UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMIC UNIT-1

Bachelor of Engineering (CSE)
SUBJECT NAME: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering-IEEE
SUBJECT CODE : 23ECH-101
By
Dr. Shikha
Unit-3 Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMER
Lecture No.3.1.1
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
 Lecture
Objectives
S. No. Objectives

1 To make student aware about faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

2 To aware about introduction to transformer and its working principle

3 To provide knowledge about different types of transformer

4 To aware about construction of core type and shell type transformer

https://www.quora.com/What-a
re-the-differences-between-a-cir
5 To give knowledge about transformation ratio of transformer cuit-and-an-electric-circuit
2
 Course
Objectives
S.
Objectives
No.

1
Understand Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Fundamentals

To prepare students to perform the analysis and design of

2
various Electrical & digital electronic circuits.
https://www.quora.com/What-a
re-the-differences-between-a-cir
cuit-and-an-electric-circuit
3
 Course Outcomes
CO
Numbe Title Level
r

To identify the different types of electrical elements and the basic op-amp
Remembe
CO1 circuit elements and to illustrate the various types of motors, transducers.
r
To understand basic principles of transformers, transducers, op-amps, DC
and AC motors and to compare the different methods for analysing Understan
CO2
electrical and magnetic circuits.
d

To derive the relationships between parameters in electric and magnetic

CO3 circuits and motors and to determine specifications of op-amps. Analyze

To solve the basic problems related to electric circuits, magnetic circuits

and motors and to assess the characteristics of different configurations of
CO4 Evaluate
op-amps.
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/2406611738233
To design the different applications of transducers, motors as well as the 16229/
CO5 op-amps like adders, subtractor and comparators. Create

4
Importance of Introduction of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering
• Use from home appliances to industrial plants.
• Usage in communication and satellite navigation system.
• Handles in electronics equipment and computers.
• Deals with the problem of power transmission and motor control.
• Control and monitor the medical appliances in hospitals.
• High voltage applications with heavy current.
• Robotics applications.
• Product designing and development.

5
 Contents
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Types of induced emf
Self induced emf
Mutual induced emf
Introduction of single phase transformer
Working Principle of Single Phase Transformer
Different types of transformer
Step up transformer
Step down transformer
Construction of Transformer
core type
shell type
Transformation ratio
6
 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday’s 1st law: Whenever a conductor is
placed in a varying magnetic field, an
electromotive force is induced. If the conductor
circuit is closed, a current is induced which is
called induced current.
• Here are a few ways to change the magnetic
field intensity in a closed loop:
By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.
Fig-1 Electromagnetic induction
By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic
https://www.electrical4u.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Farad
field.
ays-Law-of-electronagnetic-indution-6.png
By changing the area of a coil placed in the
magnetic field. 7
 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday’s 2nd Law:The induced emf in a
coil is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkage.
• The flux is the product of the number of
turns in the coil and the flux associated
with the coil. The formula of Faraday’s law
is given below:
Therefore,
Fig-2 Electromagnetic induction
E=Ndϕ/dt
https://www.electrical4u.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/F
aradays-Law-of-electronagnetic-indution-6.png Considering Lenz’s law,
E=−Ndϕ/dt
8
 Classification of Induced EMF

Table-1 Classification of induced EMF

https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/indufced-emf.jpg
9
 Self Induced EMF
 Consider a coil having N number of turns as shown in the figure.
When the switch S is closed & current I flows through the coil, it
produces flux (φ) linking with its own turns.
 If the current flowing through the coil is changed by changing the
value of resistance (R), the flux linking with it, changes and hence emf
is induced in the coil.

