4-U3 PPT

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Unit 3:
One Dimensional
Kinematics
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Section A: Velocity and

Acceleration
 Corresponding Book Sections:
 2.2, 2.4
 PA Assessment Anchors:
 S11.C.3
+ 3
What is kinematics?
 Kinematics
 The study of motion and how to
describe it
 Does not consider what causes the
motion
 One Dimensional (1D) Kinematics

 Motion in a straight line
 Left/right, up/down, east/west, etc
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Coordinate system
 Defines position of an object
Indicates the positive

direction
xf xi x=0
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Basics of a coordinate
system
 Establish a positive direction
 Establish an origin (0 point)
 Theorigin and positive direction must

remain the same for the entire problem
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Sample Problem
 Page 17, Figure 2-2

 Set up a coordinate system
 Choose your own origin
 Choose the positive direction
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Distance vs. Displacement
 Distance
 Total length of travel
 Units: m, cm, mm, km
 Displacement
 Change in position = final - initial
 x = xf - xi
Greek letter “delta”…stands for “Change in”

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Back to the sample

problem…
 Page 17, Figure 2-2
 If you leave your friend’s house, go to
the supermarket, and come home, find
the:
 Distance
 Displacement
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Another example…
 Suppose you leave the grocery store,

stop at your house, go back to the
grocery store, and then go to your
friend’s house. Find the:
 Distance
 Displacement
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Last example…
 Suppose you walk from the grocery store

to your friend’s house. Find the:
 Distance
 Displacement
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What does the negative

mean?
 Remember that we set a certain
direction as positive…
 Getting a negative simply means that
we are in the opposite direction as
the one we established as positive
 ThisDOES NOT mean that a negative

number is less than a positive value
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Before we go any further…
 Weneed to consistently set up problems

to make sure we’re following the right
steps and make our work clear
(And to receive full credit )

+ 13
Sample Problem Setup
Sketch of the Problem
All Work
Data Table
Equations Used
Step by-step derivations
Values
(Not division, multiplication, etc)
Unknown Variables
Ex:
t = 3s
xi = 5 m
xf = ?
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It takes practice…
 Itwill take practice to start setting

up problems (and not just jumping in to
solving them)
 In the end, you’ll be more accurate
 YouMUST set up problems like this on

ALL tests, homework assignments,
classwork, etc to receive full credit!
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Speed vs. Velocity
 Speed  Velocity
 Rate of motion  Displacement per

distance unit of time
Average Speed =
time displacement
Average Velocity =
time
 Units: m/s, km/hr
 Units: m/s,  WITH a direction
km/hr  N, S, E, W, etc
 + or --
+ 16
Sample Problem
 You drive 4.0 hr at 30.0 mph and then

another 4.0 hr at 50 mph. Is your
average speed:
 Greater than 40 mph
 Equal to 40 mph
 Less than 40 mph
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Find average speed for

each part and average
velocity for trip
t = 10 s
t = 50 s
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Position vs. Time Graph
18
+ 19
Practice problem #1
 Draw a position vs. time graph for the

following situation:
 You walk 2 m from your house in 3
seconds
 You walk another 3 m in 5 seconds
 You stop for 4 seconds to rest
 You turn around and walk back to your
house in 6 seconds
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Answer…
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Practice problem #2
 Draw a position vs. time graph for the

following situation:
 You walk 10 m toward the school in 5
seconds
 You stop to answer your phone for 10
seconds
 You walk back to your car in 5
seconds
 You’re late for 1st pd, so you walk to
the 10 m to school in 3 seconds.
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Answer…
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Instantaneous Speed &

Velocity
 Instantaneous  Instantaneous Speed
Velocity  Magnitude of the
 Velocity at one instantaneous
instant in time velocity
 Unit: m/s
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Speedometer Question
 What does a car’s speedometer measure?

 Average Speed
 Average Velocity
 Instantaneous Speed
 Instantaneous Velocity
 Explain.
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Acceleration
 The change of velocity with time
 Units: m/s2, mph/s, etc…

