Subject Matter: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Topic: Selection of Related Literature

OBJECTIVES
WHAT I NEED At the end of the lesson, you should achieve the following objectives:
TO KNOW 1. Select, cite, and synthesize related literature.
2. Use sources according to ethical standards
3. Gather and synthesize information from different sources of information
4. Familiarize the different citation styles and formats
5. Write citations correctly on the sources used in a research study

WHAT I
KNOW
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. 1. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an

overview of all the writings relative to your specific topics.
a. Introduction c. Methodology
b. Review of Related Literature d. Results and Discussion
2. It is defined as a means of informing your readers that a certain piece of
information came from a specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the
explanation of a certain situation or data of your research.
a. Literature c. Citations
b. Review d. Sources
3. This guideline in citation secures that all data and information, facts, ideas or
principles from your sources are discussed or explained separately.
a. By Topic c. Chronological
b. By author d. Bibliography
4. This is a citation style that uses notes and bibliography and author-date format.
a. APA c.CMS
b. MLA d. HARVARD
5.This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors.
a. Attitude c. Humor
b. Ethics d. Behavior
 WHAT’S
NEW
Direction: Determine if the source would be a Primary Source or Secondary Source.

1. A biography about Jose Rizal.

2. The declaration of independence.
3. A TV show explaining what happened in Japan.
4. A website describing what World War II was.
5. A Filipino veteran talking about Martial Law.
6. Abraham Lincoln's diary describing what he thought about the civil war.
7. A letter from a soldier describing World War 2.
8. An actor sharing his experience on a movie shooting.
9. A history book describing Philippine Island.
10.A journal is written by Riza about her unforgettable experience

WHAT IS
IT
Review of Related Literature
• One of the major components of a research paper.
• It gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic.
• Selecting the right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a quality
research paper.

Types of Sources
• Primary source- publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the results of his studies.
Example: Monthly, quarterly or annual journals.
• Secondary source- publications or writings wherein a certain author describes the work of
another author.
Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks as much as possible, use the
primary sources to avoid tampering and miscommunications on the data.

In identifying a possible source of your RRL, you can refer to the following characteristics
below:
1. The sources that you should use must be updated and reliable.
2. It must be as fair and objective as possible.
3. It must be relevant to your topic.
4. It must provide accurately and enough information on your topic.
 WHAT’S
MORE
Direction:Visit your school library or utilize any available materials at home and look for writings or
materials that can be possible sources of information for your chosen research topic. List as many sources
as you can using the tablebelow: Please follow the given example

SOURCE DETAILS
Example: Author: Jane C. dela Cruz Date
Published: 2010
1. Textbook on Food Handling
Publisher: MCA Publishing House
Place
of Publishing: Manila City, PHL
Subject Matter: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Topic: Citation of Related Literature

WHAT IS IT
Citation
• Informing your readers that certain information came from a specific source and you
just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain situation or data of your research.

TWO WAYS TO CITE SOURCES:

A. The In-text citation refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the chapters
in your research paper. The commonly used information in this manner of citation is the
following:
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
3. The page number where you found the information
B. Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper.
This holds the summary of the information of all of your sources. Information needed
in making the referencing list involves the following:
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
3. The page number where you found the information
4. Publisher
5. Place of Publishing
6. Volume
7. Edition
8. Other relevant information

GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT CITATION

1) By author or writer
a) In this method of citation, all your data and information, facts, ideas or principles
from your sources are discussed or explained separately.
b) Example:
Cruz (2002) states that research is …
Dela Torre (2005) described the research as …
c) In this example, it is evident that by using by author or writer method, the
information coming from a specific author will be discussed separately from the
others.
2) By topic
a) This method of citation is used when several authors or sources give the same
information about a certain topic. The citation of the information will be granted to all of
the authors.
b) Example:
Accordingly, research is … (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005)
c) In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna & Magsaysay) shared the same idea about
research. When you are going to use this information, make sure to cite ALL of the
authors that published this said information.
3) Chronological
a) Citing sources using the chronological method involves sequencing the information
based on the year it was published.
b) Example:
Yu (2005) states that …
And (2007) discussed about…
Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
c) In this example, the sources are arranged chronologically from the earliest to the latest.

