CIV 3263 DESIGN OF STEEL

AND TIMBER
STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 2. DESIGN OF
STEEL CONNECTIONS
 OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• RIVETED CONNECTIONS
• BOLTED AND PIN CONNECTIONS
• DESIGN PROBLEMS
• WELDED CONNECTIONS
• DESIGN PROBLEMS
 INTRODUCTION
• A structure is an assembly of various
elements or components which are fastened
together through some type of connection. If
connections are not designed properly and
fabricated with care, they may be a source
of weakness in the finished structure, not
only in their structural action but also
because they may be the focus of
corrosion and aesthetically unpleasing.
• There are some requirements of a good
connection in steelwork to be achieved by
the designer and constructor…..
 Requirements of a good
connection
• It should be rigid, to avoid fluctuating stresses which
may cause fatigue failure.
• It should be such that there is the least possible
weakening of the parts to be joined.
• It should be such that it can be easily installed,
inspected and maintained.
• The following are the common types of connections
used for structural steelwork
– Riveted connections
– Bolted connections
– Welded connections
– Pinned connections
The first three are extensively used but this last time riveting is
being superseded in importance by welding and high –
strength bolting.
EXAMPLE OF JOINTS- Rivet
EXAMPLE OF JOINTS - Bolt
EXAMPLE OF JOINTS - Weld
EXAMPLE OF JOINTS - Pin
RIVETED CONNECTIONS
 RIVETED CONNECTIONS
• Riveting is a method of joining together
structural steel components by inserting
ductile metal pins, called rivets, into holes of
the components to be connected from coming
apart.
• A rivet consists of a shank of given length
and diameter, and a head known as
manufactured head. The size of the rivet is
defined by the diameter of the shank.
• Riveting is essentially a forging process and
consists in driving a hot rivet in its plastic
state and the formation of a head in the other
hand.
 RIVETS
• SOLID RIVET • RIVET AND ITS
PARTS
 Types of rivets
• Depending on the place of application, they
are field and shop rivets. Both these types
are known as hot driven rivets since the
rivets are heat to a temperature ranging
between 10000 F to 19500 F before driving.
• Depending on means used to drive rivets,
they are hand driven rivets which are
driven by hand operated equipment, and
power driven rivets which are driven by
power operated equipment.
Types of Rivet heads
 Common definitions
• a) Nominal diameter of rivet: it is the diameter of
unheated rivet. It is the stated diameter of the rivet,
available in the market.
• b) Gross diameter of the rivet: it is the diameter of
the rivet in the hole, measured after driving. It is taken
equal to the diameter of the hole itself.
• c) Gross area of rivet: it is the area calculated on the
basis of gross diameter of the rivet.
• d) Pitch of rivets: It is the distance between centers of
two adjacent rivets in a row.
• e) Gauge line: it is the line of rivets which is parallel to
the direction of stress.
• f) Gauge distance or gauge (g): it is the
perpendicular distance between two adjacent gauge
lines. This is also known as back pitch.
 Common definitions
• g) Edge distance: it is the distance of the
edge of the member or the cover plates from
the centre of extreme rivet hole.
• h) Lap: it is the distance normal to the joint
between edges of the over- lapping plates in a
lap joint or between the joint and the end of
cover plates in a butt joint.
• To avoid confusion between pitch and gauge,
we can use these following definitions:
• Pitch: the distance centre to centre between
rivets measured along the directions of the
joints.
• Gauge: the distance between rivet centres
measured along the short direction.
DEFINITION SKETCH
BUTT JOINT
LAP JOINT
Working stresses in rivets

S/N Type of rivet Axial Shear, τvf Bearing,

tension, N/mm2 σpf
σtf (MPa) N/mm2
N/mm2 (MPa)
(MPa)
1 Power driven 100 100 300
rivets
2 Hand driven 80 80 250
rivets
 Types of riveted joints
• A riveted joint may be classified according
to (a) arrangement of rivets and plates (b)
mode of load transmission , and(c) nature and
location of load with respect of rivet
group .
a) Arrangement of rivets and plates
According to the arrangement of rivets and plates,
riveted joints may be of the following types:
1. lap joint: Single rivet and Double riveted
2. Butt joint:
– Single riveted butt joint with single cover plate
– Single riveted butt joint with double cover plate
– Double riveted butt joint with single cover plate
– Double riveted butt joint with double cover plate
 
