IGCSE BIOLOGY

SECTION 3 LESSON 1
 Content

Section 3
a) Reproduction
Reproduction - Flowering plants
and - Humans
Inheritance
b) Inheritance
 Content

Lesson 1 a) Reproduction
3.1 understand the differences between sexual and asexual
reproduction
3.2 understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a
a) Reproduction – male and female gamete to produce a zygote that
undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
flowering plants
Flowering plants
3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a
wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for
pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed
by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation
3.5 understand the conditions needed for seed
germination
3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food
reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis
3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by
natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial
methods (illustrated by cuttings)
 Reproduction

“Understand the
differences
between sexual
and asexual
reproduction.”
Reproduction

Reproduction is the
production of new
organisms. It may be
sexual or asexual.
Reproduction

In either case,
reproduction involves
passing genetic
information from
parent to offspring
Reproduction

In either rcase, i al–

m at e s
reproduction
e t ic involves
g e n e
Genpassing i n d in
e genetic o so m e s
n t a m
ro from
coinformation
y c h s
ie d b c l e u
ar r e n u
c parent in th
to offspring
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction produces offspring that
resemble their parents, but they are not identical to
them.
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction produces offspring that
resemble their parents, but they are not identical to
them.

In asexual reproduction, the offspring, called clones,

are genetically identical to their parents
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes.
Reproduction

Gametes are the sex

cells. In animals, the
male sex cell is the
sperm, and the
female eggs or ova.
Reproduction

Gametes are the sex

cells. In plants, the
male sex cell is the
pollen, and the
female eggs.
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes.

SPERM

EGG
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes.

SPERM

ZYGOTE
EGG
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes.

SPERM

ZYGOTE EMBRYO
EGG
Reproduction

Zygotes are formed

when the male
gamete fertilises the
female gamete.
Reproduction

Following
fertilisation, the
zygote divides into 2,
then 4, then 8, and
so on.
Reproduction

In animals, when the

zygote becomes
implanted in the
womb it is known as
the embryo.
Reproduction

In animals, after
about eight weeks of
development, the
embryo becomes
known as the foetus
 Reproduction

3.1 understand the

differences between
sexual and asexual
reproduction

3.2 understand that

fertilisation involves the fusion
of a male and female gamete to
produce a zygote that
undergoes cell division and
develops into an embryo
Reproduction in flowering plants
Wind pollinated. The
pollen is carried by
the wind between
flowers

Insect pollinated. The

pollen is carried by
insects between
flowers
 Insect pollination

Sepal – green, protects the flower whilst in

the bud.
 Insect pollination

Petal – colourful, scented. Attracts insects

to the flower
 Insect pollination

Anther – contains pollen sacs, in which are the

pollen grains (male gametes)
 Insect pollination

Filament – holds the anther so that insects

will brush against it and collect pollen
 Insect pollination

Together, the anther and the filament make

up the stamen, the male part of the flower
Insect pollination

Stigma – sticky, collects the pollen from

insects visiting the flower.
 Insect pollination

Style – the pollen tube grows through this on

its way to the ovary
 Insect pollination

Ovary – contains the ovules, the female parts

of the flower
 Insect pollination

Ovule – this will develop into the seed when

the egg cell (female gamete) is fertilised
 Insect pollination

Together, the stigma, style and ovary make up

the carpel, the female reproductive structure
in the flower
Insect pollination
Insects visit flowers to
collect nectar, a sugary
substance produced in
nectaries at the base
of the petals.
 Insect pollination
Insects visit flowers to
collect nectar, a sugary
substance produced in
nectaries at the base
of the petals.

As the insect climbs

inside the flower in
search of nectar, so it
brushes against the
pollen on the outside of
the anthers.
 Insect pollination
Insects visit flowers to
collect nectar, a sugary
substance produced in
nectaries at the base
of the petals.

As the insect climbs As the insect visits

inside the flower in other flowers, so it
search of nectar, so it transfers pollen to the
brushes against the stigma.
pollen on the outside of
the anthers.
 Insect pollination
As the bee As the bee
enters the enters the next
flower, it flower, pollen
brushes against sticks to the
the anther stigma
Wind pollination

In wind-pollinated
flowers the petals are
much reduced and are not
colourful.
Wind pollination

Stamens have anthers

that hang outside of the
flower, so they are
exposed to the wind.
Wind pollination

The stigmas are feathery

and exposed, so that they
can catch pollen grains
blown by the wind
Comparison of insect and
wind pollinated flowers
 Comparison of insect and
wind pollinated flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers

Flowers are small and do not have Flowers are large and have brightly
brightly coloured petals (if at all) coloured petals
 Comparison of insect and
wind pollinated flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers

Flowers are small and do not have Flowers are large and have brightly
brightly coloured petals (if at all) coloured petals
Large amounts of small, very light Sticky pollen is produced in small
pollen grains produced. amounts.
 Comparison of insect and
wind pollinated flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers

Flowers are small and do not have Flowers are large and have brightly
brightly coloured petals (if at all) coloured petals
Large amounts of small, very light Sticky pollen is produced in small
pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery and Stigmas are positioned inside the flower
held outside of the flower so insects brush against them
 Comparison of insect and
wind pollinated flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers

Flowers are small and do not have Flowers are large and have brightly
brightly coloured petals (if at all) coloured petals
Large amounts of small, very light Sticky pollen is produced in small
pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery and Stigmas are positioned inside the flower
held outside of the flower so insects brush against them

Anthers are held outside of the Anthers are positioned inside the flower
flower by long filaments so that insects will brush against them.
 Comparison of insect and
wind pollinated flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers

Flowers are small and do not have Flowers are large and have brightly
brightly coloured petals (if at all) coloured petals
Large amounts of small, very light Sticky pollen is produced in small
pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery and Stigmas are positioned inside the flower
held outside of the flower so insects brush against them

Anthers are held outside of the Anthers are positioned inside the flower
flower by long filaments so that insects will brush against them.

Wind pollinated flowers do not Insect pollinated flowers produce

produce nectar nectar in nectaries.
 Comparison of insect and
wind pollinated flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers

Flowers are small and do not have Flowers are large and have brightly
brightly coloured petals (if at all) coloured petals
Large amounts of small, very light Sticky pollen is produced in small
pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery and Stigmas are positioned inside the flower
held outside of the flower so insects brush against them

Anthers are held outside of the Anthers are positioned inside the flower
flower by long filaments so that insects will brush against them.

Wind pollinated flowers do not Insect pollinated flowers produce

produce nectar nectar in nectaries.

Eg. the grasses, cereals Eg. orchids, foxgloves

 Fertilisation
STIGMA

Understand that the

STYLE
growth of the pollen
tube followed by
fertilisation leads to
seed and fruit
formation OVARY
 Fertilisation
The pollen grain lands
STIGMA
on the sticky stigma,
and produces a pollen
tube.
STYLE

OVARY
 Fertilisation
STIGMA

The pollen tube,

containing the male
STYLE
nuclei, grows down
through the style

OVARY
 Fertilisation
STIGMA

STYLE

OVARY
The pollen tube
continues until it
reaches the embryo
sac of the ovule in the
ovary
 Fertilisation
STIGMA

STYLE

OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube fuses
EMBRYO SAC
with the egg nucleus
in the embryo sac.
EGG NUCLEUS
 Fertilisation
The fertilized egg
then divides by STIGMA
mitosis and grows into
a seed which will
become a new plant.
STYLE

OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube fuses
EMBRYO SAC
with the egg nucleus
in the embryo sac.
EGG NUCLEUS
 Fertilisation
The fertilized egg
then divides by STIGMA
mitosis and grows into
a seed which will
become a new plant.
STYLE
The layers around the
ovule harden and
become the seed coat.
OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube fuses
EMBRYO SAC
with the egg nucleus
in the embryo sac.
EGG NUCLEUS
 Fertilisation
The fertilized egg
then divides by STIGMA
mitosis and grows into
a seed which will
become a new plant.
STYLE
The layers around the
ovule harden and
become the seed coat.
OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube fuses
EMBRYO SAC
with the egg nucleus
in the embryo sac.
EGG NUCLEUS
In some plants the ovary grows into a
fruit to help with seed dispersal.
 Content