3 COMMON CITATION STYLES

1. American Psychological Association (APA)
This citation is commonly used when a researcher works in social science-related
researches. APA follows an author-date format, wherein, the needed information for
its in-text citation is the author’s surname and the year of publishing. APA follows
different formats for varying authors and their number.

I. APA Citation for works with one (1) author

In working with APA citation style for one author source, you will need the
author’s surname and the year of its publication.
Example:
By author: Lee (2005) states that the earth is …
By topic: The composition of Earth is … (Lee, 2005)

II. APA Citation for works with two (2) authors

Citing sources with two authors using APA style still needs the authors’
surnames and the year of publication. The format varies whether you want
to use a by author or by the topic manner of citation.
Examples:
By author: Kim and Lee (2009) state that …
By topic: Accordingly, (Kim & Lee, 2009)

In the by topic manner, the word “and” will be replaced by a symbol “&”
which is known as the ampersand. The authors’ surname and the year of
publishing are separated by comma (,).
III. APA Citation for works with three (3) to five (5) authors
The information needed in this number of authors is still the authors’ surname and
the year of publication. The format varies on the manner of citation used and the
frequency of its usage.
Examples:
By author: Kim, Lee, Young, and Yu (2015) discussed …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim, Lee, Young & Yu, 2015).

In the by topic manner, the replacement of the word “and” to “&” is still applicable.
Still, the author’s surname and the year of publication will be separated using a
comma. If you wish to use the same source for many times, another the format will
be followed.

Examples:
By author: Kim et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim et al., 2015).
In this format, the citation will be shortened by sustaining the first author and
replacing the others with the word “et al.” which means “and others”. In “et al.”, the
period will be placed only after the “al.”.

IV. APA Citation for works with six (6) to ten (10) authors
Citing literature with this number of authors follows the following format:
Examples:
By author: Lee et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Lee et al., 2015). This format will be used
in all of the citations made

V. APA Citation for works with associations, corporations, government

agencies, etc., as the author
In this case, the associations, corporations, government agencies will serve as the
author. The year of publication is still needed.
Examples:
By author: According to the Department of Education (2012) …
By topic: The education is … (Department of Education, 2012)

However, if the associations, corporations, government agencies have a

well_x0002_known abbreviation, the abbreviations can be added in the first citation
and will be used in proceeding citations to follow. Abbreviations shall be enclosed
in a bracket [ ].

Examples:
First Citation: Department of Education [DepEd] (2012)…
Second Citation: DepEd (2012) discussed …
VI. APA Citation for works with indirect sources
Indirect sources refer to sources that were mentioned in another source. In this case,
the primary author is needed, the year it was published, and its page number.
Example:
Brown discussed that … (as cited by Smith, 2002, p. 92).

The primary authors’ last name, year of publication, and page are separated by
commas.

VII. APA Citation for electronic sources

Electronic sources refer to materials that are in an electronic form, i.e. pdf files. For
this type of source, the citation follows the author-date format, varying from its
number of authors.
Examples:
By author: Perry (2006) states that the …
By topic: The … (Perry, 2006).

VIII. APA Citation for websites with author and year published
In the review of related literature from this source, the author-date format is still
used.
Examples:
By author: John (2010) states that the …
By topic: The … (John, 2010).

IX. APA Citation for websites without author but with the year published
In this style of citation, the title will replace the author and will follow the author-
date format. The title will be enclosed in quotation marks (“).
Examples:
By author: “The Solar System” (2012) ….
By topic: It is said that … (“The Solar System”, 2012)

X. APA Citation for websites with an author but without year published
To cite these sources, dates will be abbreviated by “n.d.”, which means “no date”.
Examples:
By author: Green (n.d.) stated that …
By topic: Accordingly, … (Green, n.d.)