 lap joint
• Single rivet • Double
riveted
 Butt joint

• Single riveted butt • Double riveted butt

joint with single and joint with single
double cover plate and double cover
plate
 Mode of load
•
transmission
Riveted connections can also be classified
according to the mode of load transmission by
the rivets. If the load is transmitted through
bearing between the plate and the shank of
the rivet producing shear in the rivet (see
figure), the rivet is said to be in shear. When
the load is transmitted by shear in only one
section of the rivet, the rivet is said to be in
single shear (figure a). When the loading of the
rivet is such as to have the load transmitted in
two shear planes, the rivet is said to be in
double shear (figure b). When the load is
transmitted by shear in more than two planes,
the rivet is said to be in multiple shear.
Lap joints: (a) single shear; (b)
double shear.
 Modes of failure of riveted
joint
A riveted joint may fail in one of the
following ways:
1. Shearing failure across one or more
planes of the rivets
2. Tension failure (tearing) in the plate
3. Bearing failure between the plates and
the rivets
4. Plate shear or shear out failure in the
plate
For all these mode see the figure
bellow(a), (b), (c) and (d) respectively.
Modes of failure of
riveted joint
 Strength of riveted joint
• The values of pull required for the failure of a
riveted joint can be computed, using ultimate
strength values for the material. However, same
expressions can be used to compute the strength
of a riveted joint, by using the permissible values
of the stresses in the materials, as shown below:
1. Strength of plate in tension
• Let σat = permissible stress in plate in axial tension
• Strength of plate Pt, per pitch length is given by

(1)

Pt   at ( p  d )t
 Strength of riveted joint
(Con)
2. Strength of rivet or rivet value
• The strength of rivet, commonly known as
rivet value (R) is the smaller of shearing
strength of rivet and bearing strength of rivet.
• Let τvf = permissible shearing stress in rivet
• σpf = allowable bearing stress in rivet
• Shearing strength of rivet,  2 (2)
in single shear Ps  vf . .d
 4
Or  .2. .d 2 (3) in double shear
vf
4
• Bearing strength of rivet,
(4)
Pb   pf .d .t
 Strength of riveted joint
and efficiency of joint
• The strength of a riveted joint will be
lesser of values given by equations
(formulas 1 - 4) given above
• Strength of solid plate, P = σat.p.t (per
pitch length)

• The efficiency η of joint is defined as the

ratio of the strength of the joint to the
strength of the plate.
Thus, least Pt , Ps and Pb

P
 Efficiencies of riveted joints

The diameter of rivet for a given plate thickness is

generally chosen from the Unwin’s formula.
d  6.04 t
Note: Read Notes on Design of riveted
 Edge distance of holes
Nominal diam. of Diameter of hole Distance to Distance to rolled,
rivet (in mm) (mm) sheared or hand machine flame cut,
flame cut hole sawn or planed
(mm) hole (mm)

12 or bellow 13.5 or bellow 19 17

14 15.5 25 22
16 17.5 29 25
18 19.5 32 29
20 21.5 32 29
22 23.5 38 32
24 25.5 44 38
27 29.0 51 44
30 32.0 57 51
33 35.0 57 51
RIVETED JOINT IN FRAMED
STRUCTURES
Example of framed
structures
 Riveted joint in framed
•
structures
In the case of a roof truss, bridge truss or
other similar framed structures, the load P to
be carried by the member is always known.
The number of rivets n required to connect
the member to the other member is given by:

P P
n 
strength of one rivet R
where P is the pull or push carried by the member.
In the case of tension member carrying pull, the
arrangement of rivets found above on each side of joint
is of utmost importance, since it will directly determine
the width of flat. Rivets in a joint may be arranged in
two forms: Chain riveting and diamond riveting.
Arrangement of Rivets
Arrangement of Rivets in joints of
framed structures
• Chain riveting: shown in figure (a) for that case,
the flat is weakened by three rivet holes. The
width b of the flat in this must be such that :
P
  3d
P   at  b  3d  t
bor
t. at
• Diamond riveting: shown in figure (b) where the
flat is weakened at the section 1-1 by one rivet
hole only and the width of the flat is given by:
or P
P   at  b  d  t b
t. at
d
This width is less by 2d than the previous case. The
saving in the width of flat by this amount is of utmost
importance in the case of long bridge diagonals. The
diamond riveting is, therefore used in preference to
chain riveting.
 STRENGTH OF DIAMOND
RIVETING
• It can be shown that the joint get
successively stronger at section 2-2, 3-3
etc.
• The strength of joint at section 2-2 is
P2   at  b  2d  t  ( strength of one rivet in front )
• Similarly, the strength of joint at section 3-3
is
P3   at  b  3d  t  ( strength of three rivets in front )

• Out of P, P2 and P3, usually P is the least.

