Topic:-

Voltage Regulator
NAME-SHUBHAM JADDON
ROLL NO.-2201928
BASIC ELECTRONICS
Outline
Introduction
Voltage Regulation
Line Regulation
Load Regulation
Series Regulator
Shunt Regulator
Switching Regulator
IC Voltage Regulator
Introduction
Batteries are often shown on a schematic diagram as the
source of DC voltage but usually the actual DC voltage
source is a power supply.
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed
to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices.
A more reliable method of obtaining DC power is to
transform, rectify, filter and regulate an AC line voltage.
A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks,
each of which performs a particular function.
 Introduction

Power supply: A group of circuits that convert the standard ac

voltage (120 V, 60 Hz) provided by the wall outlet to constant dc
voltage
Transformer : A device that step up or step down the ac voltage
provided by the wall outlet to a desired amplitude through the
action of a magnetic field
 Introduction

Rectifier: A diode circuits that converts the ac input voltage to a

pulsating dc voltage
The pulsating dc voltage is only suitable to be used as a battery
charger, but not good enough to be used as a dc power supply in
a radio, stereo system, computer and so on.
 Introduction

There are two basic types of rectifier circuits:

◦ Half-wave rectifier
◦ Full-wave rectifier - Center-tapped & Bridge full-wave rectifier

In summary, a full-wave rectified signal has less ripple than a half-

wave rectified signal and is thus better to apply to a filter.
 Introduction

Filter: A circuit used to reduce the fluctuation in the rectified

output voltage or ripple. This provides a steadier dc voltage.
Regulator: A circuit used to produces a constant dc output
voltage by reducing the ripple to negligible amount. One part of
power supply.
Introduction
Regulator - Zener diode regulator
For low current power supplies - a simple voltage regulator
can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected in
reverse.
Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and
maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W)
Voltage Regulation
Two basic categories of voltage regulation are:
❑line regulation
❑load regulation

The purpose of line regulation is to maintain a nearly

constant output voltage when the input voltage varies.
The purpose of load regulation is to maintain a nearly
constant output voltage when the load varies
 Line Regulation

Line regulation: A change in input (line) voltage does not significantly affect the
output voltage of a regulator (within certain limits)
Line Regulation
Line regulation can be defined as the percentage change in
the output voltage for a given change in the input voltage.

 VOUT 
Line regulation =   100%
 VIN 
Δ means “a change in”
Line regulation can be calculated using the following
formula:
Line regulation =
(VOUT / VOUT )100%
VIN
 Load Regulation

Load regulation: A change in load current (due to a varying RL) has practically no
effect on the output voltage of a regulator (within certain limits)
Load Regulation
Load regulation can be defined as the percentage change in
the output voltage from no-load (NL) to full-load (FL).

 VNL − VFL 
Load regulation =   100%
 VFL 

Where:
VNL = the no-load output voltage
VFL = the full-load output voltage
Load Regulation
Sometimes power supply manufacturers specify the
equivalent output resistance (Rout) instead of its load
regulation.

RFL equal the smallest-rated load resistance, then VFL:

 RFL 
VFL = VNL  
 ROUT − RFL 
Load Regulation
Rearrange the equation:
 ROUT − RFL 
VNL = VFL  
 RFL 
 ROUT − RFL 
VFL   − VFL
Load regulation =  RFL   100%
VFL
 ROUT − RFL 
Load regulation =  − 1  100%
 RFL 
 ROUT 
Load regulation =   100%
 RFL 
Example
1. The input of a certain regulator increases by 3.5 V. As a
result, the output voltage increases by 0.042 V. The
nominal output is 20 V. Determine the line regulation in
both % and in %/V.
(Solution: 1.2% ; 0.06%/V)

2. If a 5 V power supply has an output resistance of 80 mΩ

and a specific maximum output current of 1 A. Calculate
the load regulation in % and %/mA.
(Solution: 1.6% ; 0.0016%/mA)
Types of Regulator
Fundamental classes of voltage regulators are linear
regulators and switching regulators.
Two basic types of linear regulator are the series regulator
and the shunt regulator .
The series regulator is connected in series with the load and
the shunt regulator is connected in parallel with the load.
Series Regulator Circuit
Control element in series
with load between input and
output.
Output sample circuit senses
a change in output voltage.
Error detector compares
sample voltage with
reference voltage → causes
control element to
compensate in order to
maintain a constant output
voltage.
Op-Amp Series Regulator
Control Element

VREF

Sample
Error Detector Circuit
Op-Amp Series Regulator
The resistor R1 and R2 sense a change in the output voltage
and provide a feedback voltage.
The error detector compares the feedback voltage with a
Zener diode reference voltage.
The resulting difference voltage causes the transistor Q1
controls the conduction to compensate the variation of the
output voltage.
The output voltage will be maintained at a constant value
of:
 R1 
Vo = 1 + VZ
 R2 
 Transistor Series Regulator

The transistor Q1 is the series control element.

Zener diode provides the reference voltage.
Transistor Series Regulator
Since Q1 is an npn transistor, Vo is found as:

VBE = VZ − Vo
the response of the pass-transistor to a change in load resistance
as follows:
◦ If load resistance increases, load voltage also increases.
◦ Since the Zener voltage is constant, the increase in Vo causes VBE to
decrease.
◦ The decrease in VBE reduces conduction through the pass- transistor, so
load current decreases.
◦ This offsets the increase in load resistance, and a relatively constant load
voltage is maintained
Shunt Regulator Circuit
The unregulated input voltage
provides current to the load.
Some of the current is pulled away
by the control element.
If the load voltage tries to change
due to a change in the load
resistance, the sampling circuit
provides a feedback signal to a
comparator.
The resulting difference voltage then
provides a control signal to vary the
amount of the current shunted away
from the load to maintain the
regulated output voltage across the
load.
Op-Amp Shunt Regulator
Op-Amp Shunt Regulator
When the output voltage tries to decrease due to a change
in input voltage or load current caused by a change in load
resistance, the decrease is sensed by R1 and R2.
A feedback voltage obtained from voltage divider R1 and R2
is applied to the op-amp’s non-inverting input and
compared to the Zener voltage to control the drive current
to the transistor.
The current through resistor RS is thus controlled to drop a
voltage across RS so that the output voltage is maintained.
 Transistor Shunt Regulator

The control element is a transistor, in parallel with the load. While,

the resistor, RS, is in series with the load.
The operation of the transistor shunt regulator is similar to that of
the transistor series regulator, except that regulation is achieved by
controlling the current through the parallel transistor
 Transistor Shunt Regulator
Resistor RS drops the unregulated
voltage depends on current supplied
to load RL.
Voltage across the load is set by
zener diode and transistor base-
emitter voltage.
If RL decrease, a reduced drive
current to base of Q1 → shunting
less collector current.
Load current, IL is larger, maintaining
the regulated voltage across load.
Transistor Shunt Regulator
Vo = VL = VZ + VBE
The output voltage to the load is:

voltage across the load is set by the Zener diode voltage and the
transistor base-emitter voltage.
If the load resistance decreases, the load current will be larger at
a value of: V
IL = L
RL
The increase in load current causes the collector current shunted
by the transistor is to be less:

Vi − VL IC = I S − I L
The current through RS: IS =
RS
Switching Regulator
The switching regulator is a
type of regulator circuit
which its efficient transfer of
power to the load is greater
than series and shunt
regulators because the
transistor is not always
conducting.
The switching regulator
passes voltage to the load in
pulses, which then filtered to
provide a smooth dc voltage.
Switching Regulator
The switching regulator is more efficient than the linear
series or shunt type.
This type regulator is ideal for high current applications
since less power is dissipated.
Voltage regulation in a switching regulator is achieved by
the on and off action limiting the amount of current flow
based on the varying line and load conditions.
With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be achieved.
Switching Regulator
Step-Down Configuration
With the step-down (output is less than the input)
configuration the control element Q1 is pulsed on and off at
variable rate based on the load current.
The pulsations are filtered out by the LC filter.
Switching Regulator
Step-up configuration
The difference is in the placement of the inductor and the
fact that Q1 is shunt configured.
During the time when Q1 is off the VL adds to VC stepping
the voltage up by some amount.
Switching Regulator
Voltage-inverter configuration
output voltage is of opposite polarity of the input.
This is achieved by VL forward-biasing reverse-biased diode
during the off times producing current and charging the
capacitor for voltage production during the off times.
With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be achieved.
IC Voltage Regulators
Regulation circuits in integrated circuit form are widely used.
Their operation is no different but they are treated as a single
device with associated components.
These are generally three terminal devices that provide a positive
or negative output.
Some types have variable voltage outputs.
A typical 7800 series voltage regulator is used for positive
voltages.
The 7900 series are negative voltage regulators.
These voltage regulators when used with heatsinks can safely
produce current values of 1A and greater.
The capacitors act as line filtration.
IC Voltage Regulators
Several types of both linear (series and shunt) and switching
regulators are available in integrated circuit (IC) form.
Single IC regulators contain the circuitry for:
(1) reference source
(2) comparator amplifier
(3) control device
(4) overload protection

Generally, the linear regulators are three-terminal devices

that provides either positive or negative output voltages
that can be either fixed or adjustable.
Fixed Voltage Regulator
The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input
voltage Vi applied to one input terminal, a regulated output
dc voltage Vo from a second terminal, and the third terminal
connected to ground.
Fixed-Positive Voltage Regulator
The series 78XX regulators are the three-terminal devices
that provide a fixed positive output voltage.
Fixed Voltage Regulator
An unregulated input voltage
Vi is filtered by a capacitor C1
and connected to the IC’s IN
terminal.
The IC’s OUT terminal
provides a regulated +12 V,
which is filtered by capacitor
C2.
The third IC terminal is
connected to ground (GND)
Fixed Voltage Regulator
Positive-Voltage Regulators in the 78XX Series
IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)
7805 +5 +7.3
7806 +6 +8.3
7808 +8 +10.5
7810 +10 +12.5
7812 +12 +14.5
7815 +15 +17.7
7818 +18 +21.0
7824 +24 +27.1
Fixed Voltage Regulator
Fixed-Negative Voltage Regulator
The series 79XX regulators are the three-terminal IC
regulators that provide a fixed negative output voltage.
This series has the same features and characteristics as the
series 78XX regulators except the pin numbers are different.
Fixed Voltage Regulator
Negative-Voltage Regulators in the 79XX Series
IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)
7905 -5 -7.3
7906 -6 -8.4
7908 -8 -10.5
7909 -9 -11.5
7912 -12 -14.6
7915 -15 -17.7
7918 -18 -20.8
7924 -24 -27.1
Fixed Voltage Regulator
Adjustable-Voltage Regulator
Voltage regulators are also available in circuit configurations
that allow to set the output voltage to a desired regulated
value.
The LM317 is an example of an adjustable-voltage regulator,
can be operated over the range of voltage from 1.2 to 37 V.
Summary
Voltage regulators keep a constant dc output despite input voltage or
load changes.
The two basic categories of voltage regulators are linear and switching.
The two types of linear voltage regulators are series and shunt.
The three types of switching are step-up, step-down, and inverting.
Summary
Switching regulators are more efficient than linear making them ideal
for low voltage high current applications.
IC regulators are available with fixed positive or negative output
voltages or variable negative or positive output voltages.
Both linear and switching type regulators are available in IC form.
Current capacity of a voltage regulator can be increased with an
external pass transistor.