XI. APA Citation for websites without author and year published
To cite these sources, use the title of the enclosed with quotation marks (“) in lieu of
the author, and write “n.d.” to specify no date.
Examples:
By author: “The Hydrosphere” (n.d.) …
By topic: Accordingly … (“The Hydrosphere, n.d.)
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)
MLA is one commonly used citation style in research papers usually used in liberal arts
and humanities. Unlike APA, MLA follows an author- page format, wherein authors’
surname and the page number where it could be found is needed.

I. Citing Print Sources

II. In the MLA format, the page number is always enclosed in parenthesis and can be
found at the ending of each statement. The authors’ surname and the page number are
NOT separated by a comma.
Examples:
Grey stated that …. (50).
Accordingly, (Grey 50).

3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

CMA is a citation style that presents two basic documentation systems:
A. notes and bibliography and
B. author-date. The use of the two documentation systems differs from the
subject matter and the sources cited.

3.1 Notes and Bibliography System

This documentation system is preferred in researches concerning the field of
humanities such as literature, arts, and history. In this system, bibliographic
information such as notes and bibliography is needed. Footnotes or endnotes are
placed in the bottom part of the paper and provide all information relative to the
source.

i. CMS - Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with one author.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking
anymore. 1
Endnote:
John Levi, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
ii. CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with two authors The
format for this system is the same as those with one author.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi and Charles discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for
drinking anymore. 1
Endnote:
John Levi and Thomas Charles, Our water of today, (New York, LMR
Publishing, 2016), 305
iii. CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with four or more authors.
This system follows the same format like the preceding. This system follows the same
format as that of the preceding two. Only one name of the author will be presented,
followed by et al. to represent the remaining authors.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi et al. discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking
anymore. 1
Endnote:
John Levi et al., Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing,
2016), 305

3.2 Author-Date System

The CMS author-date system is commonly used when a researcher will pursue studies
in line with physical, natural, and social sciences. Unlike
the notes and bibliography system, this system uses the author’s surname and date of
publication. The complete information of the source will be given in the bibliography
section.
a) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with one author
Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz 2003, 378).
This is the format for this system: (Author’s last name year, page.
b) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with two authors.
Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz and Torres 2003, 378).
The format is the same as with the works with one author
c) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with four authors
Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz et al. 2003, 378).
In this case, reflect only the first author and replace the remaining with et al.

REFERENCING LIST
• Other means of citing sources.
• Each citation style follows a different format in making a referencing list.
 CITATION STYLES by Torneo and Clamor-Torneo (2017)
1. APA Citation Style
When using the APA Citation style, referencing list is found at the end of the paper. It
commonly contains all information of the literature that are cited in the paper. When
following the APA format, all references are listed alphabetically according to their
surnames. Some reminders when using the APA format is given below:
a) You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be
indented by 0.5 from the left.
b) When writing the author’s name, the last name must come first before the given
name. The given name must be represented by initials. When there are two or more
authors, ellipses must be used to separate them.
c) The first word of the title must be capitalized. Other necessary publication
information and proper noun should follow the same format.

GUIDELINES IN MAKING A REFERENCING LIST USING APA

FORMAT FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
BOOKS
Format: Author’s last name, given name, and middle name initials, (Year of
publication). Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Example:
James, B.N. (2009). The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our
existence. Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing.

JOURNAL ARTICLES
Format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. (Year). Title of the article.
Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.

Example:
Gonzales, P. (2010). Chemistry and life: A study on the functions and importance of
chemistry in daily life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 887-893.

ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper.
Retrieved from http://www.address.com/full/url/

Example:
Cruz, K.L. (2019, January 23). The election mania. KBS News. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.kbs.com/the_election_mania_2019
ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES
Format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article [file format].
Retrieved from http://www.address.com/full/url

Example:
Dela Cruz, A.N. (2019). The big bang theory [ppt].
Retrieved from
http://www.drive.google.com/file/6thgrkvlw5%bgmh/

2. MLA Citation Style

The MLA citation style commonly needs a Works Cited page on a different page at the end
of the research. All cited sources in the body of the research must be cited in the Works
Cited. The list of the authors must be arranged alphabetically by their surnames. Here are
some considerations that you must look into when using the MLA Citation Style.
a) Hanging indention format must also be followed. Subsequent lines ofeach entry
must be indented by 0.5 from the left.
b) In using the MLA format, the author’s last name will be followed bytheauthor’s
complete given name. If the middle name is given, it should alsobe written after
the given name. if the author has namesuffixes, it shouldbe written on the last part.
c) All words in the title must be capitalized. Prepositions or conjunctions are
excluded by this rule, except if it is the first word of the title.