Therefore the efficiency of the joint is given
by:  b  d  t  at b  d
 
b t  at b
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
 BOLTED CONNECTIONS
• DEFINITION OF BOLT: It is an
externally threaded fastener designed
for insertion through holes in assembled
parts, and is normally intended to be
tightened or released by torquing a nut.
• Generally, used for structures which
are not subjected to shock or
vibrations.
• In bolted connections, bolts and nuts
are used
TYPICAL BOLT AND TERMS
GIVEN TO THE PARTS OF A
BOLT
 EXAMPLE OF BOLT
ASSEMBLY WITH PLATES
 Advantages and
Disadvantages of bolted
Advantages:
connections
• The bolting operation is very silent, in contrast
to the hammering noise in riveting.
• Bolting is a cold process, and hence there is no
risk of fire.
• Etc.
Disadvantages:
• The bolted connections, if subjected to vibratory
loads, result in reduction in strength if they get
loosened
• In the case of black bolts, the diameter of hole
is kept 1.5 mm more than the diameter of the
bolt, and this extra clearance does not get filled
up, in contrast to the riveted joints
• Etc
 BOLT TYPES
A bolt is a metal pin with a head formed at
one end and the shank threaded at the
other end in order to receive a nut.
Structural bolts are classified as under:
(a) According to type of shank
(i) Unfinished or black bolts
(ii) Turned bolts
(b) According to material and strength
(i) Ordinary structural bolt
(ii) High strength steel bolt
 BOLT TYPES (end)
(c) According to shape of head and nut
(i) Square bolt
(ii) Hexagonal bolt
(d) According to pitch and fit of thread
(i) Standard pitch bolt
(ii) Coarse pitch bolt
(iii) Fine pitch bolt
In common steel structural work, however, the
following three bolt types are recognized:
• Ordinary unfinished or black bolts
• Turned and fitted bolts
• High strength bolts
 ORDINARY UNFINISHED OR
BLACK BOLTS
• They are manufactured from black round bars
of low carbon steel, and the surface of the
shank is left unfinished, that is rough as rolled.
• The diameter under the thread is usually 1.5 to 3
mm less than the shank.
• They remain loose in the holes which are usually
made 1.5 mm larger in diameter than the nominal
diameter of the bolt. Since the bearing of such
bolts on the walls of the holes remains
imperfect, the allowable stresses in these bolts
are kept lower than the other types of bolts. They
are therefore used only for ordinary field work and
light loads – specially during erection operations.
TURNED AND FITTED BOLTS
• These are specially made from black
round bars of mild steel containing
low carbon content, but are turned down
to exact diameter. The holes for such
bolts should either be reamed or drilled.
These bolts provide much better bearing
contact between the bolts and the
holes. Strength of such bolts
approximately equals that of rivets, and
thus is greater than that of black bolts.
 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Description of Axial tension, Shear, τvf , Bearing, σpf,
bolt σtf, MPa (or MPa (or MPa (or
N/mm2) N/mm2) N/mm2)
Bolts in clearance 120 80 250
holes
Close tolerance 120 100 300
and turned bolts
 Edge distance of holes
• The requirements for pitch and edge
distance for bolts are the same as for
rivets. Hence for taking the minimum
edge distance, table 2.2 may be
referred.
 HIGH STRENGTH FRICTION
•
GRIP BOLTS
High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG) are
made of high strength steel and their surface
is kept unfinished, i.e. as rolled and rough.
Due to this, they remain loose fit in the
holes, similar to the unturned block bolts.
• However, high initial tension is developed in
such bolts in the initial stage of tightening,
and this tension clamps the joining plates
between the bolt head and the nut. The
tightening of the bolt to a very high tension,
reaching their proof load, is done through
