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    BLOOD

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    elliot kafumukache
    Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma. It contains erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, and functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. The document defines blood and its components, describes the different blood cell types and their functions, and how they are studied microscopically.

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    BLOOD

    Uploaded by

    elliot kafumukache
    5 views37 pages
    Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma. It contains erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, and functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. The document defines blood and its components, describes the different blood cell types and their functions, and how they are studied microscopically.

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    COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

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    Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma. It contains erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, and functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. The document defines blood and its components, describes the different blood cell types and their functions, and how they are studied microscopically.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    5 views37 pages

    BLOOD

    Uploaded by

    elliot kafumukache
    Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma. It contains erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, and functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. The document defines blood and its components, describes the different blood cell types and their functions, and how they are studied microscopically.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    BLOOD

    EBK
    Objectives
    • Define blood
    • Name the constituents of blood
    • Demonstrate the identifying features of
    different blood cells
    • Describe the functions of the blood cells
    • Demonstrate the understanding of the
    development of blood
    Definition
    • Specialized connective tissue consisting of
    a variety of cells suspended in a fluid
    medium called plasma
    • 5.5 L in man is a vehicle for transport of
    gases, nutrients, metabolic waste
    products, cells and hormones throughout
    the body
    • The formed elements of blood are
    erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes
    • Blood removed from the body clots
    • Clot is made up of formed elements and
    clear yellow liquid called serum
    • If blood is prevented from clotting and
    allowed to stand or centrifuged it
    separates:-
    • Plasma, leukocytes and erythrocytes
    • Hematocrit is an estimate of the volume of
    packed erythrocytes per unit volume of
    blood
    • Normal values:-
    • 40-50% male
    • 35-45% female
    Plasma
    • Essentially an aqueous solution of
    inorganic salts constantly exchanged with
    extracellular fluid of body tissues
    • Contains also plasma proteins , albumin,
    globulins prothrombin and fibrinogen
    • Colloidal osmotic pressure
    • Organic compounds include amino acids,
    vitamins, hormones, lipoproteins
    Blood cell types
    • 3 major functional classes
    • Erythrocytes/ red blood cells
    • White blood cells/ leukocytes
    • Platelets /thrombocytes
    • All are formed in the bone marrow via
    haemopoiesis
    • Red blood cells primary involved in
    transport of gases
    • Erythron is the whole mass of red blood
    cells and precursors in the bone marrow
    • Leucocytes are involved in defence and
    immune system of the body (transient in
    blood to tissues)
    • Platelets controlling bleeding
    (haemostasis)
    Methods of study
    • Blood smear on a glass slide
    • Polychromatic staining technique
    • Romanowsky-type:-
    • Giemsa , Wright or Leishman methods
    4 distinctive staining
    • Basophilia (deep blue) affinity for basic dye
    methylene blue, DNA in the nucleus, RNA in the
    cytoplasm i.e. ribosomes
    • Azurophilia (purple) affinity for azure dyes, as
    seen in with lysosomes
    • Eosinophilia (pink) affinity for acidic dye eosin
    also called acidophilia feature of haemoglobin
    • Neutrophilia (salmon pink/lilac) specific to
    certain specific cytoplasmic granules of
    neutropils
    • Bone marrow
    • Aspirate
    • Smear
    • sections
    Erythrocytes
    • Anucleated cells principal function to
    transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Haemoglobin is synthesized
    • Before entering circulation nucleus is
    extruded and by maturity all cytoplasmic
    organelles degenerate
    • Normal 3.9-5.5 million per microliter
    4.1 -6 million per microliter
    • Limited number of
    enzymes
    • Biconcave disc
    7.5,2.6 & 0.8µm
    • Pale central region
    • Flexibility
    • Anerobic metabolism
    • Life span 120 days
    • Reduced number of
    rbcs associated with
    anaemia
    • Increased number
    polycythemia
    • Macrocytes
    • Microcytes
    • Anisocytosis
    • Sickle cell disease
    Reticulocytes
    • 1% of total circulating
    rbcs
    • Residual ribosomes
    • Demonstrated by
    supravital staining
    • Cresyl blue
    • Increase seen after
    blood loss
    Leucocytes
    • Granulocytes
    neutrophils
    eosinophils
    basophils
    • Agranulocytes/mononuclear leucocytes
    lymphocytes
    monocytes
    • Granulocytes possess two types of
    granules
    • Specific granules: bind neutral, basic or
    acidic components of dye
    • Azurophilic granules: stain purple and are
    lysosomes
    • Terminal non-dividing cells, apoptosis
    Neutrophils
    • 40-75%
    • Motile & phagocytic
    • Acute inflammation
    • Lobulated nucleus
    • Pus cells
    • opsonisation
    Eosinophils
    • 1-6%
    • Diurnal variation
    • Remain in bone marrow for several days
    • Circulate 3-8 hours
    • Increase in parasitic infection
    • Increase allergic reaction
    • 12 -17 µm
    • Bilobed nucleus
    • Esonophilic granules
    • Histaminase
    • Major basic protein
    • Antibody-antigen
    complex
    • IgE receptors
    Basophil
    • Least common 1%
    • Bilobed
    • Basophilic granules
    • Source of histamine, heparin, SRS-A,
    ECF-A
    • metachromatic
    Lymphocytes
    Lymphocytes
    • 20 – 50%
    • Increases commonly in viral infections
    • Immune functions
    • 2 sizes histologically small and large
    • 3 types: T, B and Natural killer
    Monocytes
    Moncytes
    • Large cell
    • 2 -10%
    • Motile and phagocytic – macrophages
    • Nucleus eccentric and indented – kidney
    shaped
    • Organelle prominant
    Platelets
    • Thrombocytes
    • Nonnucleated, disklike cell fragments 2-
    4µm
    • Megakaryocytes
    • Promote clotting of blood
    • Repair gaps in blood vessels
    Bone marrow
    • Meshwork of vascular sinuses
    • Reticular tissue- fibroblasts
    • Adipocytes
    • Haemopoietic cells
    End of lecture

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