PLUMBING SYSTEM: ELEMENTS OF 9.

UNIT VENT
SANITARY SYSTEM - An arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe will
STORM WATER SYSTEM
serve two 12) traps.
1. STORM WATER
– From the rain. 10. WET VENT
- That portion of a vent pipe
2. GREY WATER through which liquid waste
– Wastes from laundries, was flow.
basins, sinks, showers, bath tubs.
11. BRANCH
3. BLACK WATER - Any part of a piping system
- Water plus human waste solid other than the main, riser or
and liquid, urine that is flushed stack.
out of toilets and urinals.
12. MAIN
4. SOIL PIPE - The main of any system of
- Any pipe which conveys the continuous piping is the
discharge of water closets, principal artery of the system
urinals, or fixtures having to which branches may be
similar functions. connected.

5. STACK 13. BRANCH VENT

- A general term used for any - A vent pipe connecting from a
vertical line of soil, waste, or branch of the drainage system
vent piping. to a vent stack.

6. SOIL STACK PIPE 14. WASTE PIPE

- A vertical soil pipe conveying - A pipe which conveys only
fecal matter and liquid waste. liquid waste free fecal matter.

7. STACK VENT 15. DRAIN

- An extension of a soil or waste - A sewer or other pipe or
stack above the highest conduit used for conveying
horizontal drain connected to ground water, surface water,
the stack. waste sewage.

8. VENT 16. SEWER

- A pipe or opening used for - A pipe or conduit for carrying
ensuring the circulation of air in sewage and waste liquids.
a plumbing system and for
reducing to pressure exerted
on trap seals.
17. SEWAGE 22. HOUSE SEWER
- The liquid wastes conducted - The house sewer is that part of
away from a plumbing system extending
buildings/structures, also of from a point about four (4) or
the storm water. five (5) feet from the inner face
of the foundation wall of a
18. SEWERAGE building to the junction with
- A comprehensive term, another sewer.
including all construction for
collection, transportation, 23. HOUSE TRAP
pumping. - A trap connected to lowest
horizontal piping or house
19. CLEANOUT FERRULE drain.
- A metallic sleeve, calked or
otherwise, joined to. an 24. RELIEF VENT
opening in a pipe, into which a - A vent the primary (Fresh Air
plug is screwed that can be Inlet) function of which is to
removed for the purpose of provide circulation of air
cleaning or examining the between drainage and vent
interior of the pipe. system.

20. TRAP 25. PUBLIC SEWER

- A fitting or device so - A common sewer directly
constructed as to prevent the controlled by public authority to
passage of air, gas, and some which all abutters have equal
vermin through a pipe without rights of connection.
materially affecting the flow of
sewage or waste water 26. SPIGOT
through it. - The end of a
pipe which fits
21. HOUSE DRAIN into a bell. Also
- That part of the lowest a word
horizontal piping of a plumbing synonymously
system which receives the with faucet.
discharge from soil, waste and
other drainage pipes inside of 27. SEAL
a building and conveys it to the - The vertical
house sewer. It should have a distance between
slope of at least 1/4" to a foot the dip and crown
or006 for every .30 meter. (6 wire of a trap.
mm for every 300 mm).
 28. ROUGHING-IN TYPES OF PLUMBING PIPES
- The installation of all pipes in
There different types of pipes that can be
the plumbing system that are
used in a number of ways, from carrying
in partitions and under floors.
water to your kitchen faucet to delivering
waste to your sewage system. These
29. FINISHING
kinds of drainage and delivery systems
- The setting of fixtures.
have been around since ancient times.
The Greeks used clay pipes to transport
30. SUMP
water to homes and public buildings.
- A pit or receptacle at a low
Moving into the early twentieth century,
point to which the liquid wastes
materials like cast iron, terra-cotta,
are drained.
copper, and galvanized steel became
more popular.
31. SHAFT
- A vertical opening through a Lead poisoning developed the plumbing
building for elevators, system and things evolved even further.
dumbwaiters, light, ventilation, Today, there are many different types of
etc. pipes available, each used to serve a
specific purpose. This list consists of
32. SLEEVE PVC, PEX, ABS, copper, and galvanized
- A sheet metal placed when steel, and cast iron piping.
concrete is poured to
accommodate future plumbing 1. PVC PIPES
pipes. ✓ Polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC) are
commonly used as part of a sink, toilet,
33. PIPE CHASE or shower drain line.
- An opening
or space to ✓ Its plastic tubing is ideal for this kind of
accommodate usage because it protects the water from
a group of rust and corrosion better than other types
pipes. of pipes. This capability also makes PVC
pipe incredibly durable. Unless they are
subject to some kind of damage, PVC
34. DUCT pipes will last indefinitely.
- Opening for ventilation
circulation of air. ✓ PVC pipe is also able to handle high
water pressure

