the outside face of the
foundation wall of a building to the conjunction with the street
sewer or any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of the
building site.
➍ Waste Pipe - a pipe which conveys only wastewater or liquid
waste, free of fecal matter.
 ➎ Soil Pipe - any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet,
urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the
discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building
sewer.
➏ Soil Stack pipe - A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and
Terms and wastewater.
➐ Vent Pipe - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of
Definition in the air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure
exerted on trap seals.

DWV SYSTEM ➑ Vent Stack - the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for
providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of
the drainage system.
➒ Stack Vent - the extension of a soil or waste stack above the
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
☻ Stack Vent Through Roof (SVTR) - the uppermost end of the
stack vent above the roof.
☻ Branch Vent - a horizontal vent connecting one or more
individual vertical back vents with the vent stack or stack vent.
The Drainage
System
 The drainage system is
composed of the piping network
within a structure which conveys
sewage, rainwater, or other
wastes from their point of origin
to a point of disposal. Such as a
public sewer or a private
THE
treatment facility (septic tank).
This system is often known as the
DRAINAGE
DWV System (Drainage, Waste
and Vent). The complete drainage
SYSTEM
system is subdivided into four(4)
sub-systems, as follows.
 THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
4 Sub-Systems of the
Sanitary System

• Soil Drainage System

• Waste Drainage System or
Sanitary Drainage System
• Storm Drainage System
• Vent Drainage System
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sub-Systems of the Sanitary System

Soil Drainage System
The piping that conveys the discharge of water
closets or fixtures having similar functions
(containing fecal matter), with or without the
discharges from other fixtures.
 THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sub-Systems of the Sanitary System

Waste Drainage System or
Sanitary Drainage System
The piping that receives the liquid discharge,
from plumbing fixtures other than those
fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter.
This piping is free of fecal flow.
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sub-Systems of the Sanitary System

Storm Drainage System
The piping system that receives clear water
drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface
run-off, ground water, subsurface water,
condensate water, cooling water or other
similar discharges and conveys them to the
point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be
excluded.
 THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sub-Systems of the Sanitary System

Vent System
The piping system that receives a flow or air
to or from a drainage system or to provide a
circulation of air within such system to protect
trap seals from siphonage or back pressure.
The Drainage
Installation
 Drainage
DrainagePipe
Pipe
01 AA drainage pipe ispipe
drainage
facilitate
any pipe used pipe
is any
the transfer
to facilitate

of water
usedtheto
transfer of water from one place to another. The main
from one
purpose is to dispose of wastewater from homes,
place
office to another.
buildings, or industrial areas.

WasteWaste
Pipe Pipe
the Drainage 02
02 A wasteApipe carry pipe
waste waste water
carryfrom sinks,water from sinks,
waste
Installation
showers and other appliances that use water
showers
away from and other appliances that use water
your home.
THREE COMPONENTS away from your home.

Vent Pipe
03 Also called a vent stack or plumbing air
Vent
vent, the Pipe
vent pipe regulates airflow to

03 assure
Alsowaste
calledand awater
ventflows through
stack
pipes that drain out of your house.
plumbing air vent.
or
DRAINAGE PIPE
DRAINAGE PIPE
A drainage pipe is any pipe used to facilitate the
transfer of water from one place to another. The main
purpose is to dispose of wastewater from homes, office
buildings, or industrial areas.
 1 MATERIALS
types of PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
CONCRETE
POLYETHYLENE

DRAINAGE 2 STYLES/DESIGN

PIPES SMOOTH WALL

SINGLE WALL CORRUGATED
DUAL WALL CORRUGATED
CORRUGATED FLEXIBLE
 MATERIALS

types of
CONCRETE
DRAINAGE
PIPES
PVC
(Polyvinyl Chloride) POLYETHYLENE
 STYLES/DESIGNS