10
 Self Induced EMF
 This induced emf is called Self
Induced emf. The direction of
this induced emf opposes the
change of current in the coil. This
effect is because of Lenz’s Law.
 The magnitude of self-induced
emf is directly proportional to
Fig-3 Self induced
the rate of change of current in EMF
the coil. L is constant of https://images.app.goo.gl/
proportionality and called as Self zREgsGt6emmhV83GA
Inductance.
11
 Mutual Induced EMF
 The emf induced in a coil due to
the change of flux produced by
another neighbouring coil linking
to it, is called Mutually Induced
emf.
 When the switch (S) is closed in
the circuit shown above, current
I1 flows through the coil A, and it
produces the fluxφ1. Most of the Fig-4 Mutually induced EMF
flux says φ12 links with the other
coil B. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-b
etween-a-self-induced-EMF-and-a-mutually-induc
ed-EMF
12
 Mutual Induced EMF
 If the current flowing through
the coil A is changed by
changing the value of variable
resistor R, it changes flux linking
with the other coil B and hence
emf is induced in the coil.
 This induced emf is
called Mutually Induced emf.

Same as Fig-4 Mutually induced EMF

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-se
lf-induced-EMF-and-a-mutually-induced-EMF
13
 Single Phase Transformer
The transformer is the static device which works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
It is used for transferring the electrical power from one circuit to
another without any variation in their frequency.
In electromagnetic induction, the transfer of energy from one
circuit to another takes places by the help of the mutual induction.
i.e the flux induced in the primary winding is linked with the
secondary winding.

14
 Working Principle of Single
Phase Transformer
• Working principle of electrical power
transformer is similar to that of mutual
induction.
• A transformer is a static (or stationary)
piece of apparatus by means of which
electric power in one circuit is
transformed into electric power of the
same frequency in another circuit.
• It can raise or lower the voltage in a Fig-5 Single phase Transformer
circuit but with a corresponding https://images.app.goo.gl/
decrease or increase in current. 7ybQWzfTwcuKTP4PA

15
 Working Principle of Single
Phase Transformer
• The physical basis of a power
transformer is mutual
induction between two circuits linked
by a common magnetic flux.
• In its simplest form, it consists of two
inductive coils which are electrically
separated but magnetically linked
through a path of low reluctance.
Same as Fig-5 Single phase
Transformer

https://images.app.goo.gl/
7ybQWzfTwcuKTP4PA
16
Working Principle of Single Phase Transformer
•The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a
source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated
core, most of which is linked with the other coil in which it produces
mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction e = M.dI/dt).
•If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flow in it and so electric
energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the
second coil.
•The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains is
called primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is
called secondary winding.

17
 Different types of a transformer
There are two types of a transformer
•Step –up
•Step-down

18
 Step-up Transformer
A transformer in which the output
(secondary) voltage is greater than its
input (primary) voltage is called a step-
up transformer.
The E1 and E2 are the voltages, and
T1 and T2 are the number of turns on the
primary and secondary winding of the
Fig-6 Step up transformer
transformer
https://circuitglobe.com/wp-cont
The number of turns on the secondary ent/uploads/2016/11/step-down
-transformer.jpg
of the transformer is greater than that of
the primary, i.e., T2 > T1.
19
 Step down transformer
A transformer in which the output
(secondary) voltage is less than its input
(primary) voltage is called a step-down
transformer.
The number of turns on the primary of
the transformer is greater than the turn
on the secondary of the transformer, i.e.,
T2 < T1. The step-down transformer is Fig-7 Step down Transformer

shown in the figure below. https://circuitglobe.com/wp-co

ntent/uploads/2016/11/step-u
The voltage turn ratio of the step-down p-transformer.jpg
transformer is 2:1.
20
 Construction of Transformer
The transformers are of two general types, distinguished from each other
merely by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are
placed around the laminated core.
The two types are known as
(i) core-type transformer
(ii) shell-type transformer

21
 Core Type Transformer
The magnetic core of the transformer
is made up of laminations to form a
rectangular frame. The laminations are
cut in the form of L-shape strips shown
in the figure below.
 For avoiding the high reluctance at the
joints where laminations are butted
against each other, the alternate layer is
stacked differently to eliminate Fig-8 core type Core

continues joints. https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/

01/shell-type-transformer-circuit.jpg

22
 Core type transformer
The primary and secondary windings
are interleaved to reduce the leakage
flux.
Half of each winding is placed side by
side or concentrically on the leg of the
core as shown in the figure below.
For simplicity, the primary and
secondary winding is located on the
separate limbs of the core. Fig-9 Core type Transformer

https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/up
loads/2017/01/shell-type-transformer-c
ircuit.jpg

