Chapter2 Network Model 09102020 041049pm

Chapter 2
Network Models
2.1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example,

let us consider two friends who communicate through postal
mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be
complex if there were no services available from the post
office.
Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
Layered Tasks
 Sender, Receiver and Carrier
Layered Tasks
 Hierarchy
 Higher Layer
 Middle Layer
 Lower Layer
 Services
 The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately

below it.
2.2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s.
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
Layered Architecture
 The OSI model is composed of seven layers ;
Physical (layer1), Data link (layer2), Network (layer3)
Transport (layer4), Session (layer5), Presentation (layer6)
Application (layer7)
 Layer
The OSI model allows complete interoperability between

otherwise incompatible systems.
The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately
below it.
Layered Architecture (cont’d)
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

Peer-to-peer Processes
 Layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on
another machine - called Peer-to-Peer Processes.
 Interfaces between Layers

Each interface defines what information and services a layer
must provide for the layer above it.
Organizations of the layers
 Network support layers : Layers 1, 2, 3
 User support layer : Layer 5, 6, 7
 It allows interoperability among unrelated software systems
 Transport layer (Layer 4) : links the two subgroups
Peer-to-peer Processes (cont’d)
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
Peer-to-peer Processes (cont’d)
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
 The data portion of a packet at level N-1 carries the whole packet
from level N. – The concept is called encapsulation.
2.3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each layer

in the OSI model.

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Physical Layer
 Physical layer coordinates the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
 The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

Physical Layer
 Physical layer is concerned with the following:
(deal with the mechanical and electrical specification of

the primary connections: cable, connector)
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
 Representation of bits
 Data rate : transmission rate
 Synchronization of bits
 Line configuration
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode
Data Link Layer
 The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Data Link Layer
 Major duties
 Framing
 Physical addressing
 Flow control
 Error control
 Access control
Data Link Layer
 Hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery
Network Layer
 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
individual packets from the source host to the destination
host.
Network Layer
 Logical addressing
 Routing
Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
Transport Layer
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Transport Layer
 Service port addressing
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Connection control
 Flow control
 Error control
Session Layer
 The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
Presentation Layer
 The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
Application Layer
 The application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user.
Application Layer
 The major duties of the application
 Network virtual terminal
 File transfer, access, and management
 Mail services
 Directory services
Summary of Layers
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2.4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol
suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network,
internet, transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP
is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol
suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network,
transport, and application.

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
Physical and Data Link Layers
 At the physical and data link layers, TCP/IP does not
define any specific protocol.
 It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols.
 A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-area

network or a wide-area network.
Network Layer
 TCP/IP supports the Internetworking Protocol.
 IP uses four supporting protocols : ARP, RARP, ICMP,

and IGMP.
 IP (Internetworking Protocol)
 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
 IGMP (Internet Group Message Protocol)
Transport Layer
 The transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by two
protocols : TCP and UDP.
IP is a host-to-host protocol
TCP and UDP are transport level protocols
responsible for delivery of a message from a
process to another process.
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
 SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)

Application Layer
 The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the
combined session, presentation, and application layers
in the OSI model.
 Many protocols are defined at this layer.

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Chapter 2

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example,

Topics discussed in this section:

 The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately

The OSI model allows complete interoperability between

Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

 Interfaces between Layers

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each layer

Topics discussed in this section:

 The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

(deal with the mechanical and electrical specification of

 Segmentation and reassembly

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

Topics discussed in this section:

 It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols.

 A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-area

 IP uses four supporting protocols : ARP, RARP, ICMP,

 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

 SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)

 Many protocols are defined at this layer.

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