Introduction and Organization of Nervous System

Introduction and
Organization of Nervous
System
Dr.Shahzana Khalid
DPT,MS(OMPT)
Nervous system is divided into two main parts
 the central nervous system (CNS) brain and spinal cord
 Peripheral nervous system cranial and spinal nerves and their associated
ganglia.
 CNS is composed of large numbers of neurons, which are excitable nerve

cells, and their processes, known as axons or nerve fibers. Neurons are
supported by specialized tissue called neuroglia.
The nervous system regulates most body
systems using direct connections called
nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to
stimuli
The basic function of nervous system are:

1. Receive sensory input internal or external
2. Integrate the input
3. Responding to internal and
external stimuli
Basic Functions of the Nervous System
Sensation
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the
body. Such changes are known as stimuli and the cells
that monitor them are receptors.
Integration
The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory
information to determine the appropriate response
Reaction
Motor output.
The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release
of neurotransmitters (NTs))
 Gray matter, consists of nerve cells embedded in neuroglia.
 White matter consists of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia, white due to
presence of lipid material in nerve fiber myelin sheaths.
 PNS have bundles of nerve fibers (or axons), conduct information to and from
the CNS, relatively unprotected and are commonly damaged by trauma.
Autonomic Nervous System
 innervates the body's Involuntary structures, such as the heart, smooth
muscle, and glands.
 Distributed throughout the CNS and PNS
 Sympathetic and the parasympathetic
 afferent and efferent nerve fibers
Spinal Cord
 Extension of the brain stem
 B u n d l e s of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and
from the brain to all parts of your body
 Within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column
 Three meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.
 CSF in the subaradnoid space.
 31 pairs of spinal nerves are attached by the anterior or motor roots and the
posterior or sensory roots nerve root.
 Inner core of gray matter, which is surrounded by an outer covering of white matter.
 The gray matter is seen on cross section as an H-shaped pillar with anterior and
posterior gray columns, or horns. united by a thin gray commissure containing the
small central canal.
Brain
 The brain is conventionally divided into three major divisions:

 the hindbrain
 the midbrain
 the forebrain in ascending order from the spinal cord.
 The brainstem (a collective term for the medulla oblongata, pons, and
midbrain).
Forebrain
 diencephalon (between brain)(Thalamus, hypothalamus)
 cerebrum
Cerebrum
 cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum,
 composed of gray matter
 Gyri and sulci
Larges t part of the brain
Thinking
M e m o r y is stored
Movements are controlled
Midbrain
 connects the forebrain to the hindbrain
 cerebral aqueduct connects the third and fourth ventricles
Hind brain
 medulla oblongala, the pons and the cerebellum.
Medulla Oblongata
 Medulla Oblongata is conical In shape. It contains many collections of
neurons, called nuclei.
 C ontrols involuntary actions
Pons
 On the anterior surface of the cerebellum, inferior to the midbrain and
superior to the medulla.
Cerebellum Interprets stimuli from eyes, ears, muscles
Interprets stimuli from eyes, ears, muscles
Controls voluntary muscle movements
Maintains muscle tone
H e l p s maintain balance
 Lies within the posterior cranial fossa of the skull.

 The cerebellum is connected to the midbrain by the superior cerebellar
peduncles, to the pons by the middle cerebellar peduncles, and to the
medulla by the Inferior cerebellar peduncles
 The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum surround a cavity filled
with CSF, called the fourth ventricle
 Connected superiorly to the third ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct;
Inferiorly, continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
Clinical Notes
 Disc herniation
 Head injury
 Spinal tap
 Intracranial haemorhage
 CT, MRI

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Introduction and

 CNS is composed of large numbers of neurons, which are excitable nerve

The basic function of nervous system are:

 The brain is conventionally divided into three major divisions:

 Lies within the posterior cranial fossa of the skull.

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