23
 Shell Type Transformer
The laminations are cut in the form of a
long strip of E’s, and I’s as shown in the
figure.
To reduce the high reluctance at the joints
where the lamination are butted against each
other, the alternate layers are stacked
differently to eliminate continuous joint.
The shell type transformer has three limbs Fig-10 Shell type Core

or legs. The central limb carries the whole of https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/u

ploads/2017/01/shell-type-transformer
the flux, and the side limb carries the half of -circuit.jpg
the flux. Hence the width of the central limb
is about to double to that of the outer limbs. 24
 Shell Type Transformer
The primary and secondary both the
windings are placed on the central limbs.
The low voltage winding is placed near
the core, and the high voltage winding is
placed outside the low voltage winding to
reducing the cost of insulation placed
between the core and the low voltage
winding.
Fig-11 Shell Type Transformer
The windings are cylindrical, and the
https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/up
core laminations are inserted on it. loads/2017/01/shell-type-transformer-ci
rcuit.jpg
 Transformation Ratio
• The transformer transformation ratio or transformer turns
ratio (K) is the quotient value obtained by dividing the number
of turns of the primary winding (N1) and the number of turns of
the secondary winding (N2).
• Then
K = N1/N2
Further we may write
K = N1/N2 = V1/V2 = I2/I1

26
 Applications of Single-phase transformer
The applications of a single-phase transformer are mentioned below.

To step-down long-distance signals to support both residential and light-

commercial electronic devices.
In television sets for voltage regulation.
To step-up power in home inverters.
To supply power to non-urban areas.
To isolate two circuits electrically as primary and secondary are placed far
from each other.

27
 Frequently Asked Questions
1.) What does a single-phase mean?
Answer:- A single-phase system or circuit which generates or uses single
alternating voltage.
2.) Do houses use single-phase supply?
Answer:- Generally, homes are supplied with single-phase supply.
3.) On which principles does the single-phase transformer operate?
Answer:- Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction and Mutual
Induction.

28
 Frequently Asked Questions
4.) What is the transformer “Turns Ratio”?
Answer:- N1/N2 = V1/V2 = K = Turns Ratio

5.) Give two uses of a single-phase transformer

Answer:-
• In television sets for voltage regulation
• To step-up power in home inverters

29
 Summary
Through this PPT , the students have learned and
understood
Terminology of magnetic circuits.
Concept of self and mutual induction.
Principle of operation of transformers.
Construction of transformers
Performance analysis of transformers

30
 Learning Outcomes

To make students understand the

•Terminology of magnetic circuits.

•Concept of self and mutual induction.
•Principle of operation of transformers.
•Construction of transformers
•Performance analysis of transformer
https://www.google.com/search?q=transformer+working+and+construction&source=lnms&
tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf7q2zo5XqAhXbb30KHcZ1A-MQ_AUoAnoECBEQBA&biw=13
66&bih=608#imgrc=Hz4hgKww9splRM&imgdii=-GHifX4ZDm1raM

Fig-16
31
Course Outcome to Program Outcome
Relationship
(20ELT-111) BEEE
PO→
CO↓ PO PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
1
CO1 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
CO2 3 0 2 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
CO3 3 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0
CO4 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

32
 Assessment Pattern

A B C D E F G
Assignment Time Bound Quiz (each Mid Semester Homework Discussion Attendance
(each Surprise Test quiz) Test(one per Forums and
assignment) (each test) test) engagement
Score on BB

10 12 4 20 NA NA 2

33
 References
https://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-7503-2084-9/chapter/bk978-0-7
503-2084-9ch1
https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-a-transformer.html
https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:CF55C3SF@1/chapter-1-Magn
etic-Circuits-and-Magnetic-Materials
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/transformer-basics.ht
ml

34
 THANK YOU

For queries
Email:[email protected]