Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

QUARTER 1 - MODULE 3
Reading on Related Studies

Learning Competencies:

A. Select, cite, and synthesize related literature

B. Use sources according to ethical standards (at least 4-6 local and international
sources

Learing Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

➢ define terms related to research study
➢ gather and synthesize information from different sources of information
➢ familiarize the different citation styles and formats
➢ give the characteristics and mechanism of the review of related literature;
➢ write citations correctly on the sources used in a research study
➢ appreciate the importance of following ethical standards in using sources

Prepared by:

MA. JOYNA F. TEVES

Teacher II

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REVIEW
1.
2.
3.

PRE-ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 1: Identify Me. Direction: Read each description carefully and determine if the source
would be a PRIMARY SOURCE or SECONDARY SOURCE. Support your answer in details.

This activity assesses the ability to distinguish between primary sources (firsthand accounts or
original materials) and secondary sources (interpretations or analyses of primary sources).

Scenario 1:
Sarah, a journalist, is assigned to cover a protest rally against environmental degradation in a local
park. She arrives at the scene with her recording equipment and notebook, ready to gather
firsthand accounts and observations. As she interviews the protesters, she records their statements
and captures the sounds and chants and speeches. Sarah also takes photographs of the signs and
banners carried by the demonstrators. Additionally, she approaches the organizers of the rally and
obtain official statements regarding the purpose and goals of the protest. Throughout her
coverage, Sarah remains impartial and ensures to accurately represent the viewpoints expressed by
the participants. After the rally, she complies her notes, recordings, and photographs into a
comprehensive report, providing readers with a firsthand look at the event and the issue driving
the protest.

Scenario 2:
John, a history professor, is writing a research paper on the causes of World War I. To support his
arguments, he consults various primary sources such a diplomatic correspondence, newspaper
articles, and political speeches from the time period. After gathering these primary sources, John
begins the process of analyzing and interpreting the information they contain. He compares
different accounts of events, identifies common themes and patterns, and considers the
perspectives of different individuals and nations involved in the conflict. John also reviews scholarly
articles and books written by other historians who have analyzed similar primary sources and
proposed their own interpretations of the events leading up to World War I. Drawing on these
sources, John synthesizes the information to develop his own analysis of the causes of the war,
taking into account the insights and arguments presented by other scholars in the field.

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LESSON/DISCUSSION

Lesson 1: SELECTION OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature has always been an important part of a research paper.
In this section, the different researches, articles, journals, and all other publications
related to the chosen research topic will be identified, summarized, and acknowledged.

Review of Related Literature

 Is one of the major components of a research paper.
 It gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic (Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey,
T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila:
LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.)
 Therefore, selecting the right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a
quality research paper.

After you have chosen your research topic and crafted your 1st Chapter (Introduction), the next step for
the completion of your research paper is the writing of the Review of Related Literature.
When writing your RRL, you must first consider the sources that you are going to use as bases for the
contents of this chapter.

RRL sources are commonly classified into two major types; namely:
• Primary source
o Are firsthand accounts or original materials created at the time of the event or
period under study.
o Publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the
results of his studies. Example: Monthly, quarterly or annual journals.
• Secondary source
o Are interpretations or analyses of primary sources created after the fact by
historians or scholars.
o Publications or writings wherein a certain author describes the work of another
author. Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks as much as possible, use the
primary sources to avoid tampering and miscommunications on the data.

In identifying a possible source of your RRL, you can refer to the following characteristics below:
1. The sources that you should use must be updated and reliable.
2. It must be as fair and objective as possible.
3. It must be relevant to your topic.
4. It must provide accurately and enough information on your topic.

Activity 2
Directions: Visit your school library or utilize any available materials at home and look for writings or
materials that can be possible sources of information for your chosen research topic. List as many sources
as you can using the table below: Please follow the given example.

Source Details
Example: Author: Jane C. dela Cruz Date
1. Textbook on Food Handling Published: 2010
Publisher: MCA Publishing House Place
of Publishing: Manila City, PHL
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In this activity, you will be rated using the following:
10 pts - listed 7 or more sources with complete details
9 pts - listed 7 or more sources with incomplete details
8 pts - listed 5-6 sources with complete details
7 pts - listed 5-6 sources with incomplete details
6 pts - listed 3-4 sources with complete details
5 pts - listed 3-4 sources with incomplete details
4 pts - listed less than 3 sources with complete details
3 pts - listed less than 3 sources with incomplete details

Lesson 1 Quiz.
Direction: Read each description carefully and determine if the source would be a PRIMARY
SOURCE or SECONDARY SOURCE.

1. A history textbook discussing the events and consequences of the Martial Law period in the
Philippines under the Marcos regime.
2. An interview transcript with a survivor of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), recounting their
experiences and challenges during and after the disaster.
3. A personal diary written by a Filipino revolutionary leader during the Philippine Revolution
against Spanish colonization.
4. A scholarly article analyzing the impact of Spanish colonialism on indigenous cultures in the
Philippines.
5. A photograph taken by a Filipino photojournalist depicting the aftermath of a natural disaster in
the Philippines.
6. A government report presenting statistical data on poverty rates in different regions of the
Philippines.
7. A documentary film exploring the life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal a national hero of the
Philippines of feminist theory in the field of sociology.
8. A literature review article discussing the evolution
9. A textbook chapter summarizing various theories of personality developed by psychologists.
10. A journal article analyzing the findings of an experiment conducted by researchers.

Lesson 2: Citation of Related Literature

After identifying your research title, crafting your Introduction, and finding your possible sources
of information, the next thing that must be truly considered by a researcher is the means of citing
sources used.

Proper citation of a source is important for you to avoid complications and problems with the
authenticity of your data once your paper is already published.

Citation, in research, is defined as a means of informing your readers that certain information
came from a specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain
situation or data of your research.
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When citing sources, you must see to it that the information borrowed from other authors are
properly cited.
Citing of sources comes in two (2) manners, namely:
a) in-text citation
b) referencing list.