MLA CITATION FORMATS

BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year
of Publication. Medium of Publication.

Example:
James, Brian. The history of the Universe: Knowing the Truth out of Our
Existence. Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing, 2009. Print.
ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES
Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Article”. Title of Publication, volume
number, and issue number, (year of publication). Date of access.
[Note: (1) If the journal is exclusively available online, write “n.pag.” to denote
that there is no pagination of the publication. (2) If there is a print copy, provide a
copy of the page number and the medium of publication used.]

Example:
Gonzales, Pedro. Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance of
Chemistry in Daily Life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010):n.pag. 3 March
2011.

ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article.
Date of Publication. Medium of publication. Date of access

Example:
Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (13 Dec. 2018).Web. 23 January
2019

ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date file was created.
Medium

Example:
Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. 1 February 1998. PowerPoint
Presentation.

3. CMS Citation Style

In using the CMS Citation Style in making references, the sources will be arranged
alphabetically, through the author’s last name. Referencing lists in CMS is termed as
“Bibliography”. A bibliography must include all the cited related literature in the research
body.
GUIDELINES IN MAKING A BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year
of Publication.

Example:
James, Brian. The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of
our existence. Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing, 2009.

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of Publication, volume
number, and issue number, (year of publication). Pages. Date when accessed. URL.

Example:
Gonzales, Pedro. “Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and
Importance of Chemistry in Daily Life”. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010):
887-893. March 3, 2011.
http://www.chemistry.org/journal_on_chemistry_and_life/

ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article, Date of
publication.URL. Date of access (if necessary)

Example:
Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (Dec. 13, 2018).
http://www.kbsnews.com/the_election_mania. January 23, 2019

ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Format: Last name. First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date of access or if
available, date last modified. URL:

Example:
Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. February 15, 1998.
http://www.powerpointslides.com/the_big_bang_theory/
 WHAT’S
MORE
Direction: Determine whether the following is using APA, MLA, or CMS Citation Styles.

ITEM CITATION STYLE USED

1. The earth is ……. (Robinson,
2011)
2. Song et al. (2012) stated that …

3. Lim described human beings as….

(45).
4. “The Philippines” (2009) defined

5. Norman explained the meaning

of….2

6. It is stated that … (White 2005,

357)
7. Chang (n.d.) stipulated that …

8. According to DepEd (2005), …

9. Gonzales explained that … (as

cited by Brown, 2018, p. 92)
10. It was stated that … (dela Cruz,
Medina, Gray and Yu, 2018).
Subject Matter: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Topic: Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature

WHAT IS IT
LESSON 3.1. DEFINITION AND TYPES OF
SYNTHESIS
Synthesis
• Combination of information and discussion from one or more relevant
sources of information.
• When doing a synthesis, you need to extract the important information
coming from all your sources. You have to find the similarities and
differences from one source to the other and you must instill the
importance of this information in your research study.

2 WAYS TO PRESENT INFORMATION WHEN

DOING A SYNTHESIS
• Explanatory synthesis deals with presenting the information through explanations and
presents it objectively.

EXAMPLE:
According to the Divine Creation Theory, the world was created by the Almighty.
All creatures are made into life through his power. He crafted the universe in just 6 days.
He made the human beings from sand and blessed them with life through his breath.

• Argument synthesis enables a researcher to present his/her point of view from a certain topic
in a logical manner. Information that is written using an argument synthesis is usually
debatable.