calibrated torque wrenches.
 TIGHTENING OF HSFG
BOLTS
1.Turn-of-nut tightening method: In this method the
bolts are first made snug tight and then turned by
specific amounts (usually either half or three-fourth
turns) to induce tension equal to the proof load
(Figure a).
2. Calibrated wrench tightening method: In this
method the bolts are tightened by a wrench (Figure
b) calibrated to produce the required tension.
3. Alternate design bolt installation: In this method
special bolts are used which indicate the bolt
tension.
4. Direct tension indicator method: In this method
special washers with protrusions are used (Figure
c).
TIGHTENING OF HSFG
BOLTS
 FRICTION IN HSFG Bolts
• In an ordinary bolted joint, the force
from one side is transferred to the
other side through the interlocking
and bearing of the bolts. In friction
grip joint, however, the force is
transmitted by virtue of friction
between the interfaces.
• The Figure below shows the load
transmission by friction grip bolt.
FRICTION IN HSFG (FIGURE
b)
 BOLTS AND BOLTING IN
•
DETAILS
HTFG bolts are designated as M12, M16,M20,
M22,M27,M30, M33, M36 and M39.
• The International Standards Organization
designation for bolts, also followed in India, is
given by Grade x.y. In this nomenclature, x
indicates one-tenth of the minimum ultimate
tensile strength of the bolt in kgf/mm2 and the
second number, y indicates one tenth of the
ratio of the yield stress to ultimate stress,
expressed as a percentage. Thus, for example,
grade 4.6 bolt will have a minimum ultimate
strength 40 kgf/mm2 (392 MPa) and minimum
yield strength of 0.6 times 40, which is 24
kgf/mm2 (235 MPa).
 Different grades
• Black bolts are unfinished and are made of mild steel
and are usually of Grade 4.6.
• Turned and fitted bolts are available from grade 4.6
to grade 8.8. For the higher grades there is no
definite yield point and so 0.2% proof stress is used.
• High Strength Friction Grip bolts (HSFG) provide
extremely efficient connections and perform well under
fluctuating/fatigue load conditions. These bolts should be
tightened to their proof loads and require hardened washers
to distribute the load under the bolt heads. The washers are
usually tapered when used on rolled steel sections.
• The most common grades are 8.8 and have medium carbon
content, which makes them less ductile. The 10.9 grade have
a much higher tensile strength but lower ductility.
 TYPES OF BOLTED
CONNECTIONS
1) Classification based on the type
of resultant force transferred
• The bolted connections are referred
to as concentric connections (force
transfer in tension and compression
member), eccentric connections
(in reaction transferring brackets) or
moment resisting connections (in
beam to column connections in
frames).
 Concentric connections
Force transfer in tension and compression
member. Ideal concentric connections
should have only one bolt passing through
all the members meeting at a joint
(Figure a). However, in practice, this is
not usually possible and so it is only
ensured that the centroidal axes of the
members meet at one point (See Figure b).
 MOMENT CONNECTIONS
• The Moment connections: a) also
known as bracket connection and the
resistance is only through shear in
the bolts. b) often found in moment
resisting frames where the beam
moment is transferred to the column.
 2) Classification based
on the type of force
experienced by the bolts
• The bolted connections can also be classified
based on geometry and loading conditions
into three types namely, shear
connections, tension connections and
combined shear and tension. Typical
shear connections occur as a lap or a butt
joint used in the tension members. See Figure
bellow, while the lap joint has a tendency to
bend so that the forces tend to become
collinear, the butt joint requires cover plates
 Shear connections