A. The In-text citation refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the chapters in your
research paper. The commonly used information in this manner of citation is the following:
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
3. The page number where you found the information
B. Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper. This holds
the summary of the information of all of your sources.
Information needed in making the referencing list involves the following:
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
3. The page number where you found the information
4. Publisher
5. Place of Publishing
6. Volume
7. Edition
8. Other relevant information

In the in-text- citation of related literature, three (3) guidelines should be considered, namely:
a) by author or writer
b) by topic
c) chronological means of citation.

1) By author or writer
a) In this method of citation, all your data and information, facts, ideas or principles from
your sources are discussed or explained separately.
b) Example:
Cruz (2002) states that research is …
Dela Torre (2005) described the research as …
c) In this example, it is evident that by using by author or writer method, the
information coming from a specific author will be discussed separately from the others.
2) By topic
a) This method of citation is used when several authors or sources give the same
information about a certain topic. The citation of the information will be granted to all of
the authors.
b) Example:
Accordingly, research is … (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005)
c) In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna & Magsaysay) shared the same idea about
research.
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 When you are going to use this information, make sure to cite ALL of the authors that
published this said information.
3) Chronological
a) Citing sources using the chronological method involves sequencing the information
based on the year it was published.
b) Example:
Yu (2005) states that …
And (2007) discussed about…
Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
c) In this example, the sources are arranged chronologically from the earliest to the latest.

In citing sources, you must see to it that citations of your sources are done correctly. Citation styles
are referred to as the format of the information needed during the citation.

There are three (3) most common citation styles that are used to cite sources, namely:
a) American Psychological Association (APA)
b) Modern Language Association (MLA) and
c) Chicago Manual of Style (CMS).

These three citation styles will be thoroughly discussed in the proceeding discussions.

1. American Psychological Association (APA)

This citation is commonly used when a researcher works in social science-related
researches. This citation style is commonly used in discipline such as psychology, education,
and social sciences. APA follows an author-date format, wherein, the needed information for
its in-text citation is the author’s surname and the year of publishing. It requires the inclusion of a
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for online sources when availbale.

APA follows different formats for varying authors and their number. Citing in APA format is shown
on the next page.

I. APA Citation for works with one (1) author

In working with APA citation style for one author source, you will need the author’s surname
and the year of its publication.
Example:
By author: Lee (2005) states that the earth is …
By topic: The composition of Earth is … (Lee, 2005)

II. APA Citation for works with two (2) authors

Citing sources with two authors using APA style still needs the authors’ surnames and the year of
publication. The format varies whether you want to use a by author or by the topic manner of
citation.
Examples:
By author: Kim and Lee (2009) state that …
By topic: Accordingly, (Kim & Lee, 2009)

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In the by topic manner, the word “and” will be replaced by a symbol “&” which is known as the
ampersand. The authors’ surname and the year of publishing are separated by comma (,).

III. APA Citation for works with three (3) to five (5) authors
The information needed in this number of authors is still the authors’ surname and the year of
publication. The format varies on the manner of citation used and the frequency of its usage.
Examples:
By author: Kim, Lee, Young, and Yu (2015) discussed …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim, Lee, Young & Yu, 2015).
In the by topic manner, the replacement of the word “and” to “&” is still applicable. Still, the
author’s surname and the year of publication will be separated using a comma.

If you wish to use the same source for many times, another the format will be followed.
Examples:
By author: Kim et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim et al., 2015).
In this format, the citation will be shortened by sustaining the first author and replacing the others
with the word “et al.” which means “and others”. In “et al.”, the period will be placed only
after the “al.”.

IV. APA Citation for works with six (6) to ten (10) authors
Citing literature with this number of authors follows the following format:
Examples:
By author: Lee et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Lee et al., 2015).
This format will be used in all of the citations made
V. APA Citation for works with associations, corporations, government agencies, etc., as the
author
In this case, the associations, corporations, government agencies will serve as the author. The year
of publication is still needed.
Examples:
By author: According to the Department of Education (2012) …
By topic: The education is … (Department of Education, 2012)

However, if the associations, corporations, government agencies have a well-known abbreviation,

the abbreviations can be added in the first citation and will be used in proce eding citations to
follow. Abbreviations shall be enclosed in a bracket [ ].
Examples:
First Citation: Department of Education [DepEd] (2012)…
Second Citation: DepEd (2012) discussed …

VI. APA Citation for works with indirect sources

Indirect sources refer to sources that were mentioned in another source. In this case, the primary
author is needed, the year it was published, and its page number.
Example: Brown discussed that … (as cited by Smith, 2002, p. 92).
The primary authors’ last name, year of publication, and page are separated by commas.
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VII. APA Citation for electronic sources
Electronic sources refer to materials that are in an electronic form, i.e. pdf files. For this type of
source, the citation follows the author-date format, varying from its number of authors.
Examples:
By author: Perry (2006) states that the …
By topic: The … (Perry, 2006).

VIII. APA Citation for websites with author and year published
In the review of related literature from this source, the author-date format is still used.
Examples:
By author: John (2010) states that the …
By topic: The … (John, 2010).

IX. APA Citation for websites without author but with the year published
In this style of citation, the title will replace the author and will follow the author-date format. The
title will be enclosed in quotation marks (“).
Examples:
By author: “The Solar System” (2012) ….
By topic: It is said that … (“The Solar System”, 2012)

X. APA Citation for websites with an author but without year published
To cite these sources, dates will be abbreviated by “n.d.”, which means “no date”.
Examples:
By author: Green (n.d.) stated that …
By topic: Accordingly, … (Green, n.d.)

XI. APA Citation for websites without author and year published
To cite these sources, use the title of the enclosed with quotation marks (“) in lieu of the author,
and write “n.d.” to specify no date.
Examples:
By author: “The Hydrosphere” (n.d.) …
By topic: Accordingly … (“The Hydrosphere, n.d.)

