Kinetic Molecular Model of

Liquids and Solids

General Chemistry 2

Mae Ver H. Palencia

ANS - SHS - STEM
Learning Competencies
• Use the kinetic molecular model to explain
properties of liquids and solids
• Describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces
• Describe the following properties of liquids, and
explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these
properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization
• Explain the properties of water with its molecular
structure and intermolecular forces
• Describe the difference in structure of crystalline
and amorphous solids

General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 2

Specific Learning Outcomes
• compare the properties of liquids and solids with those
of gases
• apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids
and solids
• describe the various intermolecular forces and factors
that affect their strengths
• identify the types of intermolecular forces that may
operate in a given molecular substance
• rank substances according to strength of intermolecular
forces;
• illustrate the intermolecular forces between molecules
of a compound.
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Diagnostic Test

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 Properties of Solids and Liquids
Criteria Solid Liquid
Particle
Arrangement

Movement • Held by very strong forces of • Held together by strong

attraction forces of attraction
• Particles are not free to move • Particles are able to slide
• Particles vibrate about in fixed past one another
positions
General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 7
 Properties of Solids and Liquids
Criteria Solid Liquid
Particle
Arrangement

Density Very High High

Diffusibility Extremely slow Slow
Compressibility Least compressible Slightly compressible
Volume and Has fixed volume and shape Assumes the shape of the container
shape it occupies; has fixed volume
Thermal Expands slightly when heated Expands slightly when heated
Expansibility General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 8
The hypotheses
regarding the
Kinetic Molecular
Theory:

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✓Matter is made up of particles that are constantly in motion.
✓The amount of KE in a substance is related to the
temperature of the substance.

Phases of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

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https://lab.concord.org/embeddable.html#interactives/sam/ph
ase-change/5-interatomic-interactions-and-states.json

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✓There is a space between the particles of the substance. The
amount of space is related to the state of that substance.
✓Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance
changes sufficiently.
✓The attractive forces in between particles are called
intermolecular forces. The strength of these forces increases as
the particles get together.

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 KMT and Properties of Solids
✓definite shapes and volumes
✓solid particles do move, but not very
far!
✓solid particles have relatively little
kinetic energy and vibrate in place.
✓Most solids are arranged in a tightly
packed crystalline structure making
solids denser.
✓Due to the strong intermolecular
forces between neighboring
molecules, solids are rigid. Molecular
movements are more organized. 14
General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS
 • fluid and can flow
KMT and Properties • definite volume, but not a
of Liquid definite shape
• low compressibility; in other
words, it's hard to pack liquid
particles closer together
• compared to solids, however,
liquids have some space between
particles
• the types of intermolecular forces
in a liquid depend on the
chemical makeup of the liquid
itself.
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Changing the State of a Substance
Temperature
• Heating and cooling can change the kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance.
Pressure
Increasing the pressure on a substance forces the molecules closer
together, which increases the strength of the intermolecular forces
➢Increasing the pressure on a gas may change the state to a liquid
➢Increasing the pressure on a liquid may change the state to a
solid
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 • https://lab.concord.org/embeddable.html#interactives/sam/diffusion
/1-dropping-dye-on-click.json

https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry/states-of-
matter/app/index.html?screen=sandbox&lang=en&referrer=ck12Launcher&backUrl=https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry.html&_gl=1*1d5hfpw*_ga*MTEzNzUwMTAyNS4xNjI2OTQ1OTI0_ga_7PBE4L0PZZ*MTYzMjIzMz
M2Ni4zLjEuMTYzMjIzMzUxNy4w&_ga=2.190745711.570078330.1632233367-1137501025.1626945924 General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 17
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Sub-Atomic Particles
Sub-Atomic Particles

# of protons = atomic number

# of neutrons = determines isotopes
# of protons + # of neutrons = mass number
# of electrons = # of protons (in a neutral atom)
Isotopes of Hydrogen
 ATOMS

Combine to form Lose or gain electrons to form

MOLECULES IONS

All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are

compounds.
 NEUTRAL
ATOMS

Loses electrons to form Gains electrons to form

CATION ANION
(+ ion) (- ion)

A neutral atom becomes an ion either by losing an electron

(cation) or by gaining an electron (anion).
Example

Na+ Cl-
p= 11 p = 17
e= 11 -1 = 10 e = 17 +1 = 18
Generation of Cation
Generation of Anion
Examples of cations: Examples of anions:
a. Zn2+ (Zinc ion) a. Br- (Bromide ion)
b. Mg2+ (Magnesium ion)
b. S2- (Sulfide ion)
c. K+ (Potassium ion)
c. O- (Oxide ion)
d. Fe2+ (Ferrous ion or iron (II) ion)
d. I- (Iodide ion)
e. Fe3+ (Ferric ion or iron (III) ion)
General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 30
Intermolecular
Forces &
Properties of
Liquids
Quarter 1 – Week 1 Module 2

by Ms. Mae Ver H. Palencia

SHS Teacher II
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Intermolecular forces Intermolecular forces (IMF) are forces of
and Intramolecular forces attraction present or act between
neighboring molecule.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

Figure 1. Intermolecular and intramolecular force

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 In chemical
bonding, atoms
combine to form a
compound.
Bonding occurs to
make the atoms
stable. The octet
rule states that
stability is attained
by having 8
electrons in the
outermost energy
level of the atom.