✓ PVC pipe include limited size options,

SANITARY PIPES, FITTINGS AND an inability to withstand hot water, and
ACCESSORIES concerns over toxicity.
SANITARY PIPES Aside from sanitary lines PVC Pipes are
used:
  Drain-waste-vent (DWV)
 Sewers
 Water mains
 Water service lines
 Irrigation
 Conduit
 Various industrial installations

PVC PIPE FITTINGS

2. COPPER
o Wye reducer
✓ Copper pipe has been a staple within
o Wye
the plumbing industry for decades. This o Tee reducer
type of plumbing pipe can last upwards of o Tee
50 years and is commonly found in sinks, o P-trap
showers, tubs, and other fixtures in new o U-bend
and old homes. Copper pipes remain o Elbow 90 deg.
popular among plumbers and o Elbow 45 deg.
homeowners alike because they are o Cleanout
corrosion-resistant and best suited to o Brushing reducer
protect the quality of the water. o Coupling
✓ Copper pipe is rigid, plumbers cannot o Spigot elbow (single hub)
use copper piping in tight spaces. It is
also the most expensive type of plumbing
pipe. As the price of copper continues to
rise, so will the costs of any project
involving copper pipe.

3. CAST IRON AND GALVANIZED

STEEP PIPES

✓ Cast iron pipes were typically used as

sewer pipes or other drainage purposes.
Their popularity largely stemmed from
the fact that they are heat-resistant and THE WASTE PIPE
reduce the sound of moving water.
Three components of plumbing system
✓ Cast-iron pipe is prone to rust and drainage installation: (DWV)
corrosion. Over time, this will affect its 1. The drainage
ability to maintain a clean water supply. 2. The waste
3. The vent
 1. DRAINAGE PIPE ✓ Right slope or grade of the pipelines
- Refers to an installation that
receives and conveys ✓ Using the right size of pipe
discharges from water closet
✓ Correct manner of joining the pipes
with or without waste coming
from the fixtures. ✓ Providing stable and rigid support

2. WASTE PIPE
- Any pipe in a drainage RECOMMENDATION FOR PIPE
installation that receives the INSTALLATION:
discharge of any fixtures
except water closet and 1. Do not use short radius fittings on a
conveys the same to the soil vertical to horizontal directions or
branch, soil pipe or house horizontal to horizontal changes.
drain. 2. Use long sweep fittings on horizontal
changes.
3. VENT PIPE
- This function as the air 3. For vertical horizontal direction of
passage to ventilate the changes, the Y and45° fittings are most
drainage and waste pipe appropriate
installation.
4. The T fitting was designed for vertical
run with lateral branches only. Its use on
4. SOIL BRANCH
horizontal installation will create a tilted
- Horizontal pipe affixed by the
or crooked joint connection called
word soil.
“Premature Waste Line Defects.”
5. SOIL STACK LOCATION OF CLEANOUT
- A vertical pipe installation
CLEANOUT – is a receptacle of the
where the soil branches
plumbing system accessible on floor,
terminate.
walls or ceiling. It is equipped with plug or
NOTE: When a waste pipe is not directly flush plate so designed as not to impair
connected to a soil stack or house drain, the aesthetical view of the room.
it is called Special Waste.
NOTE: Location of cleanout must be
indicated in the plan.
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR A GOOD RIGHT SLOPE OR GRDE OF WASTE:
WASTE PIPE INSTALLATION:
The ideal position of horizontal waste
✓ By making the right choice of materials pipe, were those installed at 2% slope: 2
cm / 1 m length
✓ By conservative use of fittings

✓ Right location of the cleanouts

Example: Length 3 meters Solution:
Therefore 2 cm / 1 M = 2 cm x 3 m = 6 1. Find the fixture unit load of the
cm inclination above fixtures refer to Table 5 – 1
and multiply.
TRAP SEAL LOSS
5 urinals x 5 units ............... 25 units
This occurs when the grade or slope of
the pipe is increase from 2% - 4% 3 lavatories x 1 unit ............ 3 units
This is the loss or escape of standing 8 showers x 2 units ............. 16 units
water inside the P - Trap.
2 slop sink x 3 units ............. 6 units
This is caused by siphonage induced by
Total ..................................... 50 units
rapid flow of waste inside the pipe. Also
referred to as Water Seal Escape.
DETERMINING THE SIZE OF THE 2. Refer to Table 5 -2 under the
WASTE PIPE: column of one horizontal branch.
50units could be well served by a
National Plumbing Code:
100mm or 4 inches pipe.
“The waste pipe diameter shall be
adequate enough to serve the installation Comments:
of fixtures in a general way, but the best Examining Table 5 – 2 under
way is to fit the diameters of commercial columns diameter of pipe and one
pipe into the fixture pattern in the most horizontal branch, it seems that
efficient manner” the 100 mm (4”) pipe with a
capacity to serve 160 fixture unit
SCOURING
load is too large serve the 50
- Means to flush or wash out, to fixture units as computed.
remove dirt or decrease on
flowing through. However, since 50 fixture units fall
under the parameter of 100 mm
FIXTURE UNIT pipe as formulated by National
- Waste load determining the Plumbing Code, it has to be
size of the waste pipe. followed without question. Specify
the use of 100mm pipe diameter
Sample Problem:
WASTE PIPE AND OTHER FIXTURES
Determine the size of a horizontal waste
pipe to serve 5 urinals, 3 lavatories, 8 2 types of waste pipe depending upon
showers and 2 slop sinks. the kind of fixture it will serve:
1. Direct Waste – It is one with
terminal directly connected to the
plumbing system.
 system. Fixtures sieved by indirect
waste are:
1. Soda Foundation
2. Bar waste
3. Refrigeration
4. Drinking fountain
SIZE OF A WASTE PIPE:
1. Sink Waste – 50 mm / 2”
2. Slop Sink – 75 or 100 mm and 50 mm
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIXTURE for traps
SERVED BY DIRECT WASTE:
3. Scullery Sink – 50 mm
1. URINALS
 Pedestal 4. Pantry Sink – 38 mm
 Stall 5. Factory wash up sink - 50 mm
 Through
2. BATHTUB 6. Bathtub – 38 mm min – 50 mm
 Siltz 7. Lavatories – 50 mm
 Seitz Foot
8. Shower Bath – 50 mm
 Bidet
3. LAVATORIES 9. Urinal – 50 mm
 Wall hung
10. Laundry tub – 38 – 50 mm
 Pedestal
 Two pieces 11. Drinking fountain – 32 mm
4. SINK
12. Lavatory Waste – 50 mm
 Kitchen
 Pantry 13. Hospital Fixtures – 50 mm
 Slop
THE SOIL PIPE
 Scullery
5. SHOWERS SOIL PIPE
 Single Stall Any pipe that receives and conveys
 Gang discharges of water closet, with or
6. LAUNDRY without the discharge coming from other
7. DRINKING FOUNTAIN fixtures to the house drain or house
8. LABORATORY sewer.
9. HOSPITAL FIXTURES
The word SOIL is affixed to pipe
2. Indirect Waste – refers to a installation that carries human waste
connection with terminal not coming from water closet. Minus the
directly connected to the plumbing waste coming from water closet, the
installation is called WASTE PIPE.
Soil Stack – soil pipe that is installed be accessibly provided with sufficient
vertically. number of cleanouts
Soil Branch – soil pipe that is installed 2. Cleanout should be installed whenever
horizontally. changes of soil branch directions are
made
National Plumbing Code on Soil Pipe:
3. Cleanout should be the same in
• At least one of the vertical stacks in the
diameter as the soil branch
plumbing system must extend full size
through the roof for the following 4. Cleanout should be located at the
purposes farthest end of the branch away from the
vertical soil pipe
a. To ventilate and dispose of the sewer
gas above the roof 5. The use of short radius fittings on soil
b. To prevent siphoning of the water trap branch when making a change of
seal by force of suction direction such as short sanitary Tee, ¼
bend and short L should be avoided.
c. To prevent the possibility of back
pressure which may force the water seal  A long radius fitting shall be used
of the fixture trap for a horizontal to horizontal or
vertical to horizontal change of
• Any structure with a house drain
direction. In some instances, the
installed, must have at least one soil or
use of short radius fitting is only
stack vent extended full size above the
permitted on a vertical to
roof not less than 30 cm long and should
horizontal change of direction
not be less than 75mm (3”)diameter or
the size of the drain whichever is smaller.
• As general rule, vent stack must be
extended and terminated through the
roof of the building. When the roof is to
be used other than protection from the
elements of weather, the vent stack
should be extended no less than 2.00m
above the roof.  Soil branch shall be graded
THE SOIL BRANCH properly and carefully aligned.
Crooked joint should not be
 Soil pipe that is installed allowed.
horizontally with lateral or vertical
connections that receives the
discharges of water closet with in
without additional plumbing
fixtures
1. The Soil Branch being concealed in
floors, partitions or lowered ceiling should
  The efficiency of the horizontal trays and a kitchen sink connected
waste installation depends upon to a single trap (not more than 3)
the Scouring or Self-cleaning When fixtures are not always
action for every discharge of used, the water in traps can
waste. Soil branch having a slope evaporate into the air, breaking
more than2% fall has the the seal of the trap. Especially in
tendency to separating the solid floor drains connected to soil
waste from the liquid. Water flows piping. Foul odor will emanate in
faster on high pitch leaving the the air. (always fill with water)
suspended materials at the
bottom of the pipe. On the other
hand, pipes with grade less than
2% is also susceptible to
stoppage due to retarded flow.