• Lap and butt joint

 Tension Connection

(a) Tension connection (b) Tension

plus shear connection
 3) Classification based
on force transfer
mechanism by bolts
• The bolted connections are classified
as bearing type (bolts bear against
the holes to transfer the force) or
friction type (force transfer
between the plates due to the
clamping force generated by the pre
–tensioning of the bolts).
 FORCE TRANSFER
• MECHANISM
Force transfer by shear in bolts
Figure (a) shows the free body diagram of
the shear force transfer in bearing type of
bolted connection. It is seen that tension in
one plate is equilibrated by the bearing
stress between the bolt and the hole in the
plate. Since there is a clearance between
the bolt and the hole in which it is fitted,
the bearing stress is mobilized only after
the plates slip relative to one another and
start bearing on the bolt .The section x-x in
the bolt is critical section for shear.
Force transfer by shear
in bolts
 Shear in HSFG bolts
• The free body diagram of an HSFG connection is
shown in Figure (b). It can be seen that the
pretension in the bolt causes clamping forces
between the plates even before the external load
is applied. When the external load is applied, the
tendency of two plates to slip against one
another is resisted by the friction between the
plates. The frictional resistance is equal to the
coefficient of friction multiplied by the normal
clamping force between the plates. Until the
externally applied force exceeds this frictional
resistance the relative slip between the plates is
prevented.
 Shear in HSFG bolts (end)
• The HSFG connections are designed such
that under service load the force does not
exceed the frictional resistance so that the
relative slip is avoided during service. When
the external force exceeds the frictional
resistance the plates slip until the bolts come
into contact with the plate and start bearing
against the hole. Beyond this point the
external force is resisted by the
combined action of the frictional
resistance and the bearing resistance.
 Friction in HSFG
• To develop this friction, a normal load is
applied to the joint by using high strength
bolts tightened to proof load. By usual law of
friction:
WhereT P 0
T= clamping force induced by the bolt
μ = coefficient of friction between the
interfaces, and
P = load carrying capacity of the joint in shear
 Transfer of tension by
• bolts
The free body diagram of the tension transfer in
a bearing type of bolted connection is shown in
Figure (a). The variation of bolt tension due to
externally applied tension is shown in Figure (c).
It is seen that before any external tension is
applied, the force in the bolt is almost zero, since
the bolts are only snug tight. As the external
tension is increased it is equilibrated by the
increase in bolt tension. Failure is reached due
to large elongation when the root of the
bolt starts yielding. Depending on the relative
flexibility of the plate and the bolt, sometimes
the opening of the joint may be accompanied by
prying action Figure (d).
Tension in Bolts
 Tension in HSFG Bolts
• The free body diagram of an HSFG bolted connection
is shown in Figure (b). It is seen that even before any
external load is applied, the force in the bolt is equal
to proof load. Correspondingly there is a clamping
force between the plates in contact. When the
external load is applied, part of the load (nearly 10%)
is equilibrated by the increase in the bolt force. The
balance of the force is equilibrated by the reduction in
contact between the plates. This process continues
and the contact between the plates is maintained until
the contact force due to pre-tensioning is reduced to
zero by the externally applied load. Normally, the
design is done such that the externally applied
tension does not exceed this level.
 PRYING FORCE, Q
• The prying force shall be calculated as
given below and added to the tension in
the bolt.

Where, lv = distance from the bolt

centreline to the toe of the fillet weld or to
half the root radius for a rolled section; le
= distance between prying force and bolt
centerline and is the minimum of, either
the end distance, or the value given by:
 PRYING FORCE, Q

Where,
• β = 2 for non pre-tensioned bolt and 1 for pre-
tensioned bolt
• γ = 1.5 ; be = effective width of flange per pair
of bolts ; fo = proof stress in consistent units
• t = thickness of the end plate
• Even if the bolts are strong enough to carry the
additional prying forces, the plate can fail by
developing a mechanism with yield lines at the
centreline of the bolt and at the distance b from
it.
Tension in HSFG Bolts (End)
• The minimum thickness of the end
plate (t), to avoid yielding of the
plate

• Mp = the plastic moment capacity of

the plate.
 DESIGN TENSILE STRENGTH
OF BEARING AND HSFG
BOLTS
• In a tension or hanger connection, the
applied load produces tension in the bolts
• Then the bolts are designed as tension
members. If the attached plate is allowed to
deform, additional tensile forces called
prying forces are developed in the bolts.
• Tension Capacity − A bolt subjected to a
factored tension force (Tb) shall satisfy this
capacity.
• Below, Tnb= nominal tensile capacity of the
bolt.
DESIGN TENSILE STRENGTH
(End)
• Tnb= nominal tensile capacity of the bolt,
calculated as follows:

• fub = ultimate tensile stress of the bolt

• fyb = yield stress of the bolt
• An = net tensile stress area as specified in the
appropriate Indian Standard. For bolts where
the tensile stress area is not defined, An shall
be taken as the area at the root of the threads
(explained later); Asb = shank area of the bolt.
 DESIGN OF BOLTED SHEAR
CONNECTIONS
Formula: P  T
• If there are n interfaces, we have:
P  nT
Dividing this by a factor of safety (F),
we have
• Shear per bolt = 
x nxT
F
Slip factor
Shear per bolt = x N 0 . of int erfaces x proof load .
Factor ofofsafety
• Shear per bolt = contribution one bolt to the total shear
strength of the joint
• Slip factor = coefficient of friction = 0.45
• T = proof load = maximum permissible load in the bolt, as given in
table 2.9
 Proof loads of HTFG
bolts
Bolt
(IS: 3757-
Proof Load
1966)
diameter 10 K Bolts 8 G Bolts
(mm) kg(f) kN kg(f) kN