EXAMPLE:
The world is made through evolution and scientific reactions, wherein all living
creatures undergo different mutations and reactions to become what it is right now. This
statement is supported by the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selectionwhich is published
by Charles Darwin.
LESSON 3.2. CATEGORIES OF SOURCES
The sources for the data and information for the crafting of Review of RelatedLiterature are
categorized into four (4).

1. Documents- these sources include those materials that are written or printed such as books,
newspaper reports, research articles, etc. This source can come in a published or non- published
state.
2. Numerical records- This source is considered a subcategory of documents. This source
includes numerical data in written form such as census reports, school budgets, etc.
3. Oral statements- Stories, myths, legends, songs and other forms of oral data composes this
type of source.
4. Relics- this source commonly composes information about the past.

LESSON 3.3. WRITING A SYNTHESIS

To write your synthesis, Prieto et al. (2017) suggested ways that you must follow.
1. You must consider your purpose in writing.
2. You must select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main idea that you want to present in your
synthesis.
4. Decide how will you use your source materials and take down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis

When you are going to write your synthesis, you can use the following techniques as your
guide.
1. Summary- the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. When using this technique, you are going
to write the most relevant information and sources
you gathered.
2. Example or illustration- it is a technique wherein you are going to synthesize information by
giving examples and illustrations of your specific information.
3. Two (or more) Reasons- this technique includes presenting the thesis and supporting it with
reasons why it is factual.
4. Comparison and Contrast- In using this technique, you are going to show the similarities and
differences of two or more data.
 In using this synthesis matrix, you must understand the important terminologies. The Topic
above refers to your respective research topics and must be filled up before starting your synthesis.
The Main Idea A, B, n refers to the possible sections of your RRL. You are going to write the
things that can affect your research. if your topic would be focusing on the effectiveness of
different teaching strategies towards the
learning progress of students in VNHS, you can use teaching strategies as one of the main ideas.
These main ideas can help you to find the needed and relevant information for your RRL are. You
can have as many main ideas as you can, provided that this is related to your research topic. The
Sources nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, n, on the other hand, refers to the sources of your information. In this area,
you need to take note of all the details of your sources to be used for your citation. It would be
better to have many sources because it will give you a variety of information and can help you
elaborate more your main idea.

WHAT’S
MORE
Directions: Using the outputs from your preceding activities, make the synthesis of your research
study using the matrix.
Subject Matter: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Topic:Writing a Coherent Review of Related Literature

WHAT IS IT

LESSON 4.1 Review of Related Literature Structure

3 MAJOR SECTIONS OF RRL
1. Introduction
• commonly composed of a single paragraph wherein information about the general
topic of your research is presented.
• It provides the overall statement of knowledge about your research topic.
• Gives an overview of the contents of your RRL highlighting the points.
2. Main Body
• Focuses on presenting all the relevant information that you have gathered.
• Contents of this section come from your synthesis matrix.
3. Conclusion
• A single paragraph that functions in providing a summary of the overall state of
knowledge about the topic.

LESSON 4.2. Guidelines in Writing Literature

Review
Prieto et al. (2017) crafted the following rules that you can use to produce a quality
RRL.

Rule 1. Define the topic and the audience. When defining a topic, consider factors such as
interest, significance, and recency.
Rule 2. Search and research reference list.
Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review.
Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish to write.
Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest.
Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
Rule 8. Find a logical structure.
Rule 9. Make use of feedback.
 In presenting your review of related literature, the following states are recommended
to showcase coherency.
1. There appears to be strong evidence that …
2. The literature has shown …
3. The foregoing literature has shown …
4. The data supporting the hypothesis are …

Another pointer in crafting a coherent review of related literature is to use an index card. It
is one of the most convenient and effective research tools that will help you in organizing your
information for this chapter. Here’s how to use your index cards.
• Make a separate card for each source.
• Give each source a racking number.
• For a book, include the author, title, date & place of publication, and publisher.
• For a periodical, also include the page numbers of the article.
• For a website, write the title, the sponsors and authors if known; the site and date when it was
created or uploaded, and the date when you access the site.

