Laboratório 7

Reguladores de Tensão
Referências

Kit ME3000 - ANALOG ELECTRONICS – Dream Catcher

Fundamentos
Teóricos
• Introduction

• Series Voltage Regulation

– Zener Regulation
– Op-Amp Series Regulator

• Shunt Voltage Regulation

– Zener Regulation
– Op-Amp Shunt Regulator

• Voltage Regulator IC
– Fixed Positive Voltage Regulation
– Fixed Negative Voltage Regulation
– Adjustable Voltage Regulation
Introduction
 Basic Concept of Voltage Regulation

Voltage
120 V AC Transformer Rectifier
X Filter
Y Regulator Load

Vo

Regulated DC
Voltage

1 Starting with an AC voltage, a steady DC voltage is obtained by rectifying the

AC voltage, filtering to a DC level and finally regulating to obtain a desired,
regulated DC voltage.
2 Ripple
Vi

(Vripple)p-p
Vdc

A typical filter output is shown. It has a DC value and some AC variation.

The smaller the ripple, the better the circuit performance.

ripple voltage (rms)

Ripple 
dc voltage
V (rms )
 r  100%
Vdc
3 Line Regulation

Vout
Line Regulation   100%
Vin
Where Vout  variation in the output voltage
Vin  variation in the input voltage
Exemplo

In the circuit below with Rload =10Ω calcute the line regulation if V varies from 13V to 17V.

If V=17V

If V=13V
4 Load Regulation

When the amount of current through a load changes due to a varying load
resistance, the voltage regulator must maintain a nearly constant voltage
across the load.

VNL  VFL
Load Regulation   100%
VFL
where VNL  load voltage with no load current
VFL  load voltage with full load current
 Load Regulation
Calcute the load regulation considering Rload varying between no load and 10Ω.

If Rload = ∞

If Rload = 10 Ω
 4 Voltage Regulators
There are two types of voltage regulators:

Series Voltage Regulator Parallel Voltage Regulator

Series Voltage
Regulation
 Basic
Operation
Vi Vo
(unregulated Control (regulated
voltage) Element voltage)

Sampling
Circuit

Reference Comparator
Voltage Circuit

The control element is in series with the load between input and
output.

The sampling circuit is used to sense a change in the output voltage.

The comparator compares the sample voltage with a reference voltage

and causes the control element to compensate in order to maintain a
constant output voltage.
Example
Control
Vi
Element
Vo Vo  VZ  VBE
(regulated
(unregulated
voltage)
VCE  Vi  Vo
voltage)
R RL Vi  VZ
Q IR 
R
V
Reference
IL  o
Voltage RL
Vz
IC IL
IB  
 
IZ  IR  IB
 Exercise

Referring to the following diagram, determine the output voltage and the
Zener current.
Solution:
Q (β=30)
Vo Vo  VZ  VBE  12  0.7  11 .3V
Vi =20 V
(unregulated) (regulated VCE  Vi  Vo  20  11 .3  8.7V
R=100Ω RL=2.2KΩ voltage)
Vi  VZ 20  12
IR    80mA
R 100
V 11 .3
IL  o   5.14mA
RL 2200
Vz
IC IL 5.14
IB     171A
  30
I Z  I R  I B  79.8mA
 Improved Series Regulator
Q1 Reference
Vi (unregulated Voltage Vo (regulated
voltage) R4 voltage)
R1
Vz RL
Control Q2
Element Sensing
R3 R2 Element
VBE2
 Improved Series Regulator (cont.)
Q1 Reference
Vi (unregulated Voltage Vo (regulated
voltage) R4 voltage)
R1
Vz RL
Control Q2
Element Sensing
R3 R2 Element
VBE2

R2
VBE 2  VZ  Vo
R1  R2
R1  R2
Vo  (VBE 2  VZ )
R2
 Darlington Pass Transistor Regulator
Q2
Vi (unregulated Vo (regulated
voltage) voltage)
R
Q1

RL
Control
Element
Vz
Reference
Voltage

Vo  VZ  VBE1  VBE 2  VZ  2VBE

 Op-Amp Series Regulator
Q
Vi (unregulated Vo (regulated
voltage) voltage)
R3
 R 
R1 Vo  1  1 VZ
 R2 

Reference
Vz Sensing
Voltgage R2 Element
Control
Element
Example

Determine the output voltage of the following regulator.