12 5900 57.9 5058 49.6

14 8050 78.9 7500 73.5
16 10790 105.8 9120 89.4
18 13440 131.8 11520 113.0
20 17150 168.2 14700 144.1
22 21210 208.0 18180 178.3
24 23710 232.5 21189 207.7
27 32130 315.1 27450 269.2
30 39270 385.1 33660 330.1
33 48580 476.4 41640 408.3
 DESIGN OF BOLTED SHEAR
CONNECTIONS (end)
• The factor of safety (F) is taken as 1.4 for
all loads except wind load in which case it
may be reduced to 1.2. The factor of safety
allows for the stress relaxation in the bolts
which may be of the order of 10 percent.
Research has proved that stress relaxation
in the bolt occurs mostly during first few
days after the bolt is tightened.
• From equation given above, it is clear that
greater the number of interfaces, smaller is
the value of bolt will be required and vice-
versa.
 IN PRACTICAL
calculated shear Pr oof load
 calculated tension x F 
slip factor x No. of int erfaces Factor of safety
Or

P Pr oof Load
 PT .F 
n 1.4
However, an amendment to the clause 4.5 was issued in
October 1975 as follows
calculated shear Pr oof load  caculated tension x F

slip factor x n Factor of safety

P Pr oof Load  PT .F

n 1.4
 COMBINED SHEAR AND
• TENSION
Connections subjected to combined shear and
tension are commonly found in joints connecting
columns and beams, brackets, stringer beams
to floor beams etc. experiments conducted for
various combinations of tension and shear indicate
that the curve for the relationship between shear
and tension at failure is elliptical of the nature :

2
x
•  y 2
1shear on the bolt to the
Where x = ratio of calculated
2
shear at failure k
• y = ratio of calculated tension on the bolt to the
tension at failure
• k = a constant dependent on the strength of bolt
FOR PINNED CONNECTIONS
SEE THE LITERATURE

(In your free time)

WELDED CONNECTIONS
 INTRODUCTION
• Welding is a process of connecting pieces of
metal by application of heat (fusion) with or
without pressure. A metallic bond is
established between the two pieces. This
bond has the same mechanical properties as
the parent metal. The most important
methods used for the process of fusion are
the oxyacetylene or gas welding and
electric arc welding. The metal at the joint
is melted by the heat generated from either
an electric arc or an oxyacetylene flame and
fuses with metal from welding rod. After
cooling, the parent metal (base metal) and
the weld metal form a continuous and
homogeneous joint.
 Oxyacetylene or gas
welding (Google. com)
 WELDING PROCESSES
• There are numerous welding processes,
but the one most commonly used in
Civil Engineering Structures is electric-
arc welding (Please read details
about welding processes - see in
the literature). Example: Shielded
metal arc welding (SMAW) process
• Backup
plate provided
•
Electric-arc welding
(Google.com)
Electric-arc welding
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF WELDING
ADVANTAGES:
• Welded joints are economical,
• The efficiency of welded joint is 100%
• The welding operation is less noisy than riveting
work;
• Etc.
DISADVANTAGES:
• No provision for expansion and contraction is
kept
• The inspection of welding work is more difficult
and costlier than the riveting work.
• The welding work requires a skilled person while
semi-skilled person can do the riveting work.
• Etc.
 TYPES OF WELDS AND WELDED
JOINTS
• Classification according to the
type of weld: Butt weld (or groove
weld), fillet weld, slot weld, and plug
weld (see figures bellow).
TYPES OF WELDS (cont)
 TYPES OF WELDS AND WELDED JOINTS (cont)
• Classification according to the
type of joint: butt joint, lap joint,
tee joint, edge joint and corner joint.
 TYPES OF WELDS
• Though fillet welds are weaker than butt
welds, about 80% of the connections are
made with fillet welds. The reason for the
wider use of fillet welds is that in the case of
fillet welds, when members are lapped over
each other, large tolerances are allowed in
erection. For butt welds, the members to be
connected have to fit perfectly when they
are lined up for welding. Further butt
welding requires the shaping of the surfaces
to be joined as shown in Figure bellow:
SHAPING OF THE SURFACES TO
BE JOINED
BUTT WELD OR GROOVE WELD
• Butt weld or groove weld is used when the
plates to be jointed are in the same plane,
or when a T-joint is desired. A butt weld is
designated according to the shape of
groove made during the preparation of
ends of the pieces to be joined.
 Typical connections with
•
butt weld
Butt welds have high strength, high
resistance to impact and cyclic stress. But
their major disadvantages are: high
residual stresses, necessity of edge
preparation and proper aligning of the
members in the field. Therefore, field butt
joints are rarely used.
 BUTT WELD SPECIFICATIONS
• A butt weld is specified by the size of the
weld, which is defined by the effective
throat thickness. The reinforcement is the
extra metal deposited proud of the surfaces
of the pieces jointed. The reinforcement may
vary between 1 mm to 3 mm and is not
included in the throat thickness.
• The square butt joints are used for thickness
less than 8 mm. The effective thickness of
the weld, called throat thickness is less
than the thickness T of the plates jointed. It is
taken as ¾ T.
• In the single V-butt joint ,the throat thickness
is taken as ¾ T. In double V-butt joint, the
weld is fully effective and hence the throat
thickness is taken equal to T.
BUTT WELD SPECIFICATIONS
TYPES OF BUT WELDS
DEPENDING UPON THE
POSITION
 FILLET WELD
• When the lapped plates are to be
jointed, fillet welds are used. These
are generally of right angled triangle
shape.