types of
SMOOTH WALL SINGLE WALL

DRAINAGE CORRUGATED

PIPES
DUAL WALL CORRUGATED
CORRUGATED FLEXIBLE
What is Waste Pipe ?
The Waste Pipe is any pipe in a drainage installation which receives the
discharge of any fixture except the same to the soil branch, soil pipe or
house drain.
WASTE PIPES
A waste pipe carry waste water from
sinks, showers and other appliances that
use water away from your home. It is also
refers to that installation which conveys
discharges of fixtures other than water
closet such as lavatories, slop sink,
urinals, bathtubs, and other similar
fixtures to soil, branch, soil stack, or
house drain.
What is Solid Pipe ?
A soil pipe is a pipe that conveys sewage or wastewater reliably, either
from the toilet or sink to a soil drain or sewer.
►Any pipe that receives and conveys
SOIL PIPE
discharges of water closet, with or without the
discharge coming from other fixtures to the
house drain or house sewer is called Soil Pipe.
►The word Soil is affixed to pipe installation
that carries human waste coming from water
closet. Minus the waste coming from water
closet, aid installation is called Waste Pipe. Soil
pipe installed vertically is called Soil Stack and
Soil Branch when installed horizontally.
What is Vent Pipe ?
A Vent is a pipe or opening that brings outside air into the plumbing
system and equalizes the pressure on both sides of a trap to prevent trap
seal loss.
 VENT PIPE

The vent pipes ensure fresh air gets into the

drainage pipes so that water can move from
the toilet, sink, or shower when in use.
REQUIREMENTS FOR
PROPER DWV
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical
alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than two
(2%) percent or 20mm rise per meter length, and shall
be supported or anchored at intervals not exceeding
3.0m (10feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at
their bases and all pipes shall be rigidly secured. Two
inches (2") rise per every one hundred (100") length. A
soil branch having a pitch of more than 2% has the
tendency of waste separation. The water flow faster
and heavy suspended materials are left and deposited
at the bottom of the pipe.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR
PROPER DWV
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
CHANGES IN DIRECTION
All changes in direction shall be made by the
appropriate forty-five degree (45 deg) wyes, half
wyes, long sweep quarter bends, except that single
sanitary tees may be used on vertical stacks, and
short quarter bends may be used in soil and waste
lines where the change in direction of flow is from
the horizontal to the vertical. Tees and crosses may
be used in vent pipes.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR
PROPER DWV
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
PROHIBITED FITTINGS
No double hub, double T branch shall be used on horizontal soil or waste line. The drilling and tapping of
house drains, soil waste or vent pipes and the use of saddle hubs and bends are prohibited.
 RECOMMENDATION
a. Do not use fittings of short radius on vertical to
horizontal directions or horizontal to horizontal changes.
b. Use long sweep fittings on horizontal changes .
c. For vertical to horizontal direction of changes, the Y
and 45° fittings are the most appropriate.
d. The T fittings are designed for use on vertical run
with lateral branches only. Their use on horizontal
installation will produce a tilted or crooked joint
connection which is called “Premature Waste Line
Defects”.
The Traps
 TRAP

In plumbing, traps are U-shaped or P-shaped fittings installed below fixtures like
sinks, toilets, and tubs. They play a important role in maintaining healthy and sanitary
living conditions by:
• Preventing sewer gases: They contain a water seal, a layer of water retained in the
bend, that blocks the passage of foul-smelling and potentially harmful sewer gases
back into the building.
• Preventing clogging: Their design facilitates smooth drainage of wastewater while
trapping solids and debris, preventing them from entering the main drain and
causing blockages.
 TRAP

Here are the key requirements for effective plumbing traps:

Basic Function:
• Water seal: Must maintain a minimum depth of 50mm (2 inches) to ensure an
effective barrier.
• Self-cleansing: The design should encourage water flow to prevent solids from
accumulating and clogging the trap.
• Leakproof: Both water and gas tight to prevent leaks and potential health hazards.
 P-TRAP

typesof
TRAP IN
PLUMBI
NG
 S-TRAP

types of
TRAP IN
PLUMBING
 Q-TRAP

types of
TRAP IN
PLUMBING
 CONTINUOUS TRAP

types of
TRAP IN
PLUMBING
 BOTTLE TRAP

types of
TRAP IN
PLUMBING
 GREASE TRAP

types of
TRAP IN
PLUMBING
 INSTALLATION

• Every fixture needs a trap: Except for those with built-in traps like toilets, each fixture requires a
separate trap.
• Location: Placed as close to the fixture as possible to minimize the horizontal length of the trap arm
(drain pipe connecting the trap to the main drain).
• Venting: Most traps need venting to prevent siphoning (loss of water seal due to suction) and ensure
proper drainage.
• Accessibility: Consider clean-out access for future maintenance needs, especially for larger
diameter traps or complex setups.
Cleanouts
 CLEANOUTS

