UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMIC UNIT-1

Bachelor of Engineering (CSE)
SUBJECT NAME: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering-IEEE
SUBJECT CODE : 23ECH-101
By
Dr. Shikha
Unit-3 Chapter-1
TRANSFORMER LOSSES
Lecture No. 3.1.2
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
 Lecture
Objectives
S. No. Objectives

1 To make student aware about construction of transformer

2 To aware about properties of ideal transformer

3 To provide knowledge about losses in transformer

4 To aware about to remove losses in transformer

https://www.quora.com/What-a
re-the-differences-between-a-cir
5 To give knowledge to remove hysteresis losses cuit-and-an-electric-circuit
2
 Course
Objectives
S.
Objectives
No.

1
Understand Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Fundamentals

To prepare students to perform the analysis and design of

2
various Electrical & digital electronic circuits. https://www.quora.com/What-a
re-the-differences-between-a-cir
cuit-and-an-electric-circuit
3
 Course Outcomes
CO
Numbe Title Level
r

To identify the different types of electrical elements and the basic op-amp
Remembe
CO1 circuit elements and to illustrate the various types of motors, transducers.
r

To understand basic principles of transformers, transducers, op-amps, DC

and AC motors and to compare the different methods for analysing Understan
CO2
electrical and magnetic circuits.
d

To derive the relationships between parameters in electric and magnetic

CO3 circuits and motors and to determine specifications of op-amps. Analyze

To solve the basic problems related to electric circuits, magnetic circuits

and motors and to assess the characteristics of different configurations of
CO4 Evaluate
op-amps.

To design the different applications of transducers, motors as well as the https://in.pinterest.com/pin/2406611738233

CO5 op-amps like adders, subtractor and comparators. Create 16229/

4
Importance of Introduction to Electrical &
Electronics Engineering
• Use from home appliances to industrial plants.
• Usage in communication and satellite navigation system.
• Handles in electronics equipment and computers.
• Deals with the problem of power transmission and motor control.
• Control and monitor the medical appliances in hospitals.
• High voltage applications with heavy current.
• Robotics applications.
• Product designing and development.

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 Contents
Construction of transformer
Ideal transformer
Losses in transformer
Core losses or Iron losses
Copper loss
Stray losses
Dielectric loss
How to reduced core losses
How to reduced hysteresis losses

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Construction of Single Phase Transformers
• A single-Phase transformer consists of primary and secondary winding.
The core of the transformer is made of thin sheets (called laminations)
of high grade of silicon.
• These laminations are provided in the transformer to reduce eddy-
current loss, and the silicon steel reduces hysteresis loss.
• There are two basic types of transformer constructions:
• Core type construction.
• Shell type construction

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 Ideal Transformer
An Ideal transformer is an imaginary
transformer which has the
following properties:
• Negligible primary and secondary
winding resistances
• Infinite permeability (µ) Fig1 Ideal Transformer

• Zero leakage flux https://www.javatpoint.com/con

struction-of-single-phase-transfo
• No losses rmers

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 Losses in transformer

Table-1 losses in
Transformer

https://circuitglobe.com/types-of-losses-in-transformer.html
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 Core Losses or Iron Losses
• Iron loss: Iron losses are caused by the alternating flux in the core of
the transformer as this loss occurs in the core it is also known as Core
loss. Iron loss is further divided into hysteresis and eddy current loss.
1. Hysteresis Loss: The core of the transformer is subjected to an
alternating magnetizing force, and for each cycle of emf, a hysteresis
loop is traced out. Power is dissipated in the form of heat known as
hysteresis loss and given by the equation shown below:

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 Core Losses or Iron Losses
Where
• KȠ is a proportionality constant which depends upon the volume and
quality of the material of the core used in the transformer,
• f is the supply frequency,
• Bmax is the maximum or peak value of the flux density.
2. Eddy Current Loss: When the flux links with a closed circuit, an emf is
induced in the circuit and the current flows, the value of the current
depends upon the amount of emf around the circuit and the
resistance of the circuit.

