Buck – Boost

DC – DC Converter

Linear Variation

Part I

Spring 2024

1
 Buck (step-down) converter

S L

+
Vd D C RL
Vo

CIRCUIT OF BUCK CONVERTER

iL
S + vL 
+
Vd D RL Vo

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

S iL

+ vL 
+
Vd RL Vo
D

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

2
 Switch is turned on (closed)
• Diode is reversed
+ vL -
biased.
S iL +
+
C Vo
• Switch conducts Vd VD RL
 
inductor current

• This results in vL

positive inductor VdVo

voltage, i.e: opened opened
closed closed

t
v L  Vd  Vo

• It causes linear
Vo
increase in the iL
inductor current
iLmax
di IL
vL  L L iLmin
dt
1
 iL   v L dt DT
t
L T

3
 Switch turned off (opened)

+ vL -
• Because of inductive
energy storage, iL S iL +
continues to flow. Vd D
C RL Vo

• Diode is forward
biased vL

VdVo
• Current now flows
opened opened
(freewheeling) closed closed

through the diode. t

• The inductor voltage

can be derived as: Vo
iL

vL  Vo iLmax
IL
iLmin

(1-D)T
t
DT T

4
 Analysis
When the switch is closed (on) :
di
v L  Vd  Vo  L L vL
dt
di V  Vo Vd Vo
 L d
dt L
closed A t
Derivative of iL is a positive
B
constant.Therefore iL must
increased linearly. iL

From Figure iL max

diL iL iL Vd  Vo
   IL i L
dt t DT L
 V  Vo 
 iL closed   d
iL min
  DT
 L  t
DT T
For switch opened,
di
v L  Vo  L L
dt
di  Vo
 L
dt L
di i i L  Vo
 L L 
dt t (1  D )T L
 V 
 iL opened   o   (1  D )T
 L 
5
iL Decaying current
Steady-state operation
t

iL Steady-state current

Steady - state operation requires that iL at the

end of switching cycle is the same at the
begining of the next cycle. That is the change
of iL over one period is zero, i.e :
iL closed  iL opened  0
 Vd  Vo    Vo 
   DT 
s    (1  D)Ts  0
 L   L 
 Vo  DVd

6
 Buck Converter: Continuous current
conduction mode
• Inductor current iL flows continuously
• Average inductor voltage over a time period
must be zero
T t on T

v
0
L dt  v
0
L dt   vL dt  0
t on

Area A and B must be equal , therefore ,

Vd  V0 ton  V0 T  ton 
or
V0 ton
 D duty ratio 
Vd T

• Assuming a lossless circuit

I 0 Vd 1
Vd I d  V0 I 0 and  
I d V0 D

• Buck converter is like a dc transformer where the

turns ratio can be controlled electronically in a range
of 0-1 by controlling D of the switch
 Average, Maximum and
Minimum Inductor Current
iL

Imax
IL iL

Imin

Average inductor current  Average current in RL

Vo
 I L  av  I R 
R
Maximum current :
iL Vo 1  Vo 
I max  I R    (1  D)T 
2 R 2 L 
 1 (1  D) 
 Vo   
R 2 Lf 
Minimum current :
iL  1 (1  D) 
I min  I R   Vo   
2 R 2 Lf 
Inductor current ripple :
iL  I max  I min
8
Continuous Current Mode (CCM)
iL

Imax

Imin t
0

From previous analysis,

iL  1 (1  D) 
I min  I R   Vo   
2 R 2 Lf 
For continuous operation, I min  0,
 1 (1  D) 
Vo     0
R 2 Lf 
(1  D)
 L  Lmin  R
2f
This is the minimum inductor current to
ensure continous mode of operation.
Normally L is chosen b be  Lmin

9
 Output voltage ripple
L iL iR

+
iC L iL iR
Vo
+
 iC
Vo


iL im ax

iL= IR
V o/R i m in
iL im ax
0
iC iL= IR
V o/R i m in
0
0
iC

KCL, Capacitor current : ic  iL  iR

The charge can be witten as :
Q
Q  CVo  Q  CV o Vo 
C
1  T  iL  TiL
Use triangle area formula : Q    
2  2  2  8
TiL (1  D )
Ripple voltage (Peak - to peak) Vo   V
2 0
8C 8LCf
V (1  D )
So, the ripple factor, o 
Vo 8LCf 2
Note : Ripple can be reduced by :
Increasing switching frequency, Increasing inductor size
and Increasing capacitor size. 10
 Basic design procedures
SWITCH L

Lmin= ?
RL
L = 10Lmin
Vd Po = ?
f=? D
(input C Io = ?
D=? ripple ?
spec.)
TYPE ?