Q
Vi =15V VVo
o
(regulated
(regulated
1k voltage)
voltage)
 10k

Vz=5.1V
10k


 R1 
Vo  1  VZ
Solution:  R2 
 10k 
 1  5.1
 10k 
 10.2V
 Current Limiting Circuit
Vi Q1 R4
(unregulated Vo
voltage) (regulated
R3 voltage)

RL
Q2 R1
Vz
R2
Shunt Voltage
Regulation
 Basic Operation
ISH+IL
Vi Vo
RS ISH IL

Control Sampling
Element Circuit RL
(load)

Reference Comparator
Voltage Circuit

• The basic block diagram of the shunt regulator circuit is shown here.
• The input unregulated voltage provides current to the load.
• Some current is pulled away by control element to maintain the regulated output
voltage across the load.
• The sampling circuit provides a feedback signal to the comparator circuit.
• When the load voltage changes, a control signal is fed back to the control element to
maintain the regulated voltage.
 Zener Regulation
• In this configuration, the Zener diode operates in its
breakdown region.
• The output voltage equals to the Zener voltage.
• It is a simple Shunt regulator.
• The Zener diode can be small in size but must be able to
absorb current levels ranging from zero to maximum current
delivered to the load.
R E  VZ
Is 
+
+ Iz IL
+ R
Is
Vz
E Vz RL V IL 
RL
-
- -
IZ  Is  IL
Control
Element
 Zener Regulation with Transistor

V
Vi (unregulated
i
(unregulated + +
voltage)
voltage) Rs
Vz Q
RL Vo VL  VZ  VBE
+
VBE
-
- -
Control
Element
 Improved Shunt Regulator
Vi
Vo
(unregulated Rs
Q2 (regulated
voltage)
Vz RL voltage)

Q1
Sensing
Element
Control Reference
R1
Element Voltage

Vo  VL  VZ  VBE1  VBE 2
 Op-Amp as an IC Regulator
Vi
Vo
(regulated
R voltage)
Vi +Vcc
(unregulated Vo
voltage)

Vz rz
RL

• Op-amp can be used as an IC regulator.

• In this configuration, there is almost no current into the op-amp. No current
is drawn away from the Zener diode.
• The load voltage is independent of the load.

VL  VZ
 Voltage
Regulator IC
 Voltage Regulator IC

• Voltage regulator ICs are widely used in

electronics appliances.
• It consists of circuitry with reference
source, control device, and overload
protection in a single IC package.
• The output of a voltage regulator IC can be:
– Fixed positive voltage

Common
Output
Input
– Fixed negative voltage
– Adjustable voltage

A three-terminal voltage
regulator IC
 Three Terminal Voltage Regulators
• A typical block diagram of three terminal voltage regulator is shown
below.
• An unregulated DC input voltage is applied to the input terminal (IN),
a regulated output DC voltage is obtained at the output terminal
(OUT), and the third terminal (GND) is connected to the system
ground.

Load
Current, IL
IN OUT
+ Voltage Vo +
Regulator (regulated
voltage)
Vi
GND
(unregulated Load
voltage)

- -
 Fixed Positive Voltage Regulation

+ IN OUT +
Vi Vo
Vi (unregulated Vo (regulated
(unregulated GND (regulated
voltage)
voltage) C1 C2 voltage)
voltage)
- -

• The 78-series ICs provide fixed regulated voltages ranging from 5 V to 24 V.

• Typically, a capacitor C1 is connected to the input terminal of the IC to filter
high frequency noise.
• Capacitor C2 is used to filter any high frequency noise appears at the
regulated output.
 78-series Positive Voltage Regulators
• Table below shows a list of positive voltage regulator ICs available in the
market.
• The regulator IC will maintain the rated output voltage as long as the input
voltage is greater than a minimum input value (~2-3 V).

IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)

7805 +5 7.3

7806 +6 8.3

7808 +8 10.5

7810 +10 12.5

7812 +12 14.6

7815 +15 17.7

7818 +18 21.0

7824 +24 27.1

 Example: +12V Power Supply
7812

IN OUT +
Vo = +12V
GND
120 V rms C1= C2= -
470F 0.01F

18 V rms
(each cycle)

• This diagram shows a simple +12 V power supply by using a step-down transformer
and a 7812 voltage regulator.
• The AC line voltage with 120 V rms is stepped down to 18 Vrms across each half by
the center tapped transformer.
• A full wave rectifier and a capacitor filter provides an unregulated DC voltage of about
22 V with a ripple of few volts.
• In the final stage, the 7812 provides an output which is regulated at 12 V dc.
 Fixed Negative Voltage Regulation
• The 79 series ICs provide fixed negative regulated voltages ranging from –5 V
to –24 V.
• The regulator IC will maintain the rated output voltage as long as the input
voltage is less than a minimum input value (more negative).

IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)

7905 -5 -7.3
7906 -6 -8.3
7908 -8 -10.5
7909 -9 -11.5
7912 -12 -14.6
7915 -15 -17.7
7918 -18 -20.8
7924 -24 -27.1
 Adjustable Voltage Regulators

+ + Vo
IN OUT
(regulated
ADJ voltage)
VREF R1
Vi
(unregulated
voltage)
IADJ
R2
- -

• It allows the output voltage to be set at a desired regulated value.