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 Core Losses or Iron Losses
• Since the core is made of conducting material, these EMFs circulate
currents within the body of the material. These circulating currents are
called Eddy Currents.
• As these currents are not responsible for doing any useful work, and it
produces a loss (I2R loss) in the magnetic material known as an Eddy
Current Loss.
• The equation of the eddy current loss is given as:

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 Core Losses or Iron Losses
Where,
• Ke – coefficient of eddy current. Its value depends upon the nature of
magnetic material like volume and resistivity of core material, the
thickness of laminations
• Bm – maximum value of flux density in wb/m2
• T – thickness of lamination in meters
• F – frequency of reversal of the magnetic field in Hz
• V – the volume of magnetic material in m3

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 Copper Loss
• These losses occur due to ohmic resistance of the transformer
windings.
• If I1 and I2 are the primary and the secondary current. R1 and R2 are the
resistance of primary and secondary winding then the copper losses
occurring in the primary and secondary winding will be I12R1 and
I22R2 respectively.
• Therefore, the total copper losses will be

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 Stray Loss
• The occurrence of these stray losses is due to the presence of
leakage field.
• The percentage of these losses are very small as compared to the
iron and copper losses so they can be neglected.

Fig-2 Stray Losses

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https://www.jmag-international.com/catalog/202_powertransformer_corestrayloss/
 Dielectric loss
• Dielectric loss occurs in the insulating material of the
transformer that is in the oil of the transformer, or in the solid
insulations.
• When the oil gets deteriorated or the solid insulation gets
damaged, or its quality decreases, and because of this, the
efficiency of the transformer gets affected.

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 How to reduce core losses
Eddy Current loss can be reduced by increasing the number of
laminations.
The laminations provide small gaps between the plates.
As it is easier for magnetic flux to flow through iron than air or
oil, stray flux that can cause core losses is
minimized. Reducing eddy currents.

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 How to Reduce Hysteresis Losses
Hysteresis loss can be reduce by using material having
least hysteresis loop area.
Hence silicon steel or high grade steel is used for
manufacturing of a transformer core as it is having very
less hysteresis loop area.

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 Frequently Asked Questions
1.) How to minimize Eddy current loss?
• By using less thickness of laminations
• By using less value of Magnetic flux density
2.) How to minimize Hysteresis loss?
• By using good magnetic material.
• By using less value of Magnetic flux density
3.) Why transformers are rated in kVA ?
• A:Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on
voltage . So rating is in kVA.

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 Summary
Through this PPT , the students have learned and
understood
Terminology of magnetic circuits
Ideal Transformer
Different types of losses
How to reduce losses
Causes of losses

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 Learning Outcomes

To make students understand the

•Construction of transformers
•Performance analysis of transformer
•Terminology of magnetic circuits.
•Concept of self and mutual induction.
•Principle of operation of transformers.
https://www.google.com/search?q=transformer+working+and+construction&source=lnms&
tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf7q2zo5XqAhXbb30KHcZ1A-MQ_AUoAnoECBEQBA&biw=13
66&bih=608#imgrc=Hz4hgKww9splRM&imgdii=-GHifX4ZDm1raM

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Course Outcome to Program Outcome
Relationship
(20ELT-111) BEEE
PO→
CO↓ PO PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
1
CO1 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
CO2 3 0 2 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
CO3 3 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0
CO4 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Assessment Pattern

A B C D E F G
Assignment Time Bound Quiz (each Mid Semester Homework Discussion Attendance
(each Surprise Test quiz) Test(one per Forums and
assignment) (each test) test) engagement
Score on BB

10 12 4 20 NA NA 2

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 REFERENCES
https://circuitglobe.com/types-of-losses-in-transformer.html
https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/04/transformer-losses-and-effici
ency.html
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/transformer-basics.
html
Reference books:
https://www.amazon.in/s?k=electrical+transformer+book&crid=1T23
UDIK31LYD&sprefix=transformer+books+in+ele%2Caps%2C368&ref=n
b_sb_ss_i_1_24

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email:[email protected]