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    Linear Gravity: 2.1 Energy Momentum Tensor

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    Jakov Pelz
    This document discusses linear gravity and the energy-momentum tensor. It begins by reviewing Noether's first theorem for a scalar field and deriving the equations of motion. It then establishes rules for taking derivatives of scalar, vector, and symmetric tensor fields. Next, it derives the energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory, showing that it is a conserved current for spacetime translations. Specifically, it shows that under a translation, the action changes by the Lie derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the translation parameter. Finally, it presents the canonical energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory.

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    Linear Gravity: 2.1 Energy Momentum Tensor

    Uploaded by

    Jakov Pelz
    37 views3 pages
    This document discusses linear gravity and the energy-momentum tensor. It begins by reviewing Noether's first theorem for a scalar field and deriving the equations of motion. It then establishes rules for taking derivatives of scalar, vector, and symmetric tensor fields. Next, it derives the energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory, showing that it is a conserved current for spacetime translations. Specifically, it shows that under a translation, the action changes by the Lie derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the translation parameter. Finally, it presents the canonical energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory.

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    EM tensor

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    This document discusses linear gravity and the energy-momentum tensor. It begins by reviewing Noether's first theorem for a scalar field and deriving the equations of motion. It then establishes rules for taking derivatives of scalar, vector, and symmetric tensor fields. Next, it derives the energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory, showing that it is a conserved current for spacetime translations. Specifically, it shows that under a translation, the action changes by the Lie derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the translation parameter. Finally, it presents the canonical energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views3 pages

    Linear Gravity: 2.1 Energy Momentum Tensor

    Uploaded by

    Jakov Pelz
    This document discusses linear gravity and the energy-momentum tensor. It begins by reviewing Noether's first theorem for a scalar field and deriving the equations of motion. It then establishes rules for taking derivatives of scalar, vector, and symmetric tensor fields. Next, it derives the energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory, showing that it is a conserved current for spacetime translations. Specifically, it shows that under a translation, the action changes by the Lie derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the translation parameter. Finally, it presents the canonical energy-momentum tensor for Maxwell theory.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Chapter 2

    Linear Gravity

    2.1 Energy momentum tensor


    2.1.1 Redux of Noether’s first theorem
    The theorem is demonstrated for a scalar field, for notational simplicity (no indices).
    Ú
    S[φ] = d4 xL(φ, ∂µ φ) (2.1)

    A general variation of the action with respect to an arbitrary variation in the fields is
    given by δS = S[φ′ ] − S[φ]. The Lagrangian is a function of fields, and first derivatives
    of the field, so Taylor expanding we get:
    ∂L ∂L
    Ú
    δS = d4 x( δφ + ∂µ δφ)
    ∂φ ∂∂µ φ
    C D
    ∂L ∂L ∂L
    Ú Ú
    4
    = d x − ∂µ δφ + d4 x∂µ ( δφ) (2.2)
    ∂φ ∂∂µ φ ∂∂µ φ
    Equations of motion are obtained if we demand that the variation of the field is 0 at
    the boundary of the integration. Then, from the previous integral we get:
    ∂L ∂L
    − ∂µ =0 (2.3)
    ∂φ ∂∂µ φ
    A field that satisfies equations of motion is in jargon called on-shell.
    A symmetry is a change δφs in the field (or in the whole system) such that the action
    changes at most as a surface integral.
    Ú
    δS = d4 x∂µ K µ (2.4)

    Now, if the field is on-shell, and we make a variation of the action with a change δφs ,
    which is a symmetry, the following identity comes from subtracting the previous two
    equations 2.2 - 2.4
    ∂L
    ∂µ ( δφs − K µ ) = 0 ≡ ∂µ j µ (2.5)
    ∂∂µ φ

    7
    Note that in this example φ has no indices, but in general, in the first term, there is a
    sum over all indices of the field, for example

    ∂L
    δφνρσ... (2.6)
    ∂∂µ φνρσ... s

    2.1.2 Rules for derivations with respect to fields and derivatives


    Scalar fields:
    ∂φ ∂(∂µ φ) ∂(∂ µ φ) ∂(∂µ φ) ∂(∂ α φ)
    =1 = δµν = δνµ = ηµα = ηµα δνα = ηµν
    ∂φ ∂(∂ν φ) ∂(∂ ν φ) ∂(∂ ν φ) ∂(∂ ν φ)

    Vector fields
    ∂Aµ ∂(∂µ Aν )
    = δµν = δµα δνβ and similar for indices mixed up and down, see above
    ∂Aν ∂(∂α Aβ )

    Symmetric Tensor fields

    ∂(hµν ) 1 ∂(∂ρ hµν ) 1


    = (δµα δνβ + δµβ δνα ) = δρσ (δµα δνβ + δµβ δνα )
    ∂(hαβ ) 2 ∂(∂σ hαβ ) 2

    and similar for indices mixed up and down, see above

    2.1.3 Energy momentum tensor for Maxwell theory


    1 1
    Ú Ú
    S= d x Fµν F µν =
    4
    d4 x(∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ )(∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ ) (2.7)
    4 4
    Energy momentum tensor is a conserved current for a spacetime translation.

    ∂L
    jµ = δAν − K µ (2.8)
    ∂(∂µ Aν )

    The effect of the translation to the vector field is:

    δAµ = Aµ (x + ǫ) − Aµ (x) = ǫα ∂α Aµ (x)

    The effect of the translation to the action is (since the Lagrangian is also a function)
    Ú
    S[Aµ ] = d4 xǫα ∂α L (2.9)

    The derivation is:


    ∂L
    = F µν (2.10)
    ∂(∂µ Aν )
    The conserved current is

    8
    j µ = F µν ǫα ∂α Aν − ǫµ L (2.11)
    1
    = ǫα (F µν ∂α Aν − δαµ Fρν F ρν ) (2.12)
    4
    The canonical energy momentum tensor is:
    1
    T µα = F µν ∂ α Aν − η µα Fρν F ρν (2.13)
    4
    This tensor can be improved, made to be symmetric, but that I will show some other
    time.

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