• For example, the LM317 can be adjusted to operate from 1.2 V to 37 V.
• Resistors R1 and R2 are used to set the desired output, where

R2
Vo  VREF (1  )  I ADJ R2
R1
Example

+35V +
Vi
LM317
(unregulated
voltage) VREF 220R
Vo
(regulated
voltage)

IADJ
R2=5K
- -

Determine the minimum and maximum output voltages. VREF = 1.25V

Assume IADJ = 50µA R2
Vo  VREF (1  )  I ADJ R2  29.91V
When R2 is at maximum of 5 k: R1

Vo  1.25V
When R2 is at minimum of 0:
Regulador de Tensão
de Alto Desempenho
 Filtro

Estabilizador sem proteção contra Estabilizador com proteção contra

curto circuito e sobrecarga curto circuito e sobrecarga e filtro capacitivo
 Tensão de Saída (Vo)

1 Usando-se o modelo linearizado, a tensão sobre o diodo Zener vale:

2 Analisando-se o circuito acima constata-se que:

Corrente de Coletor (IC1)

3 I2>>> IB1, então I2 ≅ I1= Vo /(R1+R2).

i iB2
R3 io i1 iR4
iE2

Se 𝛽2 for suficientemente grande, pode-se então aproximar a equação acima para:

Corrente no Zener (Iz)

4
5 As Equações de Vo , IC1 e IZ resolvem, portanto, em um problema de análise, o sistema
no qual as incógnitas são Vo , IC1 e IZ .

Em um circuito como o da figura para que 𝛽2 seja suficientemente grande, isto é,

𝛽2> 1500, o transistor Q2 deve estar em uma configuração Darlington.

Nesse caso, a Equação de IC1 pode ser reescrita, de forma aproximada, como:

Mas:
6 Mostrou-se que:

Se 𝛽1> 400, a Equação de Vo pode ser reescrita como:

Esta equação é normalmente usada para calcular a tensão de saída aproximada do circuito !
7 Mostrou-se que:

Se R3 >>R4, então constata-se que a corrente do diodo Zener fica virtualmente independente
de Vi e, então, o estabilizador passa a apresentar uma tensão de saída quase que totalmente
independente da tensão de entrada e da carga e, portanto, constante !

8 A resistência R3 no circuito foi dividida em duas, isto é, R3 = R3a + R3b.

A adição do capacitor C1 forma, com essas resistências, um filtro passa-baixos com fc ≤ 2 Hz, que
minimiza a injeção de ondulações (ripple) e de ruídos no circuito.
9

O resistor R4, que provê corrente de polarização para o diodo Zener, deve ser
dimensionado para que: 3 mA ≤ IZ ≤ 6 mA.
O resistor R3, que ainda provê uma parcelada da corrente de polarização do diodo Zener,
deve ser dimensionado para que: 300mA ≤ IR3 ≤ 1mA se o transistor Q2 possuir 𝛽2>1500.

10 Os resistores R1 e R2 polarizam a base do transistor Q1 e devem ser dimensionados para que

1mA ≤ I1 ≤ 10 mA.

11 O transistor Q1 deve possuir 𝛽1> 400 e, portanto, devem ser usados, para esse
componente, transistores com sufixo C, como, por exemplo, o BC548C.

12 O transistor Q2 deve possuir 21500 e, portanto, devem ser usados transistores Darlingtons
como, por exemplo, o 2N6039, o TIP41, o ZTX605, etc., dependendo da corrente de saída e
do diferencial de tensão entre a entrada e a saída do estabilizador.
 Solução
Numérica
 Valor Típico de Vo

Parâmetros:
1 Vitip = 35 V; 𝛽1 = 600; VBE1tip = 0,65705 V; 𝛽2 = 2000; VBE2tip = 1,358 V; R3 = 20kΩ e RLtip= 160Ω.
Usando na equação de Vo :

2
3

4 Substituindo-se esses valores na equação de Vo, obtém-se:

5 Retornando-se esse valor às equações de IC1e de IZ, calcula-se:

6
 Valor Mínimo de V0

8
 9

10 Substituindo-se esses valores na equação de Vo, obtém-se:

11 Retornando-se esse valor às equações de IC1e de IZ, calcula-se:

12
 Valor Máximo de Vo

13

14
15

16 Substituindo-se esses valores na equação de Vo, obtém-se:

17 Retornando-se esse valor às equações de IC1e de IZ, calcula-se:

18
Pode-se, então, escrever que:
Simulação em
LTSPice
Q1 é BC548C

Q2 é um Darlington que está na pasta Darlington. Foi usado o BCV27.

Q3 é BC548B.

O Zener é de 6,2V.

O circuito de simulação c/ R5 está setado para Io(lim)= 0,5A.

Os resultados das simulações não batem totalmente com os cálculos teóricos porque o beta do Darlington é muito variável e imprevisível
com a variação de Vin e de RL, mas não fogem de +/- 5% dos valores desejados na prática. Isso é normal.

Um trimpot de 100R pode ser colocado entre R1 e R2, com o cursor ligado à base de Q1, para um ajuste mais preciso, se necessário.

Veronese
Roteiro Experimental