FND 507 Unit III Report

West Visayas State University
Lambunao Campus
College of Education
Graduate School
FND 507 –QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
UNIT III
Considering Qualitative Research
Lani Grace G. Sumatra

Ma. Cristina E. Ocastro
DISCUSSANT
Dr. Junjie B. Dimo
PROFESSOR
ABSTRACT
To provide an in-depth understanding of
qualitative research and its significance in
exploring complex human phenomena.
To discuss characteristics of qualitative

research, its research design and planning,
data collection methods, data analysis
techniques, and the importance of validity
and reliability.
Highlights the limitations and challenges
of qualitative research and concludes
with reflections on its value and
implications for future research.
What is Research?
Research is the systematic application of va
family of methods that are employed to
provide trustworthy information about
problems.
Education Research is the systematic

application of a family of methods that are
employed to provide trustworthy information
about education problems (Gay & Airasian,
2000).
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

 A qualitative “approach” is a general
way of thinking about conducting
qualitative research. It describe either
explicity or implicity, the purpose of the
qualitative research the role of the
researcher, the stages of research and
the method of data analysis.
Qualitative Research aims to explore,
discover, understand or describe
phenomena that have already been
identified but are not well understood.
 Willig (2001) says that: “Qualitative

research is concerned with meaning in
context. It involves the interpretation of
data. Qualitative research acknowledges a
subjective element in the research
process.
According to Creswell (2003), qualitative
procedures stand in stark contrast to the
methods of quantitative research as
qualitative enquiry employs different
knowledge claims, strategies of enquiry,
and methods of data collection and
analysis.
1.2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
To give general overview of qualitative

research process.
To gain a comprehensive understanding of

social phenomena in their natural
environments.
What is Qualitative
Research?
UNDERSTANDING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
2.1 DEFINITION
Commonly called “ interpretive research”. Its

methods rely heavily on “thick” verbal
descriptions of a particular social context
being studied.
Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing,

and interpreting data by observing what
people do and say.
Qualitative Research is subjective and
uses different methods of collecting
information, including individual, in-
depth interviews and focus groups.
Characteristics of
Qualitative and
Quantitative Research
Quantitative Style versus Qualitative Style
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Focus Exploring ideas or Testing hypotheses or
formulating theories
hypotheses/ theories
Analysis Summarizing, Math and statistical
categorizing, analysis
interpreting
Expressed in Words Numbers, graphs,
tables, fewer words
Sample Few respondents Many respondents
Questions Open-minded Close- ended or
multiple choice
Characterized by Understanding, context, Testing, measurement,
complexity, subjectivity objectivity, replicability
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Creswell (2003) has identified the following

characteristics of a qualitative research:
 Qualitative Research takes place in natural

setting. The qualitative researcher often goes
to the site (home, office) of participants to
conduct the research.
Qualitative Research uses multiple
methods that are interactive and
humanistic. The methods of data collection
are growing, and they increasingly involve
active participation by participants and
sensitivity to the participants in the study.
Qualitative Research is emergent rather
than tightly prefigured. Several aspects
emerge during a qualitative study. The
research questions may change and be
refined as the inquirer learns what to ask
and to whom it should be asked.
Qualitative Research is fundamentally
interpretive. This means that the
researcher makes an interpretation of the
data. The researcher filters the data
through a personal lens that is situated in
a specific sociopolitical and historical
moment.
Key Characterestic
Flexible
Holistic
Interpretive
Inductive
Subjective
FOUR ELEMENTS
• What methods do we propose to use?

• What methodology governs our choice
and use of methods?
• What theoretical perspective lies
behind the methodology in question?
• What epistemology informs this
theoretical perspective?
1. Methods
The techniques or procedures used to

gather and analyst' data related to
some research question or hypothesis
2. Methodology
The strategy, plan of action,

process or design lying behind
the choice and use of particular
methods and linking the choice
and use of methods to the
desired outcomes.
3. Theoretical perspective
The philosophical stance

informing the methodology and
thus providing a context for the
process and grounding its logic
and criteria
4. Epistemology
The theory of knowledge

embedded in the theoretical
perspective and thereby in the
methodology.
Ethical Considerations in Qualitative
Research
Participants play a vital role in case of
qualitative research. Qualitative research
looks to the human-as-an-instrument for
the collect on and analysis of data.
The role of participants in qualitative

research can differ dramatically from that
of the ‘subjects’ of quantitative studies.
In case of qualitative research, analyzing
the data in a precise way is a very difficult
task. Qualitative research suffers from the
inability of reproducibility and generalization
of the findings. The findings may not be valid
to other subjects or settings. Even after having
these drawbacks, qualitative research is
addressed as a good research approach
among so many research schools of the world
for its in-depth analysis capacity and attractive
description styles.
Elmes et al. (1995) highlights the following
basic ethical considerations that apply to
the treatment of participants:
Informed Consent
No deception
Right to withdraw
Debriefing
Confidentiality
The Approaches in Qualitative
Research:
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Narrative
Main Methods of Data Collection
in Qualitative Research:
Focus groups
Direct observation
In-depth interviews
Documents
Qualitative Data Collection Tools
Online Forums
Groups
Web Survey Chat
Online Communities
In-depth Interviews
CONCLUSION
Qualitative Research has been criticized for
its flexibilities by many quantitative research
supporters. One of the most criticized issues
is that in this kind of research, only small
numbers of subjects can be investigated and
analyzed as the data collection methods are
very much labor intensive. There is also a
chance of researcher’s bias.
In case of qualitative research,
analyzing the data in a precise way is a very
difficult task. Qualitative research suffers
from the inability of reproducibility and
generalization of the findings. The findings
may not be valid to other subjects or
settings. Even after having these drawbacks,
qualitative research is addressed as a good
research approach among so many research
schools of the world for its in-depth analysis
capacity and attractive description styles.
References
• Creswell, J. W. (1998) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design:
Choosing among Five Traditions, Sage Publications, London.
• Creswell, J.W. (2002) Educational Research: Planning,
Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative
Research, Prentice Hall, NJ.
• Creswell, J. W. (2003) Research Design: Qualitative,
Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach, 2nd edition, Sage
Publications, London.
• Crotty, M. (1998) The Foundations of Social Research, Sage
Publications, London, Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R. (1994)
Beginning Qualitative Research: A
• Willig, C. (2001) Introducing Qualitative Research in
Psychology, Open University Press, Buckingham.

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West Visayas State University

FND 507 –QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Lani Grace G. Sumatra

To discuss characteristics of qualitative

Education Research is the systematic

1.1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

 Willig (2001) says that: “Qualitative

To give general overview of qualitative

To gain a comprehensive understanding of

Commonly called “ interpretive research”. Its

Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing,

Creswell (2003) has identified the following

 Qualitative Research takes place in natural

• What methods do we propose to use?

The techniques or procedures used to

The strategy, plan of action,

The philosophical stance

The theory of knowledge

The role of participants in qualitative

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