• Cleanouts are essential access points in plumbing systems that allow

inspection, cleaning, and maintenance of drain lines. They are like little
doors built into the piping, offering valuable entry points for plumbers to
diagnose and solve problems.
 PURPOSE OF CLEANOUTS

Clear blockages: Cleanouts enable plumbers to access drains and remove clogs using
tools like snakes or augers, preventing the need for invasive and costly interventions.
Inspect lines: Cameras can be inserted through cleanouts to visually inspect drain lines
for damage, corrosion, or root intrusion, helping identify potential issues before they
cause major problems.
Maintain system: Cleanouts facilitate cleaning grease traps, removing debris, and
ensuring proper drainage flow.
CLEANOUTS REQUIREMENTS
Ventilation
 VENTILATION
Vent Pipe - A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

Main Types of vent pipes

1. Main Soil and Waste Vent 10. Local Vent
2. Main Vent 11. Dry Vent
3. Individual Vent or Back Vent 12. Stack Vent
4. Unit, Common, or Dual Vent 13. Vent Stack
5. Relief Vent
6. Yoke or By-Pass Vent
7. Circuit Vent
8. Looped Vent
9. Wet Vent
 VENTILATION
Main Soil and Waste Vent
• The 'backbone' of the entire sanitary system.
• Connected to the Main Soil & Waste Stack.
• The portion where waste does not travel
through
• Continues to the roof; the portion penetrating
the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof
(VSTR)
 VENTILATION
Main Vent
• the principal artery of the venting system to
which vent branches are connected.
• A.K.A. "Collecting Vent Line"
• serves as support to the Main Soil & Waste
Vent
 VENTILATION
Individual Vent or Back Vent
• a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that
connects with the vent system above the fixture
served or terminates in the open air.
• Sizes:
Lavatories, drinking fountain: 1-1/2" Sink:
1-1/2"
Shower, Laundry, Slop, Sink : 1"
Water Closet : 3"
 VENTILATION
Unit, Common or Dual Vent
• An arrangement of venting so installed that
one vent pipe serve two (2) traps
 VENTILATION
Relief Vent
• A vertical vent line that provides additional
circulation of air between the drainage and vent
systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a
specially designed system such as a "yoke
vent" connection between the soil and vent
stacks.
 VENTILATION
Yoke or By-pass Vent
• A pipe connecting upward from a soil or
waste stack below the floor and below
horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack
at a point above the floor and higher than the
highest spill level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stacks.
 VENTILATION
Circuit Vent
• A group vent pipe which starts in front of the
extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent
stack. • a.k.a. 'Loop Vent' • Serves a battery of
fixtures
 VENTILATION
Wet Vent
• That portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows through.
 VENTILATION
Local Vent
• a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the
outer air.
Dry Vent
• a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes. Vent Stack
• the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to
and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack Through
Roof (VSTR).
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
1. Direct Siphonage or Self Siphonage - occurs in unvented traps that serve oval
bottom fixtures such as lavatories. Such fixtures discharge their contents rapidly
and do not have the final small trickle of water needed to reseal the trap. When the
plug is withdrawn, the water flows out fast and completely fills the waste pipe.
The water displaces the air that normally fills the waste pipe, lowering the
atmospheric pressure on the discharge side of the trap. Atmospheric pressure on
the fixture side forces the water through the trap, and the seal is lost.
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
2. Indirect or Momentum Siphonage - caused by a large discharge of water from a
fixture installed one or more floors above the affected fixture. This large discharge
tends to form a slug in the stack; and as this slug passes the takeoff of the fixture
below it, air is pulled out of the waste line on the lower fixture. This reduces the
pressure on the discharge side of the trap. There is no reseal until there is a
discharge from the lower fixture.
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
3. Back Pressure. Back pressure within a sanitary drainage system is caused by
simultaneous fixture use that overtaxes the plumbing system, causing a positive
pressure that affects the water seal of a trap. A large flow may completely fill the
pipe, causing the compressed atmospheric gases to offer resistance because they
cannot slip past the flow of the water and exhaust at a roof terminal. As the water
falls, the pressure increases and compresses the air, and the trap seal blows out of
the fixture
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
4. Capillary Action - Loss of trap seal by capillary action is caused by a foreign
object lodged in the trap. The object acts as a wick and carries the water from the
trap over the outlet side into the waste pipe until the seal is ineffective. Rags,
string, lint, and hair commonly cause this problem.
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
 VENTILATION
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
5. Evaporation. Loss of trap seal from evaporation only occurs when a fixture is
not used for a long time. The rate of evaporation in a trap depends on the humidity
and temperature of the atmosphere. A trap in a warm, dry place will lose water seal
by evaporation more rapidly than one in a cool, damp place. Ventilation does not
solve the problem. The use of a deep-seal trap is the best solution. One
disadvantage is that solid wastes collect in the bottom of the trap and clog the pipe
House Drain
 HOUSE DRAIN (BUILDING DRAIN)