In using an index card, you must see to it that you have the following information:
• Where you found the information
• Topic
• Paraphrased information found
• The Page you found the fact on
 WHAT’S
MORE
Directions: Make individual index cards following the format given above. Use a
½ size index card.
Subject Matter: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Topic: Use of Ethical Standards in Citing Related Literature

WHAT IS IT

LESSON 5.1. The Relationship of Ethics and

Research
Ethics
• In research, it can be defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors.
• A process of applying moral standards and principles in any undertaking.
• It can keep the researcher from committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth, and
respecting and protecting the rights of the respondents-humans and animals.
• Promote essential values that help researchers to have a common understanding and work on a topic
harmoniously.

8 PRINCIPLES

1) Honesty- a researcher must secure honesty in producing his/her study.Transparency is the key of
upholding honesty in research. Researchers must see to it that all borrowed intellectual property
must be cited accurately.
2) Objectivity- Researchers must see to it that she/he is free from any form of bias in all aspects of
his/her research paper.
3) Integrity- The researcher must secure that the study holds sincerity and
consistency. The researchers must see to it that all of the parts promised and presented during the
presentation of the proposal must be kept
4) Carefulness- The researcher must see to it that the conduct of the study must be free from any
carelessness and errors of negligence. All important data must be kept for future uses.
5) Openness- Researches must see to it that they are open-minded persons wherein they can accept
suggestions from others and they can handle constructive criticism.
6) Respect for intellectual property- A good researcher must see to it that she/he practices respect
for intellectual property. This principle can be executed upon proper citation of borrowed
statements and giving due credit to the owner.
7) Trustworthiness- A researcher must secure that he/she is maintaining his/her trustworthiness.
The researchers must see to it that any data or information in the research, especially those data
from surveys and other data gathering procedures, must be used according to its proper and allotted
usage only. The researchers must also keep the confidentiality of every data gathered and must
protect its privacy.
8) Social and legal responsibility- A researcher must abide by the legalities, rules,policies, and
regulations set by his/her partner institution or organization
 The need for ethics is very vital in research because of these reasons:

1) Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, understanding, and avoidance of
error.
2) Norms promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. They also protect intellectual property interests and
encourage confidentiality even in collaboration.
3) Norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. To a certain extent, they
draw parameters on which ideas to write and how they should be written.
4) Norms promote a variety of other important moral and social values. Ethical lapses in research
can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students,
other individuals, and the public in general.
5) Norms help build public support for research. This happens when individuals and organizations
believe in the integrity and credibility of the researcher/s, thus they will offer support for the
project.

To further understand the function of ethics in research, here are some terminologies that
may aid you:
1) Ethical relativism- this refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a person feels
his/her value is better than any other person’s value.
2) Ethical principles- this term refers to values that are translated into rules or standards of
conduct.
3) Ethical dilemma- this refers to situations where there is an evident conflict between values and
principles and the choice of action needs to be decided

The following are the possible scientific misconducts that can be done in research:

1) Fabrication and falsification of data

• Also known as “cooking of data”.
• This scientific misconduct involves producing data without actual experimentation or
altering data in recording for the intention to fit them to what is expected.
2) Non-publication of data
• Involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-
established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis.
• Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published.
3) Faulty data gathering procedures
• It is referred to as negligence or carelessness that leads to errors in measurement or faulty
research instruments.
• An Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor
data recording.
4) Plagiarism
• It is a fraudulent act that involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or publication.
• It is a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in scientific
publications.
4 types of Plagiarism.
a) Copy and Paste Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism involves copying information word-by-word
without giving due credit to the source. Copy and paste plagiarism can be avoided upon enclosing the
borrowed words with quotation marks (“) and properly citing the author.
b) Mosaic Plagiarism- this is defined by changing only some words in the copied information. The
sentence structure is still maintained.
c) Misattribution Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be done if an author wrongly cited information,
maybe to the wrong authors or to the nonexisting authors.
d) Self-Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be committed if an author republishes his/her work. Self-
plagiarism comes in two forms, duplication, and replication. Duplication can be committed once a
researcher copies and submits without proper citations. Replication, on the other hand, is multiple cases of
duplication.