Lesson 1 a) Reproduction
3.1 understand the differences between sexual and asexual
reproduction
3.2 understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a
a) Reproduction – male and female gamete to produce a zygote that
undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
flowering plants
Flowering plants
3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a
wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for
pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed
by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation
3.5 understand the conditions needed for seed
germination
3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food
reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis
3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by
natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial
methods (illustrated by cuttings)
 Germination
What’s needed?
 Germination
What’s needed?
Water
- to hydrate
the
protoplasm, to
mobilise
enzymes, to
hydrolyse
stored food
(starch)
 Germination
What’s needed?
Water
- to hydrate
the
protoplasm, to
mobilise
enzymes, to
hydrolyse
stored food
(starch)
Warmth – to enable
enzymes to work
 Germination
What’s needed?
Water
- to hydrate
the Oxygen
protoplasm, to - For aerobic
mobilise respiration to
enzymes, to supply energy
hydrolyse for growth
stored food
(starch)
Warmth – to enable
enzymes to work
 Germination
What’s needed?
Water h t, ,
l ig ion
- to hydrate ir e at
q u in t Oxygen
the
re erm en - For aerobic
protoplasm, to d s g fer respiration to
mobilise s e r
e , fo dif
m e r k in supply energy
enzymes, to o a
S rs d t ar e for growth
hydrolyse
h e o s
stored food ot ut m
(starch) b
Warmth – to enable
enzymes to work
 Germination
D: Water,
A: No B: No C: No oxygen,
water oxygen warmth warmth

Wet
Seeds
cotton
wool

Dry
cotton
wool

NaOH
All tubes NaOH and pyrogallol to Put in
except C put in absorb oxygen refrigerator
a warm place
 Germination
D: Water,
A: No B: No C: No oxygen,
water oxygen warmth warmth

Result: only
Wet
Seeds
seeds cotton
in tube D
wool

Dry
germinate! So
cotton
wool
seeds need
water, oxygen
and warmth NaOH
All tubes NaOH and pyrogallol to Put in
except C put in absorb oxygen refrigerator
a warm place
 Seed germination

1. The seed germinates and the first growth is

seen. The stored food is utilised.
 Seed germination

2
1

2. The first roots and shoot begin to grow.

Food stores in the seed are still being used.
 Seed germination

2
1

3. The first leaves begin to uncurl and

photosynthesise. The food store in the seed is
used up.
 Seed germination
4

2
1

4. The leaves are now fully photosynthesising

and providing all the nourishment that the plant
needs.
Understand that plants can
reproduce asexually by
natural methods (illustrated
by runners) and by artificial
methods (illustrated by
cuttings)
Asexual reproduction

All the offspring from

one asexually-
reproducing parent are
known as a clone, and are
all genetically identical.
 Asexual reproduction
Natural method – eg. strawberry runner

Strawberry runners
are more correctly
called “stolons”.
They are horizontal
stems that run above
the ground and
produce new clone
plants at “nodes”
spaced at varying
intervals
 Asexual reproduction
Natural method – eg. strawberry runner

Strawberry runners
are more correctly
called “stolons”.
They are horizontal
stems that run above
the ground and
produce new clone
plants at “nodes”
spaced at varying
Under favourable conditions (warm, intervals
sufficient water), most strawberry plants
produce lots of runners. It is not uncommon
for a single plant to produce between 30 and
50 runners.
Asexual reproduction
Artificial method – eg. cuttings

When a cutting
is taken, a
short length of
a young stem is
cut just below
a node.
Asexual reproduction
Artificial method – eg. cuttings

The cut end is then dipped

in rooting powder. – this
contains plant hormones
that encourage the growth
of roots. The cutting will
then be planted in aerated
damp soil. Some leaves may
be removed to lessen
transpiration
Reproduction in flowering plants
3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and
a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is
adapted for pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube
followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit
formation
3.5 understand the conditions needed for seed
germination

3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food

reserves until the seedling can carry out
photosynthesis
3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by
natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by
artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings)
 End of Section 3 Lesson 1

In this lesson we have covered:

Sexual and asexual reproduction

Fertilisation

Reproduction in flowering plants

Germination