2. Modern Language Association (MLA)

MLA is one commonly used citation style in research papers usually used in liberal arts and
humanities. This citation style is often used in disciplines such as literature, languages, and
humanities.
Unlike APA, MLA follows an author- page format, wherein surname and the page number where it
could be found is needed. Formats for the MLA style are shown below:

I. Citing Print Sources

II. In the MLA format, the page number is always enclosed in parenthesis and can be found at the
ending of each statement. The authors’ surname and the page number are NOT separated by a comma.
Examples:
Grey stated that …. (50).
Accordingly, (Grey 50).
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3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
This citation style is commonly used in disciplines such as history, art history, and business
CMA is a citation style that presents two basic documentation systems:
A. notes and bibliography and
B. author-date. The use of the two documentation systems differs from the subject matter
and the sources cited.
3.1 Notes and Bibliography System
This documentation system is preferred in researches concerning the field of
humanities such as literature, arts, and history. In this system, bibliographic
information such as notes and bibliography is needed.

Footnotes or endnotes are placed in the bottom part of the paper and provide all
information relative to the source.

i. CMS - Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with one author.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore. 1
Endnote:
John Levi, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305

In the example above, the information to be included in the in- text citation is the author and the
number in the endnote that is categorized by the superscript.

The endnote follows the format:

Author’s first name, author’s last name, Title, (Place of Publication, Publisher, year published)
reference page.

ii. CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with two authors The
format for system is the same as those with one author.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi and Charles discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking
anymore. 1
Endnote:
John Levi and Thomas Charles, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305

iii. CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with four or more authors.
This system follows the same format like the preceding. This system follows the same
format as that of the preceding two. Only one name of the author will be presented,
followed by et al. to represent the remaining authors.
Example:
In-text Citation:
Levi et al. discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore. 1
Endnote:
John Levi et al., Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
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 3.2 Author-Date System
The CMS author-date system is commonly used when a researcher will pursue studies in
line with physical, natural, and social sciences. Unlike the notes and bibliography system,
this system uses the author’s surname and date of publication. The complete information of
the source will be given in the bibliography section.

a) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with one author

Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz 2003, 378).
This is the format for this system: (Author’s last name year, page.

b) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with two authors.

Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz and Torres 2003, 378).
The format is the same as with the works with one author

c) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with four authors

Example:
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz et al. 2003, 378).
In this case, reflect only the first author and replace the remaining with et al.

A referencing list is the other means of citing sources. Commonly, this list is noted in the
references/bibliography section of the paper. Each citation style follows a different format in
making a referencing list.
The format of the citation styles as discussed by Torneo and Clamor-Torneo (2017) are as follows:

1. APA Citation Style

When using the APA Citation style, referencing list is found at the end of the paper. It
commonly contains all information of the literature that are cited in the paper. When
following the APA format, all references are listed alphabetically according to their
surnames.

Some reminders when using the APA format is given below:

a) You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by
0.5 from the left.
b) When writing the author’s name, the last name must come first before the given name.
The given name must be represented by initials. When there are two or more authors,
ellipses must be used to separate them.
c) The first word of the title must be capitalized. Other necessary publication information
and proper noun should follow the same format.

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Here are the guidelines for making a referencing list using the APA format from different
sources.

BOOKS
Format: Author’s last name, given name, and middle name initials, (Year of publication).
Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Example: James, B.N. (2009). The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our
existence. Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing

JOURNAL ARTICLES
Format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. (Year). Title of the article.
Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.
Example: Gonzales, P. (2010). Chemistry and life: A study on the functions and importance
of chemistry in daily life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.887-893.

ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper.
Retrieved from http://www.address.com/full/url/
Example: Cruz, K.L. (2019, January 23). The election mania. KBS News.
Retrieved from http://www.kbs.com/the_election_mania_2019

ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article [file format].
Retrieved from http://www.address.com/full/url
Example: Dela Cruz, A.N. (2019). The big bang theory [ppt].
Retrieved from http://www.drive.google.com/file/6thgrkvlw5%bgmh/

2. MLA Citation Style

The MLA citation style commonly needs a Works Cited page on a different page at the end
of the research. All cited sources in the body of the research must be cited in the Works
Cited. The list of the authors must be arranged alphabetically by their surnames.

Here are some considerations that you must look into when using the MLA Citation Style.
a) Hanging indention format must also be followed. Subsequent lines of each entry must be
indented by 0.5 from the left.

b) In using the MLA format, the author’s last name will be followed by the author’s
complete given name. If the middle name is given, it should also be written after the
given name. if the author has name suffixes, it should be written on the last part.

c) All words in the title must be capitalized. Prepositions or conjunctions are excluded by
this rule, except if it is the first word of the title.

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To understand more of the MLA Citation, here are formats to be used:
BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher,
Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the Universe: Knowing the Truth out of Our Existence.
Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing, 2009. Print.

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Article”. Title of Publication, volume number, and
issue number, (year of publication). Date of access.

[Note: (1) If the journal is exclusively available online, write “n.pag.” to denote that there is no
pagination of the publication.
(2) If there is a print copy, provide a copy of the page number and the medium of
publication used.]

Example: Gonzales, Pedro. Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance
of Chemistry in Daily Life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010): n.pag. 3 March 2011.

ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article.Date of
Publication. Medium of publication. Date of access
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (13 Dec. 2018). Web. 23 January 2019

ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date file was created.Medium
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. 1 February 1998. Power Point
Presentation

3. CMS Citation Style

In using the CMS Citation Style in making references, the sources will be arranged
alphabetically, through the author’s last name. Referencing lists in CMS is termed as
“Bibliography”. A bibliography must include all the cited related literature in the research
body. This citation style is commonly used in disciplines such as history, art history,
and business?

Here are some guidelines for making a bibliography.

BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of
Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our existence.
Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing, 2009.

