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    Stamford 2

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    Eftikharul Alam
    The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. It explains how each layer performs communication functions and provides services to the next higher layer. It also maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model and discusses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. It provides examples of communication between nodes using physical addresses and between processes using port addresses. Finally, it briefly defines some common network devices like modems, repeaters, hubs, switches, and bridges.

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    Stamford 2

    Uploaded by

    Eftikharul Alam
    4 views44 pages
    The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. It explains how each layer performs communication functions and provides services to the next higher layer. It also maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model and discusses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. It provides examples of communication between nodes using physical addresses and between processes using port addresses. Finally, it briefly defines some common network devices like modems, repeaters, hubs, switches, and bridges.

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    Stamford_2

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    The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. It explains how each layer performs communication functions and provides services to the next higher layer. It also maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model and discusses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. It provides examples of communication between nodes using physical addresses and between processes using port addresses. Finally, it briefly defines some common network devices like modems, repeaters, hubs, switches, and bridges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    4 views44 pages

    Stamford 2

    Uploaded by

    Eftikharul Alam
    The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. It explains how each layer performs communication functions and provides services to the next higher layer. It also maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model and discusses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. It provides examples of communication between nodes using physical addresses and between processes using port addresses. Finally, it briefly defines some common network devices like modems, repeaters, hubs, switches, and bridges.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 44

    Data

    Communication
    Chapter 2:Network Models
    The OSI Model
     Open Systems Interconnection (OSI).
     Developed by the International Organization for
    Standardization (ISO).
     Model for understanding and developing computer-
    to-computer communication architecture that is
    flexible, robust and interoperable.
     It is not a protocol.
     Developed in the 1980s.
     Divides network architecture into seven layers.
    Dealing with Complex Systems:
     explicit structure allows identification, relationship
    of complex system’s pieces
     layered reference model for discussion
     modularization eases maintenance, updating of
    system
     change of implementation of layer’s service
    transparent to rest of system
     e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
    system

    Introduction 1-3
    • application: supporting network
    applications application
    – FTP, SMTP, HTTP
    • transport: process-process data transfer transport
    – TCP, UDP
    • network: routing of datagrams from network
    source to destination
    – IP, routing protocols link
    • link: data transfer between neighboring
    network elements physical
    – PPP, Ethernet
    • physical: bits “on the wire”

    Introduction 1-4
     presentation: allow applications to
    interpret meaning of data, e.g., Application
    encryption, compression, machine-
    Presentation
    specific conventions
     session: synchronization, session
    checkpointing, recovery of data Transport
    exchange
    Network
     Internet stack “missing” these layers!
     these services, if needed, must be Data link

    implemented in application physical


     needed?

    Introduction 1-5
    OSI cont.
     Each layer performs a subset of the required communication
    functions
     Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more
    primitive functions
     Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
     Changes in one layer should not require changes in other
    layers
     Layer 1,2,3 are the network support layer, deals with the
    physical aspects of moving data from one device to another.
     Layer 5,6,7 are the user support layer, allow the
    interoperability among unrelated software.
     Layer 4 ensures that what the lower layer have transmitted
    is in a form that the upper layers can use.
    OSI layer
     Application layer
     Presentation layer
     Session layer
     Transport layer
     Network layer
     Data Link layer
     Physical layer
    OSI layer
    Protocol Data Units (PDU)
     At each layer, protocols are used to communicate
     Control information is added to user data at each layer
     For example, the transport layer may fragment user data
     Each fragment has a transport header added
     Destination Address
     Sequence number
     Error detection code
     This creates a transport protocol data unit (TPDU)
    An exchange using the OSI model
    Layer 1,2,3

    Application Application
    Presentatio Presentatio
    n
    Session n
    Session
    Transport Transport
    Network Network
    Layer- Layer-
    Data Link 3 3 Data Link
    Physical Device Device Physical
    Layer 2 and 3 addressing schemes needed and
    layer 1 addressing scheme is not needed
    Layer 1: Physical Layer
     Responsible of:
     Transmitting individual bits from one to the
    next.
     Physical characteristics of interface and media.
     Representation of bits: a stream of bit(0s,1s),
     Data rate.
     Synchronize of bits
     Line configuration
     Physical topology
     Transmission mode
    Physical Layer cont.
    Layer 2: Data Link layer
     Responsible of:
     Moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.
     Framing: divided the stream of bits received from
    the network layer manageable data units called
    frames.
     Physical address (MAC address).
     Flow control.
     Error control: added trailer to the end of frame.
     Access control.
     Hop to hop delivery
    Data Link layer cont.