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 Electrons are
shared equally
between the two
atoms
Covalent
bonds
One pair of
electrons is shared
unevenly between
two atoms.

Figure 4. Basic types of

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covalent bonds. 35
 General Types of
Intermolecular Forces
• Ion-Dipole Forces
• Dipole-Dipole Forces
• Hydrogen Bond (H-bonds)
• Dipole-Induced Forces
• London Dispersion Forces

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 What is a dipole?
• When atoms share electrons
unequally, they create what is
called a dipole.
• This occurs when one atom is
more electronegative than the
other resulting in that atom
pulling more tightly on the
shared pair of electrons.
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 • strongest of all intermolecular forces
Ion-Dipole
Forces

Figure 2. Ion-Dipole interaction

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Ion-Dipole Forces

Figure 3. Interaction of sodium and chlorine ions with water.

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 Water molecules
Dipole-Dipole
Forces Figure 5. Dipole-dipole attraction between water molecules.

Hydrogen chloride molecules

Figure 6. Dipole-dipole interaction in hydrogen chloride molecules.
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▪ Intermolecular forces (IMF) that
form a special type of dipole- Hydrogen Bonds
dipole attraction. (H-bonds)
▪ Occur not only between water
molecules, but between any
polar molecules containing
an H−N, H−O, or
H−F . The positive hydrogen
atoms are attracted to negative
atoms (nitrogen, hydrogen, or
fluorine) in nearby molecules. Figure 9. Hydrogen bonds between hydrogen fluoride molecules.

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Hydrogen
Bonds
(H-bonds)

GeneralFigure
Chemistry7.2 SHS
Hydrogen
- ANS bonds between water molecules. 42
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 When a nonpolar molecule approaches a polar
Dipole- molecule with a permanent dipole (i.e. water
Induced molecule), a dipole will be induced in the non-
polar molecule.
Forces

Figure 10. Dipole-induced dipole interaction between nonpolar and polar molecules.
General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 44
 • London dispersion forces are the weakest of all
intermolecular forces.
• It is a temporary attractive force that results
when the electrons in two neighboring atoms
occupy positions that make the atoms form
London temporary dipoles.
Dispersion
Forces

Figure 11. Dispersion Interaction with an instantaneous dipole on one He

atom inducing a dipole on a nearby He atom.
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Relative Strength of Intermolecular Forces

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Properties of Substances in
relation to Intermolecular
Forces

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Surface
tension
- is the force that
causes the
molecules on the
surface of a liquid
to be pushed
together and form
a layer
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Formation
of
Meniscus

Image from: https://theory.labster.com/meniscus/

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 Capillary Action

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Image from: Dreamstime.com
 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

5. Evaporation/vaporization
Vapor – refers to the gaseous state of a substance which is normally a liquid or solid at room
temperature.
General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 53
Assignment (submission is on Monday):
• Describe the following properties of liquids, and
explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these
properties:
osurface tension
oViscosity
ovapor pressure
oboiling point, and
omolar heat of vaporization
General Chemistry 2 SHS - ANS 54
Perform the Activity 1 on Viscosity

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Dipole forces
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cERb1d6J4-M&t=299s
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/van
-der-waals-forces/

Hydrogen bonding
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkl5cbfqFRM&t=7s

Interactive video on Intermolecular forces

• https://lab.concord.org/embeddable.html#interactives/
sam/intermolecular-attractions/6-hydrogen-bonds-a-
special-type-of-attraction.json Learning
Resources:

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 Thank you !

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Cooling curve of water

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The line from T to C is the vapor-pressure of the liquid that represents the equilibrium between the liquid and gas
phases. The vapor-pressure curve ends at the critical point, which is at the critical temperature and critical pressure
of the substance. Beyond the critical point the liquid and gas phases become indistinguishable from each other, and
the state of the substance is a supercritical fluid.
The line that separates the solid phase from the gas represents that change in the vapor pressure of the solid as it
sublimes at different temperatures.
The line that separates the solid phase from the liquid phase corresponds to the change in melting point of the solid
with increasing pressure. The melting point of a substance is identical to its freezing point. The two differ only in
the direction from which the phase change is approached. The melting point at 1 atm is the normal melting point.
 Figure 7
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