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ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES
Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of Publication, volume number,
and
issue number, (year of publication). Pages. Date when accessed. URL.
Example: Gonzales, Pedro. “Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance of
Chemistry in Daily Life”. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010):887-893. March 3,
2011.
http://www.chemistry.org/journal_on_chemistry_and_life/

ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article, Date of
publication.URL. Date of access (if necessary)
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (Dec. 13, 2018).
http://www.kbsnews.com/the_election_mania. January 23, 2019

ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Format: Last name. First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date of access or if available, date
last
modified. URL:
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. February 15, 1998.
http://www.powerpointslides.com/the_big_bang_theory/

Note: Footnotes and endnotes are both forms of supplementary notes or comments that provide
additional information or references in a document. They are typically used in academic writing,
research papers, and other scholarly documents to offer explanations, citations, or further details
without interrupting the flow of the main text.

Footnote- are notes placed at the bottom of the page, usually indicated by superscript numbers or
symbols in the main text. These numbers or symbols correspond to the relevant information or
citation provided at the bottom of the page. Footnotes are used to provide additional context,
explanations, or citations for specific pints within the text.

Endnotes – are similar to footnotes but are placed at the end of a document , chapter, or section
instead of at the bottom of each page. Like footnotes, endnotes are indicated in the main text by
superscript number or symbols, which correspond to the relevant information or citation placed at
the end of the document. Endnotes serve the same purpose as footnotes, providing additional
information, references, or explanations without cluttering the main text.

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Activity 3
Directions: From your produced output in Activity 2, extract the information or details which are
very relative to your research topic. Cite the sources using the three commonly used citation styles.
Present your activity using this table:

Lesson 2 Quiz
Test A. Multiple Choice
1. What is an example of using the in-text citation guideline by topic when citing related literature?
A. (Smith, 2018) C. (Environmental Impact Assessment Act, 2015)
B. (Jones & Johnson, 2019) D. (Global warming research, 2020)
2. How does the chronological means of citation guideline apply to citing related literature?
A. By citing sources in the order of their publication date.
B. By arranging sources based on their relevance to the research topic.
C. By prioritizing older sources over more recent ones.
D. By citing sources based on the length of time they have been in print.
3. How does the guideline of in-text citation by author or writer typically function?
A. By listing sources based on their relevance to the research topic.
B. By including the publication date within parentheses after the author’s name.
C. By alphabetizing sources according to the first letter of the author’s last name.
D. By providing the title of the source with parentheses.
4. When using the in-text citation guideline by author or writer, what information is typically
included within the parentheses?
A. The publication date and page number. C. The title of the source and URL
B. The volume and issue number of the source. D. The author’s name and publication year.
5. Which guideline for in-text citation involves categorizing sources based on thematic similarities?
A. By author or writer C. Chronological means of citation
B. By topic D. By publication date

Test B. Multiple Choice

Direction. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which citation style typically uses in-text citations with author’s last name and publication year?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. PBA
2. Which citation styles are titles of books and articles italicized in the bibliography?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. DNA
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3. Which citation style often includes the page number in the in-text citation for direct quotations?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. RNA
4. In which citation styles are footnotes or endnotes commonly used for citations?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. DRA
5. Which citation style requires the inclusion of a DOI (Digital Object identifier) from online sources
when available?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D.DNA
6. What does APA stand for in citation styles?
A. American Publication Association C. American Press Association
B. American Psychological Association D. American paperwork Association
7. Which citation style is commonly used in discipline such as psychology, education, and social
sciences?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D.
Harvard
8. What does MLA stand for in citation styles?
A. Modern Language Association C. manuscript Language Association
B. Main Literature Association D. Modern Literature Assembly
9. Which citation style is often used in disciplines such as literature, languages, and humanities?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. IEEE
10. What does CMS stand for in citation styles?
A. Chicago Manual of Style C. Current Manuscript Standards
B. Citation and Manuscript D. Central Manuscript System
11. Which citation style is commonly used in disciplines such as history, art history, and business?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. Harvard
12. In which citation style are in-text citations typically presented in the form of author-date
format?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. IEEE
13. In which citation style are in-text citations typically presented in using the author-page number
format?
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. harvard

Test C. Directions: Determine whether the following is using APA, MLA, or CMS Citation Styles.
Write your answers in the space provided.

1. The earth…. (Robinson, 2011)

2. Song et al. (2012) stated that …
3. Lim described human beings as…. (45).
4. “The Philippines” (2009) defined….
5. Norman explained the meaning of…. 2
6. It is stated that … (White 2005,357)
7. Chang (n.d.) stipulated that …
8. According to DepEd (2005), …
9. Gonzales explained that … (as cited by Brown, 2018, p. 92)
10. It was stated that … (dela Cruz, Medina, Gray and Yu, 2018).

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POINTS TO PONDER/WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
APA- (American Psychological Association)
o typically uses in-text citations with the author’s last name and publication year
within parentheses.
o Typically uses the author’s last name followed by “et al.” when citing a source
with three or more authors, and it includes the publication year within
parentheses.
o Typically it uses quotation marks around titles of shorter works like articles or
essays within the in-text citation, followed by the publication year within
parentheses.
o It uses in-text citations with the author’s last name and publication year,
followed by the page number for direct quotations, all within parentheses.
(White 2005,357)
o It uses “n.d.” to indicate “no date” when the publication date of the source is
unknown, typically within parentheses following the author’s name in in-text
citations.
o It uses the “as cited by” format to indicate a secondary source, within the
original source followed by “as cited by” and then the secondary source’s
citation information, including the author’s last name, publication year, and
page number, all within parentheses.
o It list all author’s last names in the in-text citation when there are four or fewer
authors.

MLA- (Modern Language Association)

 Typically uses in-text citations with the author’s last name and page number within
parentheses when citing a specific page or range of pages from a source.

CMS ( Chicago Manual of Style)

 In CMS superscript numbers are often used for footnotes or endnotes rather than in-text
citations.

Lesson 3: Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature

Now that you have already gathered your sources for the review of related literature, the next step
to accomplish Chapter II is to extract the important and relevant information that you can use to
compose this chapter.

This lesson focuses on discussing the ways of how you are going to write your synthesis based on
the related literature that you have gathered for the activities in the 1st and 2nd lessons of this
module. This lesson will teach you how to segregate relevant and non-relevant information, extract
main ideas from your sources and know-how to prepare a synthesis matrix.