• Common used fillet welds are

Single-sided fillet welded joint
types.
• See the figure given bellow:
 COMMON FILLET WELD
T-joint fillet Corner joint fillet w
weld

Lap joint fillet weld

SHAPE OF OUTER SURFACE OF
FILLET WELDS
Specifications of fillet weld
• A fillet weld is specified by the
following (figure below):
– Size of weld
– Throat thickness
– Length of weld
Specifications of fillet
weld (terminology)
Specifications of fillet weld
(Cont)
• Size of weld: the sides containing the
right angle of the fillet are called legs.
The size of the weld is specified by
minimum leg length. The length of the
leg is the distance from the root of the
weld to the toe of the weld, measured
along the fusion face.
Minimum
Thickness ofsize
thickerof single run
part Min.fillet
size
weld.Up to 10 mm 3 mm
10 to 20 mm 5 mm
20 to 32 mm 6 mm
32 to 50 mm 8 mm (first run); 10 mm
(min.)
 Specifications of fillet
• weld (Cont)
Throat thickness: The theoretical
throat is the perpendicular distance
between the root of the weld, and the
hypotenuse joining the two ends of the
legs. Reinforcement is neglected. The
effective throat thickness is taken equal
to the theoretical throat thickness, and
when the angle between the fusion faces
is 900 (as is generally the case), we have:
1
t
• Effective throat thickness, x size of weld
2
t  0.7 x size of weld
 The maximum size of fillet
•
weld
The maximum size of fillet weld at the
square edge of a plate (figure a) is 1.5
mm less than the plate thickness and in
case of a weld at the rounded edges of
flanges or the toe of an angle is kept three
fourths the thickness of the edge (figure
b ).
Specifications of fillet weld
(End)
• Effective length of weld: The effective length
of the weld is taken as overall length minus
twice the weld size. The effective length should
not be less than four times the size of the weld;
otherwise the weld size must be taken as one
fourth of its effective length.
• If only the side welds are used, the length of the
each side fillet weld must not be less than the
perpendicular distance between the two.
• When the ends are returned (figure 2, 30.b),
the ends should be carried continuous for a
distance not less than twice the size of the weld,
especially when the joint is subjected to tensile
force.
Effective length of weld
DEFECTS IN WELDING
 DEFECTS IN WELDING
• Welding is highly specialized
technique of jointing, and it should
be done carefully so that no defects
or imperfections are left.
• EXAMPLES: Excessive
Penetration

Root concavity (RC)

