Introduction To Chemistry

INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMISTRY
PREPARED BY: MA. FILIPINA O. BARBA, RPH
CHEMISTRY
 Study of matter.
 Chemistry is a branch of natural science that deals principally with the properties of
substances, the changes they undergo, and the natural laws that describe these changes.
 Chemistry also is concerned with the utilization of natural substances and the creation of
artificial ones.
 Chemistry involves the study of the atomic composition and structural architecture of
substances, as well as the varied interactions among substances that can lead to sudden,
often violent reactions.
 Chemistry is concerned not with the subatomic domain but with the properties of atoms
and the laws governing their combinations and how the knowledge of these properties can
be used to achieve specific purposes.
MATTER
 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

 Matter is made up of small particles known as atoms.
 Matter can be presented in different states. Each of them has specific characteristics.
 COMPOSITION
 STRUCTURE
 CHANGES THAT MATTER UNDERGOES
 ENERGY INVOLVED IN SUCH CHANGES
 Composed predominantly of atoms, molecules, ions
 Interconvertible with energy
MATTER
 MASS – refers to the amount of matter present in the material
 WEIGHT – mass x pull of gravity
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY SI UNIT
LENGTH METER
MASS KILOGRAM
TIME SECONDS
TEMPERATURE KELVIN
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
 INTRINSIC PROPERTY
o Independent of the amount of matter present.
o An intrinsic property remains the same regardless of the conditions under which it is measured.
o Its value depends on chemical composition and structure.
 EXTRINSIC PROPERTY
o Dependent of the amount of matter present.
o The value of an extrinsic property may change, depending on conditions.
o It depends on the way external factors affect the sample.
CHANGES THAT MATTER
UNDERGOES:
 PHYSICAL CHANGES
 Change in phase ONLY
 Physical changes are limited to changes that result in a difference in display without changing the
composition.
 Physical properties include many other aspects of a substance.
 Any change in these physical properties is referred to as a physical change.
 CHEMICAL CHANGES
 A chemical change occurs when the substance's composition is changed.
 When bonds are broken and new ones are formed a chemical change occurs.
 Changes in both intrinsic and extrinsic property.
STATES OF MATTER
 SOLID:
 fixed volume
 Fixed shape
 Virtually incompressible
 LIQUID:
 Assumes the shape of the container
 Fixed volume
 Intermediate properties
 GAS:
 No fixed shape or volume
 Very compressible
STATES OF MATTER
 PLASMA:
 Also known as “MESOPHASE” “LIQUID
CRYSTALS”  TWO MAIN TYPES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS
 It has a solid like properties.  SMECTIC (soap or grease-like)
 Resembles those of a crystals in the formation of  NEMATIC (thread-like)

loosely ordered molecular arrays similar to a
regular crystalline lattice and anisotropic
refraction light.  SIX DISTRICT CRYSTAL SYSTEM
 Superheated matter. So hot that the electrons are 1. CUBIC

ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized 2. TETRAGONAL
gas.
3. HEXAGONAL
 It comprises over 99% of the visible universe
4. RHOMBIC
 CRYSTAL LATTICE
5. MONOCLINIC
o ordered arrangement of atoms.
6. TRICLINIC
o Flow properties
 PHASE CHANGE
 LIQUIFACTION  SUBLIMATION
 SOLID LIQUID  SOLID GAS
 EVAPORATION
 LIQUID GAS  DEPOSITION
 GAS SOLID
 FREEZING
 LIQUID SOLID  IONIZATION
 GAS PLASMA
 CONDENSATION  DEIONIZATION
 GAS LIQUID  PLASMA GAS
MATTER
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCES

• Combination of two or more • A substance that has a fixed
substances wherein identities of chemical composition throughout
individual substances are retained.
HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS COMPOUND ELEMENT

• A mixture that is • A mixture that is uniform • Atoms of elements chemically • Simplest form of
not uniform. united substances
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
 ELEMENT
 Simplest form of matter
 1 kind of material or atom
 It has definite chemical composition
 It cannot be decomposed by simple physical/chemical means into two or more different
substances
 COMPOUND
 Substance composed of two or more elements unites chemically in definite proportion
 It cannot be changed into simple substances under normal laboratory conditions.
 MIXTURE
 Composed of two or more elements or substances which are not chemically combined
CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE
 HOMOGENEOUS
 Only one phase or single phase
 SOLUTION
o Uniform mixture
o Composed of solute and solvent
o Atoms, molecules or ions of the substance become dispersed
 HETEROGENEOUS
 Two or more distinct phases
 SUSPENSION
o Dispersion insoluble in a liquid
o Also known as COARSE MIXTURE
o Finely divided solid materials distributed in a liquid
 COLLOIDS
o Contains particles bigger than those in solutions but smaller that those in suspension
o Particle of solute are not broken down to the size of the molecules but are small dispersed throughout the
medium,
o Exhibit the light scattering effect
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
1. TYNDALL EFFECT – Light scattering effect
2. BROWNIAN MOVEMENT – Zigzag movement of colloidal particles
3. ELECTRICALLY CHARGE
 ELECTROPHORESIS – Gel-electrophoresis
• SDS-PAGE (used to separate protein and nucleic acids)
• CATHODE (-)
• ANODE (+)
1. ADSORPTION – It is the attraction of molecules onto the surface of a solid
LAWS OF CHEMISTRY
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
 In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactant is equal to the mass of products or mass is
neither created nor destroyed in any transformation of matter.
 By ANTOINE VAN LAVOISIER
 LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION
 Elements combined in fixed ratios of whole number to form compounds
 States that the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same regardless of source
or method of preparation.
 HAVE THE SAME COMPOSITION
 By JOSEPH PROUST
 LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION
 Elements combined in different ratios of whole numbers to form different compounds.
PROCESS OF SEPARATING
COMPONENTS OF MIXTURE:
1. DECANTATION
2. DISTILLATION
3. MAGNETIC SEPARATION
4. SORTING
5. FILTRATION
6. CENTRIFUGATION
7. FUNCTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
8. CHROMATOGRAPHY
PROCESS INVOLVED IN CHEMICAL
CHANGE
1. COMBUSTION – Chemical union of oxygen with another substance
2. REDUCTION – Oxygen is removed from compound of H is added
3. NEUTRALIZATION – Acid reacts with a base to form salt and water
4. HYDROLYSIS – Reaction of water on a salt forming an acid and base
• Rate of Hydrolysis depends on: pH of solution and temperature
5. SAPONIFICATION – a reaction between an alkali and fats/oils forming soap and glycerol.
6. FERMENTATION – action of bacterial/microorganism on organic substances resulting to
the production of alcohol
 NUCLEAR CHANGE
 Chance in the structure of properties, composition of the nucleus of an atom resulting in the
transmutation of the element into another element
 NUCLEAR FISSION – Splitting of a heavy atom
 NUCLEAR FUSION – Union of 2 Light atoms to form a bigger molecule
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A. Direct Union/Synthesis/Composition
 Involves the formation of elements
 Combustion – chemical combination of oxygen
 Metal Oxides = Basic
 Non Metal Oxides = Acidic
B. Decomposition/ Analysis
C. Single Replacement
D. Double Replacement
E. RedOx
 Involves the formation of elements

 Combustion – chemical combination of oxygen
 Metal Oxides = Basic
 Non Metal Oxides = Acidic
 .00

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Introduction To Chemistry

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INTRODUCTION TO

 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

 Resembles those of a crystals in the formation of  NEMATIC (thread-like)

 Superheated matter. So hot that the electrons are 1. CUBIC

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCES

HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS COMPOUND ELEMENT

 Involves the formation of elements

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