EMT 113 LAND SURVEY

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO LAND SURVEYING

Lecturer: Ahmad Fathil Mubashshir bin Abd Manaf

Department of Surveying Science and Geomatics,
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,
University Technology MARA
Seri Iskandar Perak
DEFINITION

• The dictionary defines surveying as "taking a

general view by observation and measurement
to determined the boundaries, size, position,
quantity, condition, value, etc., of land, estates,
buildings, farms, mines, etc."
 Definition cont..

• Surveying is defined as the art of making

measurements of the relative positions of natural
and man-made features of the earth surface and
the presentation of this information either
graphically or numerically.
 so what is LAND SURVEYING ?

Land surveying has been defines as the

art and science of determining the position
of natural and artificial features on, above
and below the earth’s surface; and
representing this information on paper
plans, as figures in report tables or on
computer based maps.
SURVEYOR
 BRANCHES OF SURVEYING

Surveying

Topographi Engineering Cadastral Strata

c Surveys Surveys Surveys Surveying

Photogrammet Hydrographi
GIS GPS
ry c Survey
 SURVEYING CONCEPT
• “From whole to the Part”

Pkt 1 Pkt 2

L1 L2 L3
Pkt 6 Pkt 3

Pkt 5 Pkt 4
PROCEDURE IN SURVEY WORK

• Reconnaissance Survey
• Station Marking
• Observation and Measurement
• Booking for Bearing Observation
• Observation Checking
 THE PROCESS
OF SURVEYING

TAKING GENERAL
VIEW PRESENTATION
(RECONNAISANCE)

OBSERVATION
AND
MEASUREMENT
TAKING A GENERAL VIEW
- Reconnaisance
 Decide on the purpose of the survey
 Determine the accuracy to which the measurements
are required.
 Established the method that is needed.
OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT
- To determine the relative position and sizes of natural and
artificial features on the land.
PRESENTATION
- The data collected must be presented in a form which
allows the information to be clearly interpreted and
understood by others (drawings, data sheets..)
TOPOGRAPHY SURVEYING

• Topography refers to the characteristics of the land

surface. These characteristics include relief,
natural features and artificial (or man-made)
features.
• Relief is the conjuration of the earth’s surface and
includes such features   as   hills,   valleys,   plains,
summits, depressions, and other natural features,
such as trees, streams, and lakes. Man-made
features are highways, bridges, dams and
buildings.
 Topography Surveying cont…

• A graphic representation of the topography of an

area is called a topography map. A topography map
is simply a drawing that shows the natural and
artificial features of an area.
• A topography survey is a survey conducted to obtain
the data needed for the preparation of a topography
map. This  data  consists  of  the horizontal and
vertical locations of the features to be shown on the
map.
 Topography Surveying cont…

Topography Map
 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

• Can be describe as any survey work carried out in

connection with construction and building.
• This surveying is related with design and construction of
new routes such as roads, dam, pipeline and railways
etc.
• The important of this surveying are:
a. Produce new plan of the construction
b. Produce control point for the construction project
c. To calculate the areas and volumes of land data
d. Setting out the building same as the plan
 Engineering Surveying cont…

• These survey is to provide special information for

construction projects.
• They are large-scale topographic surveys,
supplying details for particularly engineering
schemes, and could include the setting out of
works on the ground.
• Usually traverse surveys and techeometry survey
such as pipe-lines and some geodetic control may
be necessary.
CADASTRAL SURVEYING
• This surveying undertaken to produce plans of property boundaries
for legal purposes. In many countries the registration of ownership of
land is based on such plans.
• In Malaysia, cadastral surveys has been conducted by Department
Of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) and license surveyor firm.

Boundary Mark
 Cadastral Surveying cont…

• To define and record the boundaries of

properties, legislative areas and even
countries.
• Some cases cadastral surveys may be
almost entirely topographic, where features
define boundaries.
Cadastral Surveying cont…
 HYDROGRAPHY SURVEYING

• This is surveying in a marine environment where the

traditional role for centuries was to map the coastlines and
sea bed to procedure navigation charts.
• More recently, this surveying have been carried out for
offshore oil and gas exploration and production
• Also used in the design, construction and maintenance of
harbors, river and sea defences etc.
Navigation Chart Bathymetry Offshore

Pipeline Installation
Side Scan Sonar
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

• Photogrammetry can be defined as the method of

determine the shapes, size and positions of the
objects using photographs.
• The photographs are taken with special cameras
mounted in the fixed wing aircraft of helicopters.
• Because this is non contact technique, it is
advantages to measure hazardous area such as
landslide or mountain area.
 Aerial Photo of Utan Aji, Perlis

Photogrammetry Concept
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
An organized collection of hardware, software,
geographical data and personnel designed to capture,
store, update, manipulate, analyze an display all
forms of geographically referenced information.
(ESRI, 1992”)

A powerful sets of tools for collecting, storing,

retriening at will, transforming and display spatial data
from the real world for a particular set of purposes.
(Burrough, 1988)
• GIS concepts by
overlaying
layers such as
satellite
imageries,
zoning,
floodplains,
wetlands, land
cover, soils and
survey controls.
 STRATA
• Introduction of the strata title legislation in Malaysia, it is not possible to
hold a title deed for a part of a building such as an apartment etc.
• The Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318) was introduced to enable the
subdivision of lots into strata and the transfer of these titles.
• This was welcomed because owners received their title deed to a unit.
• Many amendment have taken place and the legislation is now called
A753 Strata Title Act, (Amendment) 1990.
• Strata can be applied to any of the following: high rise, various
residential, town houses, duplex, factories, offices and retail etc.
• The building can be high-rise, townhouses, separate villas, 2 duplexes.
• The common property can comprise recreational facilities, gym, sauna,
swimming pool, tennis court, meeting room, golf course, etc.
• All owners contribute to the maintenance of these facilities.
 Strata cont…

• The common property is everything that does not form

part of a lot and is owned by the owners corporation (all
the owners collectively).
• Strata title has enabled the subdivision of land and
buildings into lots and common property.
• The "lots" are the units or other areas owned by owners.
• Apart from the unit there can be areas like laundries, car
spaces, garages, marinas which form part of the lot.
• Provided the zoning permits the construction of a strata
scheme, approval needs to be obtained from the Local
Council to proceed with the development and then the
subdivision of the property into lots and common
property.
• A registered surveyor draws a strata plan of subdivision
showing which parts of the strata scheme will be lots, the
remaining parts being common property.
• All lots are allocated a unit entitlement and the schedule
of unit entitlements is shown on the strata plan.
 The strata plan must be approval by
the Local Council and then registered
at the Land Titles Office. Certificates
of Title are then issued by the Land
Titles Office for each lot and one for
the common property of the owners
corporation

Example of strata plan

 REMOTE SENSING
• The technique is closely allied to photogrammetry
because it also uses imagery to collect information.
• In this case, information is gathered about the
ground surface without coming into contact with it.
• Remote sensing can be carried out for certain
purpose using satellite imagery or spectral imaging
(LiDAR).

LiDAR
Satellite Imagey
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
(GPS)

GPS capabilities of giving

coordinates at point on the
earth surface is an advantages
for surveying works in the large
areas.
GPS can works day and night
and in all weather conditions.
Two Types of Coordinates

• Absolute Coordinate
- fixed coordinate

• Relative Coordinate
- depend on surrounding object
To be continued…