• Calculate D to obtain required output voltage.

• Select a particular switching frequency (f) and device

– preferably f>20KHz for negligible acoustic noise

– Select f between 1K and 5K for less losses
– higher fs results in smaller L and C. But results in higher
losses. Reduced efficiency, larger heat sink.
– Possible devices: MOSFET, IGBT and BJT. Low power
MOSFET can reach MHz range.
• Calculate Lmin. Choose L greater than 2 Lmin up to 10 Lmin
• Calculate C according to ripple factor requirement.
– Capacitor ratings:
• must withstand peak output voltage
• must carry required RMS current. Note RMS current
for triangular Wave—form is Ip/3, where Ip is the
peak capacitor current given by ΔiL/2.

• Wire size consideration:

– Normally rated in RMS. But iL is known as peak. RMS
value for iL is given as:
2
2  i 2 
I L , RMS  I L  av  L 
 3  11
 Effect of raising and lowering Iout while
holding Vin, Vout, f, and L constant

iL

ΔI
• Raise
Iout
ΔI
• Lower
Iout
ΔI

• ΔI is unchanged
• Lowering Iout (and, therefore, Pout ) moves
the circuit toward discontinuous operation

12
 Effect of raising and lowering f while
holding Vin, Vout, Iout, and L constant

iL

Lower f

Raise f

• Slopes of iL are unchanged

• Lowering f increases ΔI and moves the circuit
toward discontinuous operation
13
 Effect of raising and lowering L while
holding Vin, Vout, Iout and f constant

iL
Lower L

Raise L

• Lowering L increases ΔI and moves the

circuit toward discontinuous operation

14
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
cont.

Sawtooth

T 2 T
1 V  V2 2 V2 3T
• 2
Vrms    t  dt  3  t dt  3 t
T 0 T  T 0 3T 0

V
Vrms 
3

15
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
cont.
Using the power concept, it is easy to reason that the
following waveforms would all produce the same average
power to a resistor, and thus their rms values are identical
and equal to the previous example

V V
0

0 0
V

V
V

0
0

V
Vrms 
3

16
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
cont.
Now, consider a useful example, based upon a waveform
that is often seen in DC-DC converter currents.
Decompose the waveform into its ripple, plus its
minimum value.

the ripple

i (t )
I max 0
I avg
= +
I min
• the min. value

I avg 
I max  I min  I min

2 0

 I  I 2 
2 2 1
I rms av
12
17
 Inductor current rating

 I 2 
1
I 2
Lrms I 2
out
12
Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at the
boundary of continuous/discontinuous conduction,
where ΔI =2Iout

2Iout iL
Iavg = Iout
ΔI
0

1 4 2
  2 I out   I out
2
I 2
Lrms I 2
out
12 3

2 Use max
I Lrms  I out
3
18
 Capacitor current and current rating
iL Iout

L
C (iL – Iout)

iC = (iL – Iout) • Note – raising f or L,

Iout which lowers ΔI, reduces
the capacitor current

0
ΔI
−Iout
• Max rms current occurs at the boundary of
continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iout

Use max

1
2 I out 2  02  1 I out2
I out
2
I Crms  I avg
2
 I Crms 
12 3 3

19
 MOSFET and diode currents and
current ratings
iL Iout
iin

L
C (iL – Iout)

2Iout
Iout
0

2Iout
Iout
0

Use max

2
Take worst case D for each I rms  I out
3

20
 Voltage ratings

Closed iin iL Iout

C sees Vout
Switch Closed L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Diode sees Vin

MOSFET sees Vin

Open iL Iout

Switch Open L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Diode and MOSFET, use 2Vin