    10110110101 01100010011 10110000001


    Hop-to-Hop delivery
    Layer 3: Network Layer
     The network layer is responsible:
     The delivery of individual packets from the
    original source to the final destination .
     Logical addressing: if the packet passes the
    network boundary we need another addressing
    system to help (source to destination) connection.
     Routing : route or switch the packet to final
    destination.
     Source-to-destination delivery (End-to-End).
    Network Layer cont.
    Source-to-Destination delivery
    Layer 4: Transport Layer
     The transport layer is responsible for:
     Service point or Port addressing
     Segmentation and reassembly : a message is
    divided into transmittable segments each segment
    containing a sequence no.
     Connection Control: connection oriented or
    connectionless.
     Flow control
     Error control
    Transport Layer cont.
    Reliable process-to-process delivery of
    a message
    Layer 5: Session Layer
     Dialog control: design to establish, maintain,
    and synchronize the interaction between
    communicating systems.
     Synchronization: it allows a process to add
    checkpoints or synchronization points to a
    data stream.
    Session Layer cont.
    Layer 6 :Presentation Layer
     Design to the handle the syntax and semantic
    of the information exchanged between 2
    systems.
     And design for data translation, encryption,
    decryption, and compression.
    Presentation Layer cont.
    Layer 7: Application Layer
     The application layer is responsible for
    providing services to the user.
     Mail services
     File transfer, access and management
     Remote log-in or network virtual terminal
     Accessing the World Wide Web
     Directory service
    Application Layer cont.

    Telnet
    SMTP Telnet HTTP SMTP HTTP
    Summary
    Application data stream

    Presentation data stream data

    Session data stream

    Transport data data data Segments

    Network Network header data packets

    Data link Frame H Network H data From trailer Frames

    Physical 1110111 0111 011111101 Bits


    TCP/IP Protocol Suite
     The TCP/IP protocol suite is a hierarchical
    protocol , made of five layers:
     Physical layer
     Data link layer
     Network layer
     Transport layer
     Application layer.
    Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
    TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
     The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not
    exactly match those in the OSI model.
     The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined
    as having four layers: host-to-network,
    internet, transport, and application.
     However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we
    can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made
    of five layers: physical, data link, network,
    transport, and application.
    TCP/IP and OSI model
    ADDRESSING
     Four levels of addresses are used in an
    internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
    physical address, logical address, port
    address and specific address.
    Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

    SCTP: Stream Control Transmission Protocol


    TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
    UDP: User Datagram Protocol
    Example 2.1
     In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a
    frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
    are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure
    shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the
    sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the
    receiver.
    Example 2.3
     Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two
    routers connecting three LANs. Each device
    (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical
    and physical) for each connection. In this case, each
    computer is connected to only one link and
    therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each
    router, however, is connected to three networks
    (only two are shown in the figure). So each router
    has three pairs of addresses, one for each
    connection.
    Figure 2.20 IP addresses
    Example 2.4
     Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via
    the Internet. The sending computer is running three
    processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and
    c. The receiving computer is running two processes
    at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in
    the sending computer needs to communicate with
    process j in the receiving computer. Note that
    although physical addresses change from hop to hop,
    logical and port addresses remain the same from the
    source to destination.
    Figure 2.21 Port addresses
    Network Devices
     Modem: a device that modulates a digital signal
    onto analog signal for transmission over telephone
    lines.
     Repeater: Re-generates the signal again.
    DEVICES :
    1. Hub, a distributor that has a lot of ports which
    connected to computers.
    2. Switches, like a hub but it transmit packets to it destination
    3. Bridge, it is used to connect two similar LANs.
    4. Routers, choose the best path to transmit the packet.
    5. Gateway, it is use to connect two deferent LANs and
    connect different application protocols.
    6. Repeaters, repeats signals that travels via long distance
    Network devices With Layer
    Layers Network Devices

    Application Layer Application gateway

    Transport Layer Transport gateway

    Network Layer Router and gateway

    Data link layer Bridge and Switch

    Physical Layer Repeater, Hub and Modem.

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