KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CE 3100

Sessional on Details of Construction-II

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Submitted by

Name: Md. Zahed Hossain

Roll: 1601091
 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Draining system:
Drainage system means an assembly of pipes, fittings, fixtures and appurtenances
on a property that is used to convey sewage and clear water waste to a main sewer
or a private sewage disposal system, and includes a private sewer, but does not
include subsoil drainage piping.

Sanitary Drainage System

A sanitary drainage system is a system of piping within public or private premises
that conveys sewage or other liquid waste to an approved point of disposal. The
intent is to design and install sanitary drainage systems that will function reliably,
are neither undersized nor oversized, and are constructed from materials, fittings
and connections whose quality is regulated by codes and standards.
A complete plumbing system provides an adequate supply of water and removes
waste.
There are three principal parts:
1.Water supply system.
2.Water and waste removal system.
3.Plumbing fixtures.

Typical Drainage System

Water and Waste Removal
Used water and other wastes are carried to the sanitary sewer or septic tank through
the waste removal system.
These pipes are isolated from the water supply system and must be sized for
sufficient capacity, have the proper slope and venting, and have provisions for
cleanouts. Typically, it is practical to drain as many of the fixtures as possible into a
single main drain.

The drainage system is not under pressure and depends on gravity to carry the waste
to the sewer. A vertical drain pipe that collects waste from one or more fixtures is
called a soil stack.
Soil stacks that drain water closets are called main stacks. Every house must have at
least one main stack, which is generally 3" in diameter. Each bathroom must have a
main stack. Stacks that do not drain water closets are called secondary stacks.
Secondary stacks are 1-1/2" diameter. Fixtures are connected to the stack using a
branch main. All stacks extend into basement and empty into the house drain. All
structures must have at least one house drain, but may have several.
The house drain becomes the house sewer once it is outside t Gases from the system
dissipate through the vent stack—12" above roof. The vent stack provides an air
inlet for the drainage system to operate properly.
A trap is installed below each fixture to prevent gases from entering the house. The
trap is always filled with water. Water closets have a built-in trap. Each stack
requires a cleanout at the base. The houses. The house sewer empties into the city
sanitary sewer or private septic system.

Traps
By definition, a plumbing trap is a device that keeps a small amount of liquid every
time the fixtures is used. The amount of retained liquid is called a trap seal. This
trap seal prevents sewage system odors, gases, and vermin (mice, insects, etc.) from
entering the living or work space.
Sewage disposal systems produce
some pretty nasty odors while other
can even come to a point where
they are considered dangerous. In
order to protect us from these risks,
a barrier is placed between the
plumbing fixture and sewage waste
system. Sewage disposal systems
start in the production phase of the
shower, bathtub or toilet. Then it
enters the disposal stage, sending
the sediment waste through a series
of inline steps. This helps ensure
waste doesn't overflow.
Having said that, any plumbing
fixture directly connected to the sanitary drainage system must be equipped with a
water seal trap. That means every single plumbing fixture used to evacuate waste
from a building should have its own plumbing trap.
House Drain
A house drain is the system of
horizontal piping inside of the cellar or
basement of a building, that extends to
and connects with the house sewer. It
receives the discharge of sewage from
all soil and waste lines, and sometimes
rain water from rain leaders, yard,
cellar, area and sub-soil drains.
House drains are generally located
below the cellar or basement floor,
where they are entirely out of the way.
When properly installed with suitable
materials and with clean-out plugs
extending flush with the floor, there is
no objection to this method of
installation. In some buildings where
the house drain is to be located below
the floor, brick ducts with removable
covers of iron or stone are provided to encase it.

House Trap
House trap is usually an underfloor trap
located before the sanitary waste exits
the house or building. The opening at
floor level allows for clearing, inspecting
of the trap and main sewer, and also
allows for draining surface water from
the floor of basement. The house trap is
an obsolete part of the system as all
fixtures within the house or building
have separate traps. It can remain in use
as long as there are no issues with the sewer. Snaking through a trap of any kind
reduces the effectiveness of the snake, but it still can be accomplished. Many
plumbers and owners prefer to remove the trap and install a full size wye branch
and cleanout.
Soil stacks and waste stacks
A soil stackis a vertical drain pipe that
carries soil waste from sanitary units
(i.e. toilets.

A waste stackis any other vertical

drain pipe that doesn’t carry soil from
a sanitary fixture.

Cleanouts
A plumbing clean out is an important part of your home’s plumbing and waste
disposal system. Every homeowner should know where the sewer clean out is
located, and landlords should make sure that their tenants are aware of the location
of the sewer clean out as well.
The plumbing clean out is a pipe with a
cap that provides access to the sewer
line so that blockages can be removed.
The lateral sewer line is the sewer line
that connects your home to the public
sewer system.
The plumbing clean out is usually
located somewhere along the lateral
sewer line. If you have a clog in the
lateral sewer line or your sewer clean
out needs to be emptied, the
responsibility and cost for doing so falls
to you as the property owner.
Vents
The plumbing vent, also known as
a vent stack, helps regulate the air
pressure in your plumbing system.
Just as drain pipes remove water
and waste from your home, the
plumbing vent pipe – also known
as a plumbing air vent – removes
gas and odors. It also allows fresh
air into the plumbing system to
help water flow smoothly through
the drain pipes. However, no water
runs through the plumbing vent
pipe. It is a vertical pipe attached
to a drain line and runs through the
roof of your home. The vent stack
is the pipe leading to the main roof
vent. It channels the exhaust gases
to the vent and helps maintain
proper atmospheric pressure in the
waste system

Drainage pipes carry waste out of your home to either the city sewer or a septic
tank. Vent pipes supply fresh air to each plumbing fixture in the house, which helps
the system move water through the drainage pipes each time a toilet is flushed or a
sink is drained.
Plumbing air vents also prevent sewer gases from entering the home and allow
wastewater gas and odor to escape. Plumbing vent pipes are located on roofs, away
from windows or air conditioning units, so that the fumes can easily dissipate.

An INDIVIDUAL VENT is a
vent that connects the main vent
with the individual trap
underneath or behind a fixture.

A COMMON VENT vents two traps to a

single vent pipe.

The unit vent can be used when a pair of lavatories are installed side by side, as
well as when they are hung back to back on either side of a partition.

Riser Diagram
Riser diagrams that show the heights of stories, all plumbing fixtures and the
diagrammatic arrangement of their connections to soil, waste, and vent piping. All
soil, waste, and vent stacks must be included in the diagram showing their point of
connection with the building drain to where they terminate above the roof. Also, all
leader piping used to drain storm water from the roof or gutter drains, and storm
water piping from the point of connection with the building drain to the roof drain
must be shown. Last but not least, all risers must be shown on the plumbing riser
diagram.
Plumbing Plans
A plumbing plan is a type of technical drawing that provides visual representation
and information relating to a plumbing system. It is used to convey the engineering
design to plumbers or other workers who will use them to help install the plumbing
system.
It
is
used to show clearly the location of fixtures, sanitaryware, pipework, valves and so
on, and illustrates how fresh water is to be supplied into a building and waste water
removed. To illustrate the separate hot and cold water supply, the pipe runs will
usually be coloured red and blue respectively. Drainage pipes should be illustrated
with the grade (slope) indicated. Where manholes are included, a manhole schedule
should detail the name, invert level, cover level, and depth.

Plumbing Symbols

Plumbing Fixture Schedule