TRAPS, VENTS AND AIRGAPS

TRAP SEAL LOSS
TRAPS
This is due to inadequate
The only separation between the
ventilation of the trap wherein the
unpleasant and dangerously
atmospheric minus or plus
unhealthy gases in a sanitary
pressure affect the installation
drainage system and the air
Trap seal – is the vertical distance
breathed by room occupants is the
between the dip and the crown
water caught in the fixture trap
weir of a trap. It is the water in the
after each discharge from a
trap between the dip and the
fixture. Traps are of steel, cast
crown weir.
iron, copper, plastic, or brass
except in water closets and urinals
which is an integrated vitreous
china.

TRAP SEAL MAY BE LOST UNDER

THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
Siphonage – result of a negative
An exception to the rule that each
pressure in the drainage system.
fixture should have its own trap.
- Indirect or momentum
Common include two laundry
siphonage
 - Direct self - siphonage inescapable. It is possible that
sewage could accidentally be
siphoned into a pipe carrying
potable water.

Back Pressure – this occurs

by a plus + pressure which
blows the water out of the
fixture. VENTS
For the admission of air and the
discharging of gases, soil and waste
stacks are extended through roofs, and a
system of air vents, largely paralleling the
drainage system is also provided.
TWO TYPES OF VENTS:
1. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT
This is the portion of the soil pipe stack
Evaporation – Minor or less above the highest installed fixture branch
likely to drain the water inside extended through the roof. It serves as
the trap. Evaporation happens the terminal for the main vent and the
on the floor drains not regularly other vents of the plumbing installations.
used to admit water but is
exposed to extreme 2. MAIN VENT
temperature. Is that portion of the vent pipe system
Capillary Action – This which serves as a terminal of the smallest
seldom happen and is rarely forms of units and grouped fixture trap
experienced by homeowners. ventilation. The main vent is connected
The condition is caused by full size at their base to the main soil or
suspension of foreign object waste pipe at or below the lowest fixture
such as a string, rags, strands branch and should extend undiminished
of hair extended over the outlet in size above the roof or should be
arm of the trap reconnected with the main soil vent at
AIR GAPS AND VACUUM BREAKERS least 1.00 meter above the highest fixture
branch.
The proximity of sewage to
potable water at fixtures is
 3. INDIVIDUAL VENT vent generally reduces the costs of the
plumbing installation.
Sometimes referred to as back vent. It is
that position of the vent pipe which
serves a single trap. It should be
connected close to the fixture trap as
possible, it should be located underneath
and back of the fixture and it must be
connected to the main vent above the
overflow line of the fixture.

6. RELIEF VENT
Is installed to ventilate the soil and waste
pipe and the connecting branches other
4. UNIT VENT than the fixture traps.
This is that portion of the vent pipe which Relief vent is provided when waste
ventilate two fixture traps. Usually used in branches are circuit vented.
apartments arranged back to back.

7. YOKE OR BY-PASS
VENTILATION
On a long vertical soil pipe a relief vent is
installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals. In this
5. CIRCUIT OR LOOP VENT case, the relief vent is referred to as the
This is employed where two or more yoke or by-pass ventilation.
fixture traps are installed on a horizontal
soil or waste branch. The use of a circuit
 8. WET VENTILATION
Refers to the vertical pipe of the plumbing
system used as ventilation of the
plumbing. Installation and fixture traps
which at the same time receives and
convey liquid waste discharge from the
fixtures. Widely used for small groups of
bathroom fixtures particularly on a one or
two storey residential houses.

9. LOOP VENT
Used on fixtures in a room away from
partitions. Common to beauty parlors,
barber shops and dental clinics and
surgical rooms.