•It is the main horizontal drain pipe inside

the building. It is where all other branch
house drains connect.
•Its function is to direct route waste and
rain water to the house sewer, which is
technically begins 5 feet past the
foundation wall of any building.
DETERMINING THE SIZE OF HOUSE DRAIN

The Uniform Plumbing Code Committee has developed a method of sizing house
drains in terms of “fixture units” (DFU). One fixture unit equals approximately 7.5
gallons of water per minute.
DFU VALUES
 GRADE OR SLOPE OF THE HOUSE DRAIN

A house drain or building sewer should be sloped toward the sewer to ensure
scouring of the drain. The usual pitch of a house or building sewer is ¼ inch fall in 1
foot of length.
The more slope of the pipe, the faster the water travels down the pipe.
HORIZONTAL SANITARY DRAIN CAPACITY (IN
DFUS)

Note:
 HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES

House Drain Appliances include the following:

1.House Trap
•House trap assembly
•Back flow valves
•Balanced valve
•Unbalance valve
2.Area Drain
3.Floor Drain
 HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES

1. Yard Catch Basin

2. Garage Catch Basin
►Garage Catch Basins includes:
•Drain tile receptor
•Sewage ejector
•Automatic water siphon
•Sump pit
•Grease basins
House Sewer
 HOUSE SEWER

THE HOUSE SEWER

-is defined as, that proportion of the horizontal
drainage system, which start from the outer face of
the building and terminate at the main sewer in the
street or septic tank.

Main Sewer
-it is financed and maintained by the government.
Those houses along the street with main sewer line
are required to connect their house sewers to the
public.
Storm Drain
 STORM DRAIN

The Storm Drain

It is that unit of the plumbing system that
conveys rain or storm water to a suitable terminal.
Storm water id normally discharged into street
gutter conveyed by public drain system and
carried to some natural drainage terminal like
canals, rivers, lakes and the like.
 STORM DRAIN

As a general rules storm drain is not permitted to discharge into a septic tank or to the main sewer
line. The collection and disposal of storm water is an important phase of plumbing system and
should not be ignored, otherwise the water coming from the roof if not properly diverted might
create problems like.

1.Settlement of the structure cause by erosion or washing away the soil from the foundation.
2.Rundown water may create walls and window leakage.
3.Water may spill on people passing by or approaching entry door.
4.Erode the surrounding grounds ad cause disfiguring of the landscape areas.
 STORM DRAIN
Splash Plan
Is a collector of water coming down from the downspout leading the accumulated water away from the house at a
relatively low rate of flow.

Classification of Storm Drain

•Inside Storm Drain
Located under the basement or within the walls of the buildings. It is commonly found in buildings constructed along
congested business district, or building that occupies the entire frontage of the lot.
•Outside Storm Drain
Is installed outside the foundation wall of the building. This type of drainage is possible on location where the lot is
not totally occupied by the building.
•Overhead Storm Drain
Is adopted when the drainage is higher in elevation than the basement floor of the building. The purpose is to avail of
the gravity flow of the water.
 STORM DRAIN

Roof Leader
Is popularly known as water conductor or downspout either concealed or exposed type. It connects the
roof terminal to the storm drain.
 DWV
System Plan