Chemistry Project

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

NO.1 KANKARBAGH

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM


STABILITY OF SOAPS

SUBMITTED BY: WAIBHAW KUMAR


CLASS : XII – B
SESSION: 2022-23
SUBMITTED TO : DK DAS SIR
CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT WAIBHAW KUMAR OF CLASS XII B


HAS SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED THE CHEMISTRY PROJECT
ENTITLED ‘STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY
OF SOAPS’
PRESCRIBED BY THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECOND0ARY EDUCATION
FOR THE AISSCE DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL :

SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER IN CHARGE :

SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER :


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I place my record, my profound gratitude to the principal of Kendriya


Vidyalaya, Kankarbagh for granting me all the facilities for
completion of my project.
It gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our
chemistry teacher Mr. DK Das sir for guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the project. Without her
motivation and help, successful completion of this project would not
have been possible. I also thank my fellow teammates Pratyush
Raj, Gautam, Piyush and Shreyash for their support and cooperation.
Above all, I express my thankfulness and praise the almighty for his
blessings throughout his work.
INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
2. AIM
3. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
4. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
5. THEORY
6. PROCEDURE
7. OBSERVATIN
8.CALCULATION
8. RESULT
9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
TO STUDY THE FOAMING CAPACITY AND
FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS
OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The objective of this project is to compare the foaming capacities and


foam stability of different samples of soaps and hence to determine the
best brand among them.
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. The higher fatty acids may
be such as stearic acid (C17H35COOH), palmitic acid (C15H31COOH). A soap molecule
has a lipophilic (oil soluble) part and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part. Soaps are
used for washing purposes.
When soap is shaken with water, it produces foam which is responsible for removal of
dirt. A soap which produces more foam is more effective in cleaning.
The cleaning action of soap can be explained by keeping in mind that a soap molecule
contains a non-polar lipophilic group and a polar hydrophilic group. The dirt is held on
the surface of clothes by the oil or grease which is present there. When soap is applied,
+
the non-polar alkyl group dissolves in oil droplets while the polar –COO-Na group
remains dissolved in water. In this way, each oil droplet is surrounded by negative
charge. These negatively charged oil droplets cannot coalesce and a stable emulsion is
formed. These oil droplets containing dirt particles can be washed away with water.

Long Hydrocarbon Chain (Hydrophobic end) Hydrophilic end


Ga ap mo Iecul es

Dirt particl e
(OiI or G reaseJ

(aJ So ap mi celle (aJ So ap micell e entraps


t he dirt particl e
Cleansing action cif sa ap
MATERIALS AND REQUIRED

To do this experiment we will need the following materials and


equipments:

 200 ml beaker
 Watch glass
 Weighing machine
 250 ml measuring cylinder
 Stop-watch
 Different samples of soaps
 Distilled water
 Glass rod
THEORY

There is no quantitative method for the


determination of foaming capacity of soap. However,
the foaming capacity of different soaps can be
compared qualitatively by the following way.
Solutions of different soapsare prepared by
dissolving their equal weights in equal volumes of
distilled water. These solutions are shaken vigorously
to produce foam and then they are allowed to stand.
The volume of the foam produced initially is noted and
compared as well as volume of foam remaining after
a specific amount of time for each solution is also
noted. The greater the quantity of foam produced in a
given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity and
longer the
time taken for disappearance of foam, greater is its foam
stability.

Foaming capacity = (Foam volume/initial sample volume)*100%

Foam stability = (Foam volume after 30min/initial foam volume)*100%


PROCEDURE

1. Weigh 1g of each of the different samples of soaps provided to you


in a watch glass.
2. Dissolve each of these weighed samples in distilled water
separately, in different beakers to form a total of 200ml solution.
Label the solutions as 1,2,3,4 etc.
3. Stir the sample thoroughly with a glass rod to produce foam.
4. Pour the solution into a 250 ml measuring cylinder.
5. Measure the amount of foam present in the measuring cylinder and
note down the readings.
6. After 30 minutes, note down the final readings in a tabular form.
7. Repeat the above steps for all the samples provided to you.
OBSERVATION

Weight of the each soap sample taken = 1g


Volume of the solution after mixing the soap sample to the water = 200mL,
for each sample taken
Observation Table:
S. Brand of Initial reading Initial volume of Final reading Final volume of Decrease in
No. soap Lower Upper foam Lower Upper foam volume of foam
(after 30 min) after 30 min
Liquid dishwasher
1. Vim 200 232 32ml 200 224 24ml 8ml
2. Pril 200 240 40ml 200 232 32ml 8ml
3. Bizz 200 270 70ml 200 240 40ml 30ml
Hand wash soap
1. Wonderspa 200 222.5 22.5ml 200 207.5 7.5ml 15ml
2. Dettol 200 262.5 62.5ml 200 215 15ml 47.5ml
3. Lifebuoy 200 230 30ml 200 212.5 12.5ml 17.5ml
Shampoo
1. Himalaya 200 250 50ml 200 242.5 42.5ml 7.5ml
2. Sunsilk 200 242.5 42.5ml 200 235 35ml 7.5ml
3. Dheedhi 200 232.5 32.5ml 200 227.5 27.5ml 5ml
CALCULATIONS
Foaming
capacities =
(initial volume of foam/ initial volume of sample solution)*100
Foam stability =
(final volume of foam/ initial volume ofoam)*100
Foaming capacity of –
1. Vim = 16 6. Lifebuoy = 15
2. Pril = 20 7. Himalaya = 25
3. Bizz = 35 8. Sunsilk = 21.25
4. Wonderspa = 11.25 9. Dheedhi = 16.25
5. Dettol = 31.25
Foam stability of –
6. Lifebuoy = 41.67
1. Vim = 75
7. Himalaya = 85
2. Pril = 80
8. Sunsilk = 82.35
3. Bizz = 57.14
4. Wonderspa = 33.33 9. Dheedhi = 84.61
5. Dettol = 24
RESULT

Among liquid dishwashers, Pril has maximum foaming capacity and


Pril has maximum foam stability.
Best liquid dishwasher brand among these is Pril.

Among hand wash soaps, Dettol has maximum foaming capacity and
Lifebuoy has maximum foam stability.
Best hand wash soap brand among these is Dettol.

Among shampoos, Himalaya has maximum foaming capacity and


Himalaya has maximum foam stability.
Best shampoo brand among these is Himalaya.
CONCLUSION
The soap that makes more volume of foam has the highest
foaming capacity and that which takes more time to disappear, has
maximum foam stability.
The soap with maximum foaming capacity and maximum foam
stability is the best quality soap or detergent among the samples
tested.
If foaming capacity is high and foam stability is low or foam
stability is high and foaming capacity is low, we draw the
conclusion that soap with higher foaming capacity is the better
soap.
BIBLOGRAPHY

INTERNET
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.icbse.com
3. www.youtube.com

BOOKS
1. Comprehensive practical chemistry

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