+ 26
Practice Problem #1
 Saabadvertises a car that goes from 0

to 60 mph in 6.2 seconds. Find the
average acceleration.
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Practice Problem #2
 Anairplane has an average acceleration

of 5.6 m/s2 during takeoff. How long
does it take for the plane to reach a
speed of 150 mph?
+ 28
Acceleration vs.
Deceleration
 Acceleration  Deceleration
 Finalspeed >  Finalspeed <
Initial Speed Initial Speed
Connection between
acceleration and velocity
 Situation 1:
 Acceleration and
velocity in same
direction
 Speed of object
increases
 Situation 2:
 Acceleration and
velocity in different
directions
 Speed of object
decreases
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+ 30
Practice Problem #1
A ferry makes a short run between two

docks. As the ferry approaches the
dock (positive x-direction), it has a
speed of 7.4 m/s and slows down to a
stop in 12.3 s. Find the acceleration.
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Practice Problem #2
 Theferry now leaves the dock As the

ferry approaches the dock, it has a
speed of 7.3 m/s and now slows down to
a stop in 13.1 s. Find the
acceleration.
Hint: Think about positive/negative
direction based on last problem

+ 32
The most important

acceleration…
 Recall from other science classes that
gravity is always pulling down on
everything.
 Gravity has an acceleration

represented by: g
You need to use this exact value

g = 9.8 m/s2
+ 33
Section B: Kinematics
Equations
 Corresponding Book Sections:
 2.5, 2.6, 2.7
 PA Assessment Anchors:
 S11.C.3
+ 34
Motion with Constant

Acceleration
 Object is either speeding up or slowing
down
 Object is just speeding up / slowing

down at a constant rate (same
acceleration at all times)
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Kinematics Equations
Velocity as a function of time:
Position as a function of time:
Velocity as a function of position:

+ 36
How do I know when

to use each equation?
 That’s where the sketch and data table
will come in handy…
 Look at what you have, what you’re

looking for, and find the equation that
will include all of those variables
 You may need to use more than one

equation in a problem
+ 37
Practice Problem #1
A ball is thrown straight upward with

an initial velocity of 8.2 m/s. If the
acceleration of the ball is that of
gravity, find the velocity after:
 0.50 s
 1.0 s
+ 38
Practice Problem #2
A boat moves slowly inside a marina

with a constant speed of 1.50 m/s. As
soon as it leaves the marina, it
accelerates at 2.40 m/s2. Find the:
 Speed it’s moving after 5.0 s
 Distance it’s traveled after 5.0 s of
acceleration
+ 39
Practice Problem #3
A drag racer starts from rest and

accelerates at 7.40 m/s2. How far has
it traveled in:
 1.0 s
 2.0 s
 3.0 s
+ 40
Review of the Equations…

+ 41
Freely Falling Objects
 FreeFall -- the motion of an object

falling only under the influence of
gravity.
 Anobject is in free fall the moment it is

released, whether it’s thrown upward,
downward, or just dropped.
 Why don’t we have true free fall on Earth?

+ 42
Consider…
+ 43
More on gravity
 Remember…
 Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81
m/s2
 That value will be:

+
 Positive if our coordinate system has set
down as positive
 Negative if our coordinate system has set +

up as positive
 GravityALWAYS acts in the downward

direction.
+Free 44
fall
from
rest
+ 45
Projectile Motion

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Section A: Velocity and

 One Dimensional (1D) Kinematics

 Defines position of an object

Indicates the positive

 Establish an origin (0 point)

 Theorigin and positive direction must

 Page 17, Figure 2-2

Distance vs. Displacement

Greek letter “delta”…stands for “Change in”

Back to the sample

 Suppose you leave the grocery store,

 Suppose you walk from the grocery store

What does the negative

 ThisDOES NOT mean that a negative

Before we go any further…

 Weneed to consistently set up problems

(And to receive full credit )

Sample Problem Setup

Sketch of the Problem

 Itwill take practice to start setting

 In the end, you’ll be more accurate

 YouMUST set up problems like this on

Speed vs. Velocity

 Rate of motion  Displacement per

 You drive 4.0 hr at 30.0 mph and then

Find average speed for

 Draw a position vs. time graph for the

 Draw a position vs. time graph for the

Instantaneous Speed &

 What does a car’s speedometer measure?

 The change of velocity with time

 Units: m/s2, mph/s, etc…

 Saabadvertises a car that goes from 0

 Anairplane has an average acceleration

A ferry makes a short run between two

 Theferry now leaves the dock As the

Hint: Think about positive/negative

direction based on last problem

The most important

 Gravity has an acceleration

You need to use this exact value

Motion with Constant

 Object is just speeding up / slowing

Velocity as a function of time:

Position as a function of time:

Velocity as a function of position:

How do I know when

 Look at what you have, what you’re

 You may need to use more than one

A ball is thrown straight upward with

A boat moves slowly inside a marina

A drag racer starts from rest and

Review of the Equations…

Freely Falling Objects

 FreeFall -- the motion of an object

 Anobject is in free fall the moment it is

 Why don’t we have true free fall on Earth?

 That value will be: