Dos Ii PPT 2
Dos Ii PPT 2
Dos Ii PPT 2
INTRODUCTION
• A structure is an assembly of various elements or components which are
fastened together through some type of connection.
• If connections are not designed properly and fabricated with care, there
may be a source of weakness in the finished structure, not only in their
structural action but also because they may be the focus of corrosion and
aesthetically unpleasing.
• Following are the requirements of a good connection in steelwork:
1. It should be rigid, to avoid fluctuating stresses which may cause fatigue
failure
2. It should be such that there is the least possible weakening of the parts to
be joined
3. It should be such that it can be easily installed, inspected and maintained.
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Various types of connections used for connecting structural members.
1. Riveted Connections
2. Bolted Connections
3. Pin Connections
4. Welded Connections
RIVETS
• A rivet is a piece of round steel forged in place to connect two or more than two
members together.
• The cylindrical portion of the rivet is called shank or body and lower
portion of shank is known as tail, as shown in Fig.
• The rivets are used to make permanent fastening between the plates such as
in structural work, ship building, bridges, tanks and shells.
• It’s permanent joint.
• The size of rivets is expressed by the diameter of the shank .
Head
Shank or body
Tail
Fig. Rivet
RIVETS
Hot driven rivets
- Power driven rivets
- Hand driven rivets
- Field rivets
6. Rivet line
The rivet line is also known as service line or back line or gauge line.
The rivet line is the imaginary line along which rivets are placed.
The rolled steel sections have been assigned standard positions of the rivet
lines.
The standard position of rivet lines for the various sections may be noted
from ISI Handbook No.1 for the respective sections
TERMS USED IN RIVETING
7. Edge distance (e)
It is the distance of centre of rivet hole from the adjacent edge of plate
and measured perpendicular to direction of load.
In case of double cover butt joint, cover plates are provided on either
side of the main plate
BUTT JOINT
Butt joints are also further classified according to the number of rivets
used and the arrangement of rivets adopted.
1. Double cover single riveted but joint
2. Double cover chain riveted butt joint
3. Double cover zig-zag riveted butt joint
FAILURE OF A RIVETED JOINT
Failure of a riveted joint may take place in any of the following ways
1. Shear failure of rivets
2. Bearing failure of rivets
3. Tearing failure of plates
4. Shear failure of plates
5. Bearing failure of plates
6. Splitting/cracking failure of plates
SHEAR FAILURE OF RIVETS
Plates riveted together and subjected to tensile loads may result in the
shear of the rivets.
Rivets are sheared across their cross-sectional areas.
Single shear occurring in a lap joint and double shear occurring in butt
joint are shown in fig.
BEARING FAILURE OF RIVETS
Bearing failure of a rivet occurs when the rivet is crushed by the plate.
TEARING FAILURE OF PLATES
When plates riveted together are carrying tensile load, tearing failure of
plate may occur, when strength of the plate is less than that of rivets.
The tearing failure occurs at the net sectional area of plate as shown in
Fig.
SHEAR FAILURE OF PLATES
A plate may fail in shear along two lines as shown in Fig.
This may occur when minimum proper edge distance is not provided.
BEARING FAILURE OF PLATES
Bearing failure of a plate may occur because of insufficient edge
distance in the riveted joint.
Crushing of plate against the bearing of rivet take place in such failure.
Due to this, the rivet hole becomes of an oval shape and hence the
joint becomes loose
SPLITTING FAILURE OF PLATES
This failure occurs because of insufficient edge distance in the riveted
joint.
Splitting (cracking) of plate as shown in Fig. takes place in such failure.
ASSUMPTIONS IN THE DESIGN OF
RIVETED JOINTS
Certain assumptions are made while deriving expressions for the strength of
riveted joints as follows:
1. Load is assumed to be uniformly distributed among all the rivets
2. Stress in plate is assumed to be uniform
3. Shear stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the gross area of
rivets
4. Bearing stress is assumed to be uniform between the contact surfaces of
plate and rivet
5. Bending stress in rivet is neglected
6. Rivet hole is assumed to be completely filled by the rivet
7. Friction between plates is neglected
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
The strength of a riveted joint is determined by computing the following
strengths:
1. Strength of a riveted joint against shearing - Ps
2. Strength of a riveted joint against bearing - Pb
3. Strength of plate in tearing - Pt
The strength of a riveted joint is the least strength of the above three
strength.
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
Strength of a riveted joint against shearing of the rivets (Ps)
The strength of a riveted joint against the shearing of rivets is equal to the
product of strength of one rivet in shear and the number of rivets on each
side of the joint. It is given by
Ps = strength of a rivet in shearing x number of rivets on each side of joint
When the rivets are subjected to single shear, then the strength of one rivet
in single shear
Where N=Number of rivets on each side of the joint; D=Gross diameter of the
rivet; ps=Maximum permissible shear stress in the rivet
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
Strength of a riveted joint against shearing of the rivets (Ps):
When the rivets are subjected to double shear, then the strength of one
rivet in double shear =
Therefore, the strength of a riveted joint against double shearing of rivets,
When the strength of riveted joint against the shearing of the rivets is
determined per gauge width of the plate, then the number of rivets ‘n’ per
gauge is taken in to consideration. Therefore,
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
Strength of riveted joint against the bearing of the rivets(Pb)
The strength of a riveted joint against the bearing of the rivets is equal to the
product of strength of one rivet in bearing and the number of rivets on each
side of the joint. It is given by,
Pb=Strength of a rivet in bearing x Number of rivets on each side of the joint
In case of lap joint, the strength of one rivet in bearing = D x t x pb
The strength of a riveted joint against the bearing of rivets P b = N x D x t x pb
Where D= Gross diameter of the rivet; t=thickness of the thinnest plate; p b=
maximum permissible stress in the bearing for the rivet.
(In case of butt joint, the total thickness of both cover plates or thickness of main plate
whichever is less is considered for determining the strength of a rivet in the bearing .)
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
Strength of riveted joint against the bearing of the rivets(Pb)
The bearing pressure acting on the rivet is radial. The projected area is
used in determining the strength of rivet in bearing.
t
When the strength of riveted joint against the bearing of rivets per gauge
width of the plate is taken into consideration, then, the number of rivets
‘n’ is also adopted per gauge. Therefore,
Pb1 = n x D x t x pb
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
Strength of plate in tearing
The strength of plate in tearing depends upon the resisting section of the
plate. The strength of plate in tearing is given by
Pt = Resisting section x pt
Where pt is the maximum permissible stress in the tearing of plate
When the strength of plate in tearing per gauge width of the plate is found
Pt1 = (p-D) x t x pt
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
The strength of a riveted joint is the least of Ps, Pb, Pt.
The strength of riveted joint per gauge width of plate is the least of P s1,
Pb1, Pt1.
STRENGTH OF LAP AND BUTT JOINT
STRENGTH OF LAP AND BUTT JOINT
Strength of lap joint:
STRENGTH OF LAP AND BUTT JOINT
Strength of butt joint:
EFFICIENCY OR PERCENTAGE OF
STRENGTH OF RIVETED JOINT
The efficiency of a joint is defined as the ratio of least strength of a
riveted joint to the strength of solid plate. It is known as percentage
strength of riveted joint as it is expressed in percentage.
Efficiency of riveted joint
RIVET VALUE
The strength of a rivet in shearing and in bearing is computed and the lesser
is called the rivet value (R).
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