Lecturer: Aam Amarullah, M.PD Biology and Health Program Center For Foundation Studies (CFS)
Lecturer: Aam Amarullah, M.PD Biology and Health Program Center For Foundation Studies (CFS)
Lecturer: Aam Amarullah, M.PD Biology and Health Program Center For Foundation Studies (CFS)
Marieb 13.3b
NERVE CELL STRUCTURE
Marieb 11.4
Freeman 45-12a
TYPE OF NERVE CELLS
A. Anaxonic cell
B. Bipolar neuron
C. Unipolar neuron
D. Interneuron
E. Multipolar neuron
Martini 12-4
TYPE OF NERVE
There are three (3)CELLS
types of nerve cells by function:
1. Sensory nerve cells: Functioning deliver
stimulation of receptors (receiver stimulus/
sense organ) to the spinal cord.
2. Motor nerve cells: Functioning conduct motor
impulses from the CNS to effectors.
3. Nerve cells Liaison (connector) Is that one
nerve cell liaison with other nerve cells.
Ear Tongue
Skin Nouse Eyes
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve cells
Liaison cells
Nervous System
Marieb 11.1
Communication Between Neurons
- The use of
neurotransmitters
causes an electrical
current
- There is enough
electrical current in the
brain to power a
flashlight
Synaptic Cleft: Information Transfer
Marieb 11.18
Brain
Spinal cord
Consists of the brain or
enchephalon and spinal cord.
Is the main coordination center. In
the brain, all activities of the body
is well controlled.
Four parts: large brain (cerebrum), small brain (cerebellum),
midbrain (midbrain), and the connecting cord (medulla oblongata).
Brain protected by skull and enveloped by a membrane called the
meninges. His job is to protect the brain or a selective inhibitor and
physical support.
Week 5, baby has developed 5 bubble brain that telencephalon (will be
cerebrum), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus),
mesencephalon (midbrain), metencephalon (pons varolii and
cerebellum) and myelencephalon (the medulla oblongata).
Meninges (Brain envelope)
Duramater, 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue:
Periosteal layer - attached to bone
Meningeal layer - proper brain covering
Arachnoid, consist by smooth fibrous root
Piamater, consist of white fibrous root.
Marieb 12.24a
Meninges
DURAMATER
PIAMATER
ARACHNOID OTAK
Part of Brain
cerebrospinal fluid contained in the meninges gap to protect the brain from impact,
wetting the nervous system, bringing nutrients and brain drain
Medulla oblongata 3 cm long, from the foramen magnum, as the respiratory center,
the center of the heart rate, central vasometer, central swallowing, vomiting, coughing,
sneezing, where the discharge of brain nerve VIII, IX, X, XI, XII.
Pons varoli 2.5 cm, synchronize left and right cerebrum and cerebellum with spinal
cord to the brain nerves V, VI, VII and VIII
Midbrain 2.5 cm, connecting the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle, there is a
reflex center for something fast, head and eyes.
Thalamus: a pair of oval-shaped, 3 cm in diameter, containing many nuclei and little
nerve fibers, as relay station for all sensory impulses from all sensory organs to the
brain cortex except smell.
Hypothalamus: located below the thalamus, serves as: a major regulator of autonomic
activity, sensory impulses receiver visceral organs, linking emotions produces
hormones regulating (master of glands), as the thermostat, the center of satiety, hunger,
thirst, angry, aggressive, sleep / wake, and other functions of biological rhythms.
Part of Brain
Have a surface that folds and contains hundreds millions of neurons, consists of
two parts, the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right
hemisphere controls the left side of the body.
Consists of two layers: the outer layer (cortex) consist of gray matter
containing nerve cell bodies functions expand the cortex surface. and the inner
layer consist of white matters because it contains many nerve fibers (dendrites
and neurites).
Between the brain and the central part of the back brain there is the center of
development, intelligence, memory, will and attitude.
Three regions of the brain cortex:
Sensory zone, to receive sensory impulses: general sensory (knowing the
impulse), sensory association (knowing smoothness without touching the
object, saving memory of the past), the primary auditory (sound
interpretation), auditory association (mean words), the primary visual
(interpreting shape and color), the visual association (to know the results
of sight), the primary taste, smell primary, gnosis (knowledge)
Motor zone consisting of the primary motor (muscle control), premotoris
(regular muscle continuous contractions), Broca (translating thoughts into
spoken and written language
Associations zone serves to connect the sensory and motor parts of the
brain, covering most occipital cortex, temporal, parietal and frontal
associated with reasoning, desires, memories, nature, one's decisions
and intelligence
LOBUS FRONTAL LOBUS PARIETAL
LOBUS OCCIPITAL
LOBUS TEMPORAL
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
a. Sensory Areas
Motori Area
Primary Motor Cortex
Has two hemispheres, the right hemisphere and the left
hemisphere. Which connected by a varol bridge.
Composed of two layers, the outer layer is gray, and
inner layer is white.
Cerebellum serves to regulate body balance and muscle
coordination when moving.
Connects the brain with spinal cord.
Marieb 12.5
Lymbic System
Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, nucleus amiglana, and a
large brain gyrus, plays a role in the occurrence of emotion, pain,
benign, angry
Marieb 13.5a
The skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nouse are received
excitatory stimulus (sensory organs). Then, stimuli
delivered through sensory nerves to the brain. After
processed in the brain, response to stimuli will be
conducted through the motor nerves to the effector
(muscle or gland). The results of these stimuli cause
unusual motion.
STIMULUS BRAIN RESPONS
NEURON NEURON
SENSORIS MOTORIS
NEURON STIMULUS
CONNECTOR SENSORIS
NEURON
RESPONS
MOTORIS
Reflex is a movement spontaneously, without pass
away motion center in the brain. The shortest path
taken by a reflex called reflex arc.
ASSOCIATION OR
STIMULUS CONNECTOR RESPONS
NEURON NEURON
SENSORIS
MOTORIS
Spinal Cord
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Marieb 12.31a
Gray Matter and Spinal Roots
Marieb 12.31b
Gray Matter: Organization
Marieb 12.32
Spinal Nerves: Roots
Marieb 13.7a
Marieb 13.7b
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Systems
Marieb 14.2
• Controls the body’s activities that you don’t think about.
• Example: glands, small intestine, your lungs your breathing, and
your heartbeat.
*
• Controls your daily body’s activities
• Example: upper hand, legs, and the other movement.
controls controls
Martini 16-10
Freeman 45-20
Head Problem
Headace, caused by abnormalities in the shell: abscess, meningitis, tumors, brain disorders
Parkinson, due to the neurotransmitter dopamine kerkurangnya with symptoms trembling,
difficulty moving and stiff muscles, stiff muscles seemed masked face, eyes blinking hard,
rigid step
Stroke, brain cell death due to disruption of blood flow to the brain, the cause is
arterosclerosis or hypertension causing clogged and broken blood vessels.
Epilepsy, because releases impulses in neurons in the brain, is divided into three kinds:
grand mal seizures and loss of consciousness, psychomotor: causing mental disorders and
petitmal exposed to the thalamus and hypotalamus, lost consciousness a few seconds and
then back on to normal.
Poliomyelitis, a viral infection of the nervous system motor neurons
Rabies by caninus animals conduct in viruses
Concussion: no structural damage, fainting less than 24 hours
Contusio : concussions are serious enough, there was a slight bleeding, fainting symptoms
and other neurological disorders
Lacerasi: Torn brain tissue is often caused by a broken bone or shot skull cause edema in
the brain
Concussion
Red areas
show where
chemical is
stored
Alzheimer’s Disease
Symptoms: seizures
What do you think can change neurons and
their connections?
Accidents
Drugs
Alcohol
Disease
Accidents
Alcohol blocks
receptors and slows
down transmission
100 Billion or so neurons - what’s the
problem with some of them dying?
•Cells multiply all the time
- will your neurons?
•Does everyone react the
same way to accidents, or
drugs and alcohol?
•Do all organisms react the
same to all stimulus?
•Which of your activities
use your neurons?
What if
neurons die
here?
or here or here
or here
or here