Capacitor, use 1.5Vout

21
There is a 3rd state – discontinuous

MOSFET L Iout
+

Vin C Vout
DIODE Iout
–

• Occurs for light loads, or low operating

frequencies, where the inductor current eventually
hits zero during the switch-open state
• The diode opens to prevent backward current flow
• The small capacitances of the MOSFET and diode,
acting in parallel with each other as a net parasitic
capacitance, interact with L to produce an
oscillation
• The output C is in series with the net parasitic
capacitance, but C is so large that it can be ignored
in the oscillation phenomenon

22
• Inductor voltage showing oscillation
during discontinuous current
operation
•

vL = (Vin – Vout)

Switch
closed

vL = –Vout

Switch open

 650kHz. With L = 100µH, this

corresponds to net parasitic C = 0.6nF
23
 Impedance matching

Iin Iout = Iin / D

+ +
DC−DC Buck V
Source Vin Vout = DVin Rload  out
Converter I out
− −

Iin

+
Equivalent from Requiv
Vin
source perspective
−

Equivalent from source perspective

Vout So, the buck

V Vout Rload converter makes
Requiv  in  D   the load resistance
I in I out  D I out D 2 D2 look larger to the
source

24
 Example of drawing maximum
power from solar panel

6 Pmax is approx. 130W

Isc 5 (occurs at 29V, 4.5A)

4
For max power from
panels at this solar
3 intensity level, attach
I - amps

2
29V
1 Rload   6.44
4 .5 A

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 But as the sun
conditions change, the
V(panel) - volts
Voc “max power
resistance” must also
change
I-V characteristic of 6.44Ω
resistor

25
Connect a 2Ω resistor directly, extract only
55W

PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
55W
130W
5

4
I - amps

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

• To draw maximum power (130W), connect a buck

converter between the panel and the load resistor, and
use D to modify the equivalent load resistance seen
by the source so that maximum power is transferred

Rload Rload 2
Requiv  ,D   0.56
D2 Requiv 6.44 26
 Boost (step-up) converter
L D

Vd C +
S
RL Vo


CIRCUIT OF BOOST CONVERTER
iL L D
+ vL 

Vd +
S C
RL Vo


CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

L
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C RL
S Vo

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

27
 Boost analysis:switch closed
iL
L D
+ vL 
+
Vd C vo
S


Vd

v L  Vd
di vL CLOSED

L L t
dt
V d V o
diL Vd
 
dt L
iL iL
diL iL iL
 
dt t DT
di V
 L  d DT T t

dt L
Vd DT
iL closed 
L
28
 Switch opened
iL
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-

Vd

vL
vL  Vd  Vo OPENED

di t
L L V d V o
dt
di V  Vo
 L  d
dt L iL
diL iL iL

dt t
( 1-D )T
iL
 DT T t
( 1  D )T

 iL opened 
Vd  Vo ( 1  DT )
L

29
 Steady-state operation

iL closed  iL opened  0

Vd DT Vd  Vo (1  D)T
 0
L L
Vd
 Vo 
1 D

• Boost converter produces output voltage that is

greater or equal to the input voltage.
• Alternative explanation:
– when switch is closed, diode is reversed. Thus
output is isolated. The input supplies energy to
inductor.
– When switch is opened, the output stage
receives energy from the input as well as from
the inductor. Hence output is large.
– Output voltage is maintained constant by
virtue of large C.

30
 • Step-Up (Boost) Converter: Continuous
current conduction mode
• Inductor current iL flows continuously
• Average inductor voltage over a time period must be
zero

Dividing both side by TS

Vd t on  Vd  V0 t off  0

V0 Ts 1
 
Vd t off 1  D

• Assuming a lossless circuit

I0
Vd I d  V0 I 0 and  1  D 
Id
Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current

Input power  Output power

Vo 2 Id = IL av. Inductor current
Vd I d 
R
2
 Vd 
  2
(1  D ) V
Vd I L     d
R (1  D) 2 R
Average inductor current :
Vd
 IL 
(1  D) 2 R
Maximum inductor current :
i Vd Vd DT
 I max  I L  L  
2 (1  D) 2 R 2L
Minimum inductor current :
i Vd Vd DT
 I min  I L  L  
2 (1  D) 2 R 2L

32
 L and C values

Vd
For CCM, vL
I min  0
Vd Vd DT
2
 0
(1  D) R 2L
V d V o
D1  D 2 TR Imax
Lmin  iL
2 Imin

D1  D 2 R

2f
iD Imax

Ripple factor Imin

V 
Q   o  DT  CVo Io=Vo / R
R
ic
V DT Vo D
Vo  o 
RCf RCf
V D
r o  Q
Vo RCf
DT T
33
 • Step-Up (Boost) Converter: Effect of
parasitic elements
• Theoretically the variation of d in the range of 0<d<1
• causing variation in V0 in the range of V<V0<infinity

• The practical variation of V0 is as shown due to the

parasitic elements
• Parasitic elements are due to the losses associated with
the inductor, capacitor, switch and diode
• Unlike ideal characteristics, in practice, Vo /V declines
as duty ratio approaches unity
T  tON  tOFF

V0 / V VO  V 

 1


tON 

Theoretical 1/(1-d)  VO  V 
 1


T 
1 



 1 d 
tON
Where d   duty cyle
T

practical

VO 1 1
 ( )
VS 1  D 1  rL / R(1  D) 2

d
1
 Inductor Current Rating

iL Vin  Vout Iavg = Iin is half way

between Imax and Imin
L
Imax
Iavg = Iin
Vin ΔI
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T

T
Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at
the boundary of continuous/discontinuous
conduction, where ΔI =2Iin
iL
2Iin

Iavg = Iin
ΔI
0

 I  I   I av 
2 1 22 4 2 2
I Lrms av I av
12 3 3 35
 MOSFET and diode currents and
current ratings
+ vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

2Iin

2Iin

2
• Take worst case D for each I rms  I in
3
36
 Voltage ratings

Diode sees Vout

iL Iout
iin
C sees Vout
L +
Vin C Vout
–

iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
–
MOSFET sees Vout

• Diode and MOSFET, use 2Vout

• Capacitor, use 1.5Vout
 Impedance matching

Iin I out  1  D I in

+ +
DC−DC Boost Vin V
Source Vin Vout  Rload  out
Converter 1 D I out
− −

Iin

+
Equivalent from
Vin Requiv
source perspective
−

Vin 1  D Vout 2 Vout

Requiv    1  D   1  D 2 Rload
I in I out I out
1 D

38
 Example of drawing maximum
power from solar panel

PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
Isc
5

4
I - amps

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

V(panel) - volts
Voc

I-V characteristic of 6.44Ω resistor

Pmax is approx. 130W
(occurs at 29V, 4.5A)
For max power from panels, attach
But as the sun conditions
29V change, the “max power
Rload   6.44
4 .5 A resistance” must also change
Connect a 100Ω resistor directly, extract only
14W

PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
130W
5

4
I - amps

2
14W
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

V(panel) - volts

So, the boost converter reflects a high load

resistance to a low resistance on the source side

To extract maximum power (130W), connect a boost

converter between the panel and the load resistor, and use D to
modify the equivalent load resistance seen by the source so
that maximum power is transferred

Requiv 6.44
Requiv  1  D  Rload , D  1 
2
 1  0.75
Rload 100

40
 Buck-Boost converter

S
D
+

Vd C
L RL Vo

RL

CIRCUIT OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

S D
+ +

Vd iL vL Vo
 

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

S D
+ +
Vd iL vL
Vo



CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

41
 Buck-boost analysis
Vd
Switch closed vL
di
v L  Vd  L L
dt
diL Vd VdVo
 
dt L Imax

iL iL Vd iL
  Imin
t DT L
V DT
 (iL ) closed  d Imax
L iD
Switch opened Imin

di
v L  Vo  L L Io=Vo / R
dt
diL Vo
  i
c
dt L
iL iL Vo Q
 
t (1  D)T L DT T
Vo (1  D)T
 (iL ) opened 
L
42
 Output voltage
Steady state operation :
 iL (closed )   iL (opened )  0
V DT Vo (1  D)T
 d  0
L L
Output voltage :
 D 
 Vo  Vs  
1  D 

• NOTE: Output of a buck-boost converter either be

higher or lower than input.
– If D>0.5, output is higher than input
– If D<0.5, output is lower input

• Output voltage is always negative.

• Note that output is never directly connected to load.

• Energy is stored in inductor when switch is closed

and transferred to load when switch is opened.