DEFINITION AND TYPES OF SYNTHESIS

Synthesis is defined as a combination of information and discussion from one or more relevant
sources of information. When doing a synthesis, you need to extract the important information
coming from all your sources. You have to find the similarities and differences from one source to
the other and you must instill the importance of this information in your research study.
16
When doing your synthesis, you can present your information in two (2) ways:
a.) Explanatory
b) Argument synthesis.

Explanatory synthesis deals with presenting the information through explanations and presents it
objectively.

Argument synthesis, on the other hand, enables a researcher to present his/her point of view from
a certain topic in a logical manner. Information that is written using an argument synthesis is
usually debatable.

Example:
Explanatory Synthesis:
According to the Divine Creation Theory, the world was created by the Almighty. All creatures are
made into life through his power. He crafted the universe in just 6 days. He made the human beings
from sand and blessed them with life through his breath.

Argument Synthesis:
The world is made through evolution and scientific reactions, wherein all living creatures undergo
different mutations and reactions to become what it is right now. This statement is supported by
the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection which is published by Charles Darwin.

CATEGORIES OF SOURCES
The sources for the data and information for the crafting of your Review of Related Literature are
categorized into four (4).
1. Documents- these sources include those materials that are written or printed such as books,
newspaper reports, research articles, etc. This source can come in a published or
non- published state.
2. Numerical records- This source is considered a subcategory of documents. This source includes
numerical data in written form such as census reports, school budgets, etc.
3. Oral statements- Stories, myths, legends, songs and other forms of oral data composes this type
of source.
4. Relics- this source commonly composes information about the past.

WRITING A SYNTHESIS
After defining what is synthesis, knowing the types and categories of its sources, you are now leading to
making your synthesis for your Review of Related Literature Chapter.
To write your synthesis, Prieto et al. (2017) suggested ways that you must follow.
1. You must consider your purpose in writing.
2. You must select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main idea that you want to present in your synthesis.
4. Decide how will you use your source materials and take down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis

17
When you are going to write your synthesis, you can use the following techniques as your guide.

1. Summary- the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. When using this technique, you are going to write
the most relevant information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or illustration- it is a technique wherein you are going to synthesize information by giving
examples and illustrations of your specific information.
3. Two (or more) Reasons- this technique includes presenting the thesis and supporting it with reasons
why it is factual.
4. Comparison and Contrast- In using this technique, you are going to show the similarities and differences
of two or more data.

Once all data and sources are already gathered, you are now ready to synthesize your information. To
make this, a synthesis matrix is suggested. This matrix will guide you on how are you going to synthesize
your data and information and will help you easily craft your Review of Related Literature.

A synthesis matrix is used to organize and synthesize information from different sources on a specific
topic.

Below is an example of a synthesis matrix.

Topic: __________________________________________

Main Idea A Source#1 Source#2 Source#3 Source#4 Source n

Main Idea B
Main Idea n

In using this synthesis matrix, you must understand the important terminologies.

 The Topic above refers to your respective research topics and must be filled up before starting
your synthesis.. It refers to the subject or theme of the research being conducted.
 The Main Idea A, B, n refers to the possible sections of your RRL. It represents the overarching
concept or argument that emerges from analyzing multiple sources.
o You are going to write the things that can affect your research.
o If your topic would be focusing on the effectiveness of different teaching strategies towards
the learning progress of students in VNHS, you can use teaching strategies as one of the
main ideas.
o These main ideas can help you to find the needed and relevant information for your RRL are.
You can have as many main ideas as you can, provided that this is related to your research
topic.

 The Sources nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, n, on the other hand, refers to the sources of your information. It refers
to the individuals or organizations responsible for providing the information used in the research
o In this area, you need to take note of all the details of your sources to be used for your
citation.
o It would be better to have many sources because it will give you a variety of information
and can help you elaborate more your main idea.

Now that you know the definition, types, categories, and techniques in writing a synthesis, you are now
ready to make your own!

18
Activity 4
Directions: Using the outputs from your preceding activities, make the synthesis of your research study
using the matrix.

Topic: __________________________________________

Rubrics for your synthesis:

19
Lesson 3 Quiz

Test A. True or False

Directions: Determine whether each statement is true or false. Write "T" for true or "F" for false.
1. The synthesis matrix is a tool used to organize and analyze information from multiple sources on
a particular topic.
2. The “topic” refers to the subject or theme of the research being conducted.
3. The “main idea” represents the overarching concept or argument that emerges from analyzing
multiple sources.
4. Each row in a synthesis matrix typically represents a different source, while each column
represents a different aspect of the research topic.
5. The synthesis matrix helps researchers to compare and contrast information from different
sources systematically.
6. The “sources” in a synthesis matrix refer to the individuals or organizations responsible for
providing the information used in the research
7. An effective synthesis matrix is static and does not require any adjustments or revisions
throughout the research process.
8. It is recommended to use a separate synthesis matrix for each source to keep the information
organized and manageable.
9. Synthesis matrixes are primarily used for quantitative data analysis and are not suitable for
qualitative research.
10. When filling out a synthesis matrix, it is essential to include only the exact words and phrases
from the sources without any interpretation or analysis.

Test B. Directions: Identify the category to which each item belongs by writing the corresponding
category letter (A, B, C, or D). Write the letter only
Category Key:
A. Documents
B. Numerical Records
C. Oral Statements
D. Relics
1. Journal articles discussing historical events.
2. Census data on population demographics.
3. Government reports on economic trends.
4. Excel spreadsheets containing sales figures.
5. Folk tales passed down through generations.
6. Ancient pottery fragment.
7. Fossilized remains of prehistoric animals.
8. Stone tools discovered at an archaeological site.
9. Audio recordings of eyewitness accounts
10. Newspaper archives covering local events.
11. Fossils of ancient dinosaurs discovered in a remote desert.
12. A government report outlining the economic policies of a nation.
13. Published research articles discussing advancements in medical technology.
14. Video recording of interviews with astronauts about space exploration.
15. Sales data showing monthly revenue for a retail business.
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Lesson 4: Writing a Coherent Review of Literature Review
The previous lessons of this module guided you on the preparation for crafting your RRL. Those
lessons thoroughly discussed what Review of Related Literature is, how to select relevant sources
of information, how to make citations, and how to synthesize information coming from a relevant
source. At this moment, we are going to move forward to another lesson which will focus on
writing a coherent review of related literature. In pursuing this lesson, you need to apply your
learnings from the 1st activity of this module as we are now going to craft your Review of Related
Literature.