WHAT’S
MORE
Direction: Identify five (5) researchers in your local area, may it be a thesis writer, a research assistant, a
teacher teaching a research subject, etc. Interview the researchers regarding their experiences in applying
ethical standards in research. Ask them about the challenges that they have experienced during the conduct
of their studies. Generalize the answer and write your conclusion based on the information you gathered.
Follow the matrix below:
Subject Matter: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Topic: Presenting Written Review of Related Literature

WHAT IS IT
LESSON 6.1. Literature Review Structure
The structure of the literature review greatly depends on the type of the research and the
research area. In the structure, topic areas, controversial issues, and questions with varying themes
must be considered.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

a) Focused- your RRL must be composed of information that is related to your research topic.
b) Concise- ideas must be presented economically.
c) Logical- the flow of ideas and information must be based on logic. It should be smooth-flowing.
d) Developed- your RRL must be composed of complete information.
e) Integrative- in instances of combining information, links between these ideas must be evident.
The contribution of the reviewed materials on the topic must also be shown.
f) Current- researchers must only use the new and trendy information about a research topic.

LESSON 6.2. Critical Evaluation of the Literature

In evaluating your Review of Related Literature, you can use the following questions:
1. Have you organized your material according to issues?
2. Is there a logic to the way you organized your material?
3. Does the amount of detail included on an issue related to its importance?
4. Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues?
5. Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and
discussed possible reasons?
6. Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research?
 WHAT I HAVE
LEARNED
Direction: Recall what you have learned from the discussion by completing the
statements below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. There are ______characteristics of sources for the literature review.

2. The two manners of citation are _________ and referencing list
3. In-text citation goes in three methods: a) by author, b) _____________ and c)
chronological.
4. The three citation styles are ___________, _______ and _______.
5. __________________ the information from relevant sources follows two
categories: Explanatory and Argument Synthesis.
6. The categories of sources for the synthesis are a) documents, b) numerical
records, c) oral statements and d) _____.
7. The crafting of a coherent literature review follows ______ rules.
8. ________________ are interconnected with each other.
9. I realized that following ethical standards in research study is important
because _________________________________.
10.My favorite citation style is _________________ because _____________________,

WHAT I CAN DO

Direction: Write 5 citations on any material available at home. Use any citation style that you
want.
ASSESSMEN
T
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose your answer from the given
options. Write the letter of the best answer.
1. It is defined as a means of informing your readers that a certain piece of information
came from a specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain
situation or data of your research.
a. Literatures b. Review c. Citations d. Sources
2. This is defined as the extraction of information and discussion from one or more relevant
literature.
a. Synthesis b. Summary c. Conclusion d. Explanation
3. It is a manner of citation that refers to all of the citations that are found in all of the
chapters in the research paper.
a. In-text citation c. bibliography
b. Out-text citation d. referencing list
4. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an overview of all
the writings relative to your specific topics.
a. Introduction c. Methodology
b. Review of Related Literatures d. Results and Discussion
5. This guideline in citation secures that all data and information, facts, ideas, or principles
from your sources are discussed or explained separately.
a. by topic b. by author c. chronological d. bibliography
6. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors.
a. attitude b. ethics c. humor d. behavior
7. This is a citation style that uses notes and bibliography and author-date format.
a. APA b. MLA c. CMS d. HARVARD
8. It is the guideline that is used in making synthesis.
a. Synthesis guide c. Synthesis matrix
b. Synthesis chart d. Synthesis graph
9. It is a source of your literature that is categorized by printed publications or writings
wherein a researcher reports the results of his studies.
a. Primary source c. Tertiary source
b. Secondary source d. General reference
10.This is a citation style that uses author-date format only.
a. APA b. MLA c. CMS d. HARVARD
REFERENCE
S
• Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high
school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
• Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 2 for senior high
school: Quantitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
• Torneo, A.R. & Clamor-Torneo, H.S. (2017). Practical research 2: An introduction to
quantitative research. Quezon City: SIBS Publishing House, Inc.