43
 Average inductor current
Assuming no power loss in the converter,
power absorbed by the load must equal
power supplied the by source, i.e.
Po  Ps
Is=av. Source current = IL.D
Vo2
 Vd I s
R
But average source current is related to
average inductor current as :
Is  ILD
Vo2
  Vd I L D
R
Substituti ng for Vo ,
Vo2 P Vd D
 IL   o 
Vd RD Vd D R (1  D) 2

44
 L and C values
Max and min inductor current,
iL Vd D Vd DT
 I max  I L   2

2 R (1  D) 2L
iL Vd D Vd DT
 I min  I L   
2 R (1  D) 2 2L
For CCM
Vd D Vd DT
2
 0
R (1  D) 2L
(1  D) 2 R
 Lmin 
2f
Output voltage ripple,
 Vo 
Q    DT  CVo
R
Vo DT Vo D
Vo  
RC RCf
V D
r o 
Vo RCf
45
 Converters in CCM: Summary
Buck
Vo
S L D
V + Vd
D C RL
Vo Vo 1  D

d

 Vo 8 LCf 2
(1  D ) R
Lmin 
2f

L Boost
D
Vo 1

V + Vd 1  D
S C Vo
Vo D

d
RL  Vo RCf
D(1  D) 2 R
Lmin 
2f

S Buck  Boost
Vo D
D + 
V C Vo
Vd 1 D
L RL
d
 Vo D

Vo RCf
(1  D ) 2 R
Lmin 
2f
46
Cuk DC-DC Converter
 • Cuk DC-DC Converter

- Named after its inventor

- The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input
- Provides a negative polarity output voltage
- C1 acts as the primary means of storing and
transferring energy from the input to the output
- The average voltage across C1 using Kirchhoff’s law
(outermost loop).
VC1  VS  V0
Analysis Assumptions:
1. Both inductors are very large and the currents in them
are approximately constant.
2. The average voltage across the inductors is zero for
steady state operation
3. Both capacitors are very large and the voltages across
them are constant.
4. The circuit is operating in steady state, (waveforms are
periodic)
5. The switch is closed for DT and open for (1-D)T.
 Steady-state current and voltage equation

Vc1 is constant and average voltages across L1 and L2

over a time period must be zero

L1 : Vs D T  Vs  Vc1 1  D T  0

1
Vc1  Vs
1 D
L2 : Vc1  Vs D T  V0 1  D T  0
1
Vc1   V0 and VC1  VC1 
D
V0 D

Vs 1 D

Ripple in C2: the components on the output (L2, C2, and R)

are in the same configuration as the buck converter and that
the inductor current has the same form as for the buck
converter. Therefore, the ripple, or variation in output
voltage, is the same as for the buck converter

Vo (1  D ) (1  D ) R
 Similarl to buck : L2 min 
Vo 8LCf 2 2f
 Ripple in C1 and fluctuation in Inductors
The ripple in C1 can be estimated by computing the change
in vC1 in the interval when the switch is open and the
currents iL1 and iC1 are the same. Assuming the
current in L1 to be constant at a level IL1
Ps  Pload  I L1VS  I R .( V0 )
2
I .( V0 )  V0  VS D 2
 I L1  R   ( )
VS R.VS R 1 D
T
1 1 VS D 2
VC1  
C1 DT
I L1dt 
C1
I L1 (1  D )T 
RC1 1  D

L1: The voltage across L1 with the switch closed is

iL1 V DT
VL1  VS  L1  iL1  S
DT L1
L2: For inductor L2, the voltage across it when the switch is closed is
VC1  VL 2  V0  0  VL 2  VC1  V0
iL 2 V DT
VL 2  (VS  V0 )  V0  L2  iL 2  S
DT L2
For continuous current
iL1 VS D 2 VS DT
I L1 min I L1av  0  ( )  0
2 R 1 D L1 min
(1  D ) 2 R (1  D ) R 50
 L1 min  Similarly L2 min 
2 Df 2f
 HOMEWORK
1- A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source.
Given L=400uH, C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and
D=0.4. Calculate:
a) output voltage
b) maximum and minimum inductor current
c) output voltage ripple.