Review of Related Literature Structure

The review of related literature is commonly composed of three major sections:

a) Introduction
b) Main Body
c) Conclusion.

 The introduction of your RRL is commonly composed of a single paragraph wherein

information about the general topic of your research is presented.
o It also provides the overall statement of knowledge about your research topic.
o This section gives an overview of the contents of your RRL highlighting the points
(main idea) that can be seen in this chapter.
o It outlines the scope and significance of the study, setting the stage for the
discussion to follow.
o It includes the purpose of the literature review, research questions or objectives, and
any relevant background information necessary for understanding the context of the
study.

 The second section of your RRL is the Main body.

o This section focuses on presenting all the relevant information that you have
gathered. Presenting your relevant information must follow a logical manner,
addressing the order of your objectives of the study.
o The contents of this section come from your synthesis matrix.
o This is where gaps in the existing literature are highlighted.
o It is where the synthesis and analysis of existing literature takes place.
o It involves identifying themes, discussing methodologies used in the reviewed
studies, evaluating the credibility and reliability of sources, and highlighting gaps or
limitations in the existing literature.
o It organizes the reviewed literature in a logical and coherent manner, often by
themes, chronological order, or theoretical frameworks.

 The last section of your RRL is the conclusion.

o As its name implies, the conclusion is a single paragraph that functions in providing
a summary of the overall state of knowledge about your topic.
o This section must show how significant is your research study.
o It summarizes key findings and suggests directions for future research.
21
 o It often discussed the limitations of the reviewed studies.
o It restates the research questions or objectives and provides a synthesis of the key
findings for future research, practice, or policy.
o Overall, the conclusion wraps up the literature review by reinforcing its significance and
providing closure to the discussion.

These three components work together to structure and guide the reader through the literature review,
ensuring clarity, coherence, and relevance to the research study.

Always remember that when writing your Review of Related Literature, you must use the correct in-text
citation.

Guidelines in Writing Literature Review

Prieto et al. (2017) crafted the following rules that you can use to produce a quality RRL.

Rule 1. Define the topic and the audience. When defining a topic, consider factors such as interest,
significance, and recency.
Rule 2. Search and research reference list.
Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review.
Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish to write.
Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest.
Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
Rule 8. Find a logical structure. Rule 9. Make use of feedback.

In presenting your review of related literature, the following states are recommended to
showcase coherency.
1. There appears to be strong evidence that …
2. The literature has shown …
3. The foregoing literature has shown …
4. The data supporting the hypothesis are …

Another pointer in crafting a coherent review of related literature is to use an index card. It is
one of the most convenient and effective research tools that will help you in organizing your
information for this chapter.
Here’s how to use your index cards.
• Make a separate card for each source.
• Give each source a racking number.
• For a book, include the author, title, date & place of publication, and publisher.
• For a periodical, also include the page numbers of the article.
• For a website, write the title, the sponsors and authors if known; the site and date when it
was created or uploaded, and the date when you access the site.

22
In using an index card, you must see to it that you have the following information:
• Where you found the information
• Topic
• Paraphrased information found
• The Page you found the fact on
Below is an example of an index card:

Activity 5
Directions: Make individual index cards following the format given above. Use a ½ size index card.

Rubrics for index card:

Neatness 5pts.
Organization of ideas = 10pts.
Completeness of information = 10pts.
25pts.

Lesson 4 Quiz
Directions: Identify the section of the review of related literature described by each statement.
Section key: Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion
1. What section of a literature review typically provides an overview of the research questions and
objectives?
2. In which section of a literature review are existing literature synthesized, analyzed, and key
findings presented?
3. Which section of a literature review summarizes key findings and suggests directions for future
research?
4. Which section of a literature review outlines the scope and significance of the study?
5. In which section of a literature review are limitations of the reviewed studies often discussed?
6. What section of a literature review evaluates the credibility and reliability of the literature
sources?
23
7. Which section of a literature review provides definitions of key terms and concepts?
8. In which section of literature review are gaps in the existing literature highlighted?
9. What section of a literature review addresses potential biases in the reviewed literature?
10. Which section of a literature review discusses the methodology used in the reviewed studies?

Test B. Directions: The following are the components of a review of related literature with their
descriptions. Fill in the blank with the right word to complete the statement.
1. The introduction provides the overall statement of k__________ about your research topic.
2. The introduction section gives an o______ of the contents of your RRL highlighting the points
(main idea) that can be seen in this chapter.
3. The introduction section outlines the scope and s________ of the study, setting the stage for the
discussion to follow.
4. The introduction includes the purpose of the literature review, research questions or objectives,
any r________ background information necessary for understanding the context of the study.
5. The main body section focuses on presenting all the relevant information that you have
gathered. Presenting your relevant information must follow a l ________ manner, addressing the
order of your objectives of the study.
6. The main body involves identifying themes, discussing m_______ used in the reviewed studies,
evaluating the credibility and reliability of sources, and highlighting gaps or limitations in the
existing literature.
7. As its name implies, the conclusion is a single paragraph that functions in providing a s_________
of the overall state of knowledge about your topic.
8. The conclusion section summarizes key f_______ and suggests directions for future research.
9. The conclusion r________ the research questions or objectives and provides a synthesis of the key
findings for future research, practice, or policy.
10. Overall, the conclusion wraps up the literature review by reinforcing its significance and providing
c_____ to the discussion.