 WORKING STRESSES IN
WELDS
1. For welding done at the site (field), the
maximum values in shear and tension
given BELLOW are reduced to 80%.
2. When the effects of wind or earthquake
forces are taken in the design, the BELLOW
values are increased by 25%.
Kind of stress Max. Permissible Values (converted into SI
units)
1. Tension or compression on 0.6fy 150 N/mm2
section through throat of butt
weld.
2. Bending Stress in tension or 0.66fy 165N/mm2
compression
3. Shear on section through 0.44fy 110 N/mm2
throat of butt or fillet weld.
4. Plug weld. 0.44fy 110N/mm2
 DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS FOR AXIAL
LOADS
• Fillets welds are approximately triangular in
section, and may be of two types:
1. Standard fillet weld (figure a): it consists of
isosceles triangle with 450 angles, and has
equal legs.
2. Special fillet weld (figure b): it has the side
angles 300 and 600, with unequal leg lengths.
• Normally, a fillet weld has convex face, but
sometimes, it may have concave face also. In
each case, the minimum leg length and throat
thickness are shown in figure c.
• The figure is presented bellow:
Fillets welds
DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS FOR
AXIAL LOADS (cont)
• The strength of fillet weld is
determined by its resistance again
shear. The maximum stress will
develop at the throat and failure will
occur by shear along the throat
 DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS
If we assume a uniform distribution of shear
stress, we have:
P = stress x area
Where Area = throat thickness x effective length:
P = t . L . τvp ; Or P = 0.7 . h . L . τvp

Where τvp = permissible maximum shear stress

in weld ; t = effective thickness = 0.7h ;
h = size of the weld ; L = effective length of
the weld.
 DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS
(cont)
• When only side fillets are used, the effective
length in each side is equal to the actual
length minus twice the weld size. The effective
length should not be less than four times the
size of the weld. Also, when only the side fillets
are used, the length of each side fillet weld
must not be less than the perpendicular
distance between the two; thus in figure 2. 41,
l should not be less than b. Also, the
perpendicular distance between the two side
fillets should not exceed 16 times the
thickness of thinner plate jointed.
 DESIGN OF FILLET
WELDS (end)
• Thus, in figure 2.41, b should not be
greater than 16t. If this distance exceeds
16t, intermediate plug or slot weld should
be used so that buckling is prevented.
• If end fillet is also used, the total length
consists of length of side fillet plus the
length of end fillet. In case when only end
fillets are used, the overlap in a lap joint
should not be less than five times the
thickness of thinner plate jointed (figure
2,42).
Fillet weld subjected to axial
load P
• Side Fillets (figure • Overlap(figure
2.41) 2.42)
 FILLET WELDING OF
UNSYMMETRICAL SECTIONS: AXIAL
LOAD
• In case of unsymmetrical sections like angles and Tee,
which are loaded along the axis passing through their
centroid, the weld lengths are so arranged that the
gravity axis of the weld lines coincides with the
neutral axis. This will avoid eccentricity of loading
and hence the bending moment.
Let us consider an angle section subjected to axial load
P, welded to a gusset plate as shown in figure 2,43.
Let L1 and L2 be the required lengths of welds on two
faces, and P1 and P2 be the resisting forces exerted by
the respective welds. These are assumed to act along
the edges of the angle. Taking moments about the
line of action of P2, we obtain,
Angle section subjected to
axial load P, welded to a
gusset plate

Figure 2,43
 FORMULAS
Pa
 a  b .P1  Pa P1 
ab
Pb
 a  b .P2  Pb P2 
ab

P1 Pa P2 Pb
L1   L2  
s s a  b  s s a  b 

s= is strength of the weld per unit length. s= Ʈvp x 1 (in N/mm)

Sometimes, it is not possible to accommodate the required

length of the weld on the sides of the section. In such
cases, end fillets are also provided. The procedure of
analyzing such a case is similar to the one described
before.
 DESIGN OF BUTT WELDS
• A butt weld is specified by the effective
thickness of its throat, and its strength is
taken equal to the strength of parts joined
if full penetration of the weld metal is
ensured. In the case of double- V, double-U,
double-J and double bevel butt joints, full
penetration is achieved and hence the
effective throat thickness is taken equal to
the thickness of thinner parts joined. For
single cases t= 5/8 hmin
• Permissible stress in butt weld is taken
same as that of parent metal.
 READ IN YOUR FREE
TIME: ECCENTRICALLY
LOADED BUTT WELDED
JOINTS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
END OF CHAPTER TWO