2- A buck converter has an input voltage of 50V and output

of 25V. The switching frequency is 10KHz. The power
output is 125W.
(a) Determine the duty cycle,
(b)value of L to limit the peak inductor current to
6.25A,
(c) value of capacitance to limit the output voltage
ripple factor to 0.5%.

3- Design a buck converter such that the output voltage is

28V when the input is 48V. The load is 8Ohm. Design
the converter such that it will be in continuous current
mode. The output voltage ripple must not be more than
0.5%. Specify the frequency and the values of each
component. Suggest the power switch also.

51
4- The boost converter has the following parameters: V d=20V,
D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF, f s=40KHz. Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum and minimum
inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.

5- Design a boost converter to provide an output voltage of 36V

from a 24V source. The load is 50W. The voltage ripple factor
must be less than 0.5%. Specify the duty cycle ratio, switching
frequency, inductor and capacitor size, and power device.

6- A Cuk converter has parameters Vs = 12 V, D = 0.6, L1 =200

uH,
L2 =100 uH, C1=C2 =2 uF, and R=12 ohms , and the switching
frequency is 250 kHz. Determine (a) the output voltage, (b) the
average and the peak-to-peak variation of the currents in L1
and L2, and (c) the peak-to-peak variation in the capacitor
voltages.

7- A Cuk converter has an input of 20 V and supplies an output of

1 A at 10 V. The switching frequency is 100 kHz. Determine the
values of L1 and L2 such that the peak-to-peak variation in
inductor currents is less than 10 percent of the average.

8- Design a ´C uk converter that has a in input of 25 V and an

output of 30 V. The load is 60 W. Specify the duty ratio,
switching frequency, inductor values, and capacitor values. The
maximum change in inductor currents must be 20 percent of
the average currents. The ripple voltage across C1 must be less
than 5 percent, and the output ripple voltage must be less than 1
percent.
52
9-A step-down dc-dc converter is to be analyzed.
The input voltage Vd = 48 V.
The output filter inductance L = 0.1 mH
Series resistor (with L) R = 0.2 Ω
Assume in all calculations constant voltage over the series resistor R.
The output capacitor C is large; assume no ripple in the output
voltage. Rated output is 20 V and 25 A
a) Calculate rated output power.
b) Draw the load current and voltage
c) Draw the switch and diode current
d) Draw the capacitor and inductor current
e) Draw the inductor and capacitor voltage
f) Calculate equivalent load resistance.
g) Calculate duty ratio D for rated output. The voltage across the
series resistor R must be taken into consideration.

10- A buck-boost converter has Vs=2 V, D=0.6, R=10Ω, L=10 uH

C=20 uF, and a switching frequency of 200 kHz. Determine (a) the
output voltage, (b) the average, maximum, and minimum inductor
currents, and (c) the output voltage ripple. (d) Sketch the inductor
and capacitor currents. (e) Determine the rms values of these
currents

11- Design a buck-boost converter with Vs varies from 10 to 14 V.

The output is regulated at -12 V. The load varies from 10 to 15 W.
The output voltage ripple must be less than 1 percent for any
operating condition. Determine the range of the duty ratio of the
switch. Specify values of the inductor and capacitor, and explain
how you made your design decisions.
12- A step-up dc-dc converter is to be analyzed.
The input voltage Vd = 14 V.
The output voltage V0 = 42 V.
Inductor L = 10 mH
Output resistor R = 1Ω
Switching frequency fs=10 kHz

a) Calculate the Duty ratio, switch on and off time.

b) Plot the inductor and capacitor current
c) Draw the diode and source current
d) Draw the inductor and capacitor voltage
e) Plot inductor and diode voltages.

13- A buck-boost converter has Vs =24 V, V0= -36 V, and a

load resistance of 10 Ω. If the switching frequency is 100kHz,
(a) determine the inductance such that the minimum current is
40 percent of the average and (b) determine the capacitance
required to limit the output voltage ripple to 0.5 percent.

14- A SEPIC circuit has an input voltage of 15 V and is to

have an output of 6 V. The load resistance is 2 , and the
switching frequency is 250 kHz. Determine values of L1 and
L2 such that the variation in inductor current is 40 percent of
the average value. Determine values of C1 and C2 such that
the variation in capacitor voltage is 2 percent.