Lesson 5: Use of Ethical Standards in Citing Related Literature

Ethical standards have been a significant subject in the research field. Ethical standards help
researchers in maintaining their integrity. In research, it is defined as a means of making rights
decisions relating to the conduct of the study. Some researchers consciously or unconsciously
break some ethical standards leading to some complications. This lesson focuses on educating
you, as a researcher of the different ethical
standards that each researcher must consider before doing a research study.

The Relationship of Ethics and Research

o Ethics in research can be defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
o It can also be defined as a process of applying moral standards and principles in any
undertaking. In general, the ethical standard in research is used so that a researcher will be
able to define right from wrong.

24
 o Ethics serve a very vital role in conducting a research study. It can keep the researcher from
committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth, and respecting and protecting
the rights of the respondents-humans and animals.
o Ethics also promote essential values that help researchers to have a common understanding
and work on a topic harmoniously.
o Also, ethics bind different experts together in the spirit of important values such as
accountability, cooperation, coordination, mutual understanding, respect, and fairness,
among others.

Ethics in research follow eight (8) principles. These principles must be taken seriously by each
researcher to secure an ethical study.

1) Honesty
o a researcher must secure honesty in producing his/her study.
o Transparency is the key of upholding honesty in research. Researchers must see to it that
all borrowed intellectual property must be cited accurately.
2) Objectivity
o Researchers must see to it that she/he is free from any form of bias in all aspects of his/her
research paper.
3) Integrity
o The researcher must secure that the study holds sincerity and consistency.
o The researchers must see to it that all of the parts promised and presented during the
presentation of the proposal must be kept.
4) Carefulness
o The researcher must see to it that the conduct of the study must be free from any
carelessness and errors of negligence.
o All important data must be kept for future uses.
5) Openness
o Researches must see to it that they are open-minded persons wherein they can accept
suggestions from others and they can handle constructive criticism.
6) Respect for intellectual property
o A good researcher must see to it that she/he practices respect for intellectual property.
o This principle can be executed upon proper citation of borrowed statements and giving due
credit to the owner.
7) Trustworthiness
o A researcher must secure that he/she is maintaining his/her trustworthiness.
o The researchers must see to it that any data or information in the research, especially those
data
from surveys and other data gathering procedures, must be used according to its proper
and
allotted usage only.
o The researchers must also keep the confidentiality of every data gathered and must
protect its privacy.
8) Social and legal responsibility
o A researcher must abide by the legalities, rules, policies, and regulations set by his/her
partner institution or organization
25
The need for ethics is very vital in research because of these reasons:
1) Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, understanding, and avoidance of
error.
2) Norms promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust, accountability,
mutual respect, and fairness. They also protect intellectual property interests and encourage
confidentiality
3) Norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. To a certain extent, they
draw parameters on which ideas to write and how they should be written.
4) Norms promote a variety of other important moral and social values. Ethical lapses in research
can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, other individuals, and the public in
general.
5) Norms help build public support for research. This happens when individuals and organizations
believe in the integrity and credibility of the researcher/s, thus they will offer support for the
project.

For you to further understand the function of ethics in research, here are some
terminologies that may aid you:
1) Ethical relativism- this refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a person feels
his/her value is better than any other person’s value.
2) Ethical principles- this term refers to values that are translated into rules or standards of
conduct.
3) Ethical dilemma- this refers to situations where there is an evident conflict between values and
principles and the choice of action needs to be decided.

Upon the absence of Ethics in conducting your research, you might be able to do some unethical
deeds commonly known as scientific misconduct.
The following are the possible scientific misconducts that can be done in research:

1) Fabrication and falsification of data

o also known as “cooking of data”.
o This scientific misconduct involves producing data without actual experimentation or
altering data in recording for the intention to fit them to what is expected.
2) Non-publication of data
o In contrast with fabrication and falsification, nonpublication of data involves choosing not to
include data because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge or are
unsupportive of the research hypothesis.
o Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are
reported and published.

3) Faulty data gathering procedures

o It is referred to as negligence or carelessness that leads to errors in measurement or faulty
research instruments. An Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of
treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.

26
4) Plagiarism
o It is a fraudulent act that involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or publication. It is
a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in scientific
publications.

There are four types of Plagiarism.

a) Copy and Paste Plagiarism
 this type of plagiarism involves copying information word-by-word without giving
due credit to the source.
 Copy and paste plagiarism can be avoided upon enclosing the borrowed words with
quotation marks (“) and properly citing the author.
b) Mosaic Plagiarism
 this is defined by changing only some words in the copied information.
 The sentence structure is still maintained.
c) Misattribution Plagiarism
 this type of plagiarism can be done if an author wrongly cited information, maybe to
the wrong authors or to the non-existing authors.
d) Self-Plagiarism
 this type of plagiarism can be committed if an author republishes his/her work.
 Self-plagiarism comes in two forms, duplication, and replication.
1. Duplication can be committed once a researcher copies
and submits without proper citations.
2. Replication, on the other hand, is multiple cases of duplication.
Activity 6
Directions: Identify five (5) researchers in your local area, may it be a thesis writer, a research
assistant, a teacher teaching a research subject, etc. Interview the researchers regarding their
experiences in applying ethical standards in research. Ask them about the challenges that they
have experienced during the conduct of their studies. Generalize the answer and write your
conclusion based on the information you gathered. Follow the matrix below:

27
Lesson 5 Quiz
8 Principles of ethics in research

Test A. Directions: Read each scenario carefully and identify the principle of ethics in research
demonstrated by the behavior described. Choose the correct principle from the options provided.
Write the letter of your answer.
1. A researcher accurately reports all data collected during an experiment, even if it contradicts
their initial hypothesis.
A. Honesty B. Objectivity C. Integrity D. Carefulness
2. An investigator discloses any conflict of interest that may arise from their involvement in a
research project.
A. Openness B. Respect for intellectual property C. Trustworthiness D. Objectivity
3. A scientist ensures that their research methods are transparent and replicable by providing
detailed descriptions in their published work.
A. Honesty B. Carefulness C. Integrity D. Openness
4. A research team takes appropriate measures to protect the privacy and confidentiality of
participant’s personal information.
A. Trustworthiness B. Objectivity C. Respect for intellectual property D. Carefulness
5. A scholar properly acknowledges and cites the work of others, avoiding plagiarism or
unauthorized use of intellectual property.
A. Respect for intellectual property B. Integrity C. Openness D. Honesty
6. A researcher maintains confidentiality about the identities of study participants, especially in
sensitive or vulnerable populations.
A. Carefulness B. Trustworthiness C. Objectivity D. Honesty
7. An investigator conducts experiments with precision and accuracy, minimizing errors and biases
in data collection and analysis.
A. Honesty B. Objectivity C. Carefulness D. Integrity
8. A research team shares their findings with the scientific community through publications or
presentations, contributing to the advancement of knowledge.
A. Trustworthiness B. Openness C. Carefulness D. Integrity
9. A research institution encourages collaboration and sharing of data and resources among
researchers to promote scientific progress and innovations.
A. Openness B. Integrity C. Carefulness D. Honesty
10. A research team conducts regular audits and checks to ensure compliance with ethical
standards and guidelines throughout the research process.
A. Carefulness B. Integrity C. Openness D. Honesty

28
Test B. Directions: Read each scenario carefully and identify the possible scientific misconduct
demonstrated by the behavior described. Choose the correct type of scientific misconduct from
the options provided.

1. A researcher knowingly invents or alters data to support their hypothesis, without conducting
the actual experiments.
A. Fabrication of data B. Plagiarism C. Faulty data gathering D. Non-publication of data
2. An author copies large portions of text from another researcher’s published paper without
proper citation or acknowledgement.
A. Fabrication of data B. Falsification of data C. Plagiarism D. Non-publication of data
3. A graduate student fails to disclose negative results from their experiments in their thesis, only
including data that supports their hypothesis.
A. Fabrication of data C. Non-publication of data
B. Falsification of data D. Faulty data gathering procedures
4. A research team knowingly records measurements inaccurately or selects only data points that
fit their desired outcome, ignoring contradictory results.
A. Fabrication of data C. Faulty data gathering procedures
B. Plagiarism D. Non-publication of data
5. An author submits the same manuscript to multiple journals simultaneously without informing
the editors, aiming to increase their chances of publication.
A. Fabrication of data B. Falsification of data C. Non-publication of data D. Plagiarism

Test C. Direction: Read each scenario carefully and identify the type of plagiarism demonstrated
by the behavior described. Choose the correct type of plagiarism from the options provided.

1. A student copies an entire paragraph from a website and inserts it into their research paper
without using quotation marks or providing a citation.
A. Copy and paste plagiarism C. Misattribution plagiarism
B. Mosaic plagiarism D. Self-plagiarism
2. An author integrates verbatim text from multiple sources into their article but fails to attribute
the sources properly, making it appears as if the content is their own.
A. Copy and paste plagiarism C. Misattribution plagiarism
B. Mosaic plagiarism D. Self-plagiarism
3. A writer paraphrases information from a book without citing the source, leading readers to
believe that the ideas are original to the writer.
A. Copy and paste plagiarism C. Misattribution plagiarism
B. Mosaic plagiarism D. Self-plagiarism
4. A researcher combines phrases and ideas from multiple sources without proper attribution,
creating a patchwork of borrowed material in their paper.
A. Copy and paste plagiarism C. Misattribution plagiarism
B. Mosaic plagiarism D. Self-plagiarism
5. An author republishes a significant portion of their own previously published article in a new
publication without acknowledging the earlier work.
A. Copy and paste plagiarism C. Misattribution plagiarism
B. Mosaic plagiarism D. Self-plagiarism

29
Lesson 6: Presenting Written Review of Related Literature

After learning about that the definition, types, sources, methods of citations, and even ethics in the
review of related literature, it is now time for you to present your Chapter II. The composition of
your Review of Related Literature must abide by the standards and guidelines set in the previous
lessons. As a researcher, you must see to it that your review of related literature must be functional
and holds a big significance in explaining the future results of your study.

Literature Review Structure

 The structure of your literature review greatly depends on the type of your research and
your research area.
 In your structure, topic areas, controversial issues, and questions with varying themes must
be considered.
 When combining information coming from different authors, linking words such as
in addition, again, similarly, and also are commonly used.
 On contrary, when contrasting two or more information, you must use phrases that
highlight the
contrast of these data. Critical notes must be observed to deliver a good argument
synthesis.
 As a researcher, you must also take note that your research paper must be presented in
formally and academically manner.
 Writing must be kept clear and concise.
 Objectivity must be observed and respect for other’s works should be exercised.

The following are characteristics of a good literature review:

a) Focused- your RRL must be composed of information that is related to your research topic.
b) Concise- ideas must be presented economically.
c) Logical- the flow of ideas and information must be based on logic. It should be smooth-
flowing.
d) Developed- your RRL must be composed of complete information.
e) Integrative- in instances of combining information, links between these ideas must be evident.
The contribution of the reviewed materials on the topic must also be shown.
f) Current- researchers must only use the new and trendy information about a research topic.

Critical Evaluation of the Literature

In evaluating your Review of Related Literature, you can use the following questions:
1. Have you organized your material according to issues?
2. Is there a logic to the way you organized your material?
3. Does the amount of detail included on an issue related to its importance?
4. Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues?
5. Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and discussed possible
reasons?
6. Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research?

30
Lesson 6 Quiz
Directions: Read each scenario carefully and identify the characteristics of a good literature review
demonstrated by the following statement. Write the letter only.

1. A literature review covers a narrow and specific aspect of the research topic, avoiding unrelated
discussions.
A. Concise B. Focused C. Logical D. Developed
2. The literature review presents information in a clear and organized manner, with a logical flow of
ideas and arguments from one section to the next.
A. Concise B. Focused C. Logical D. Developed
3. The literature review incorporates various perspectives, theories, and findings from multiple
sources to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research topic.
A. Integrative B. Current C. Developed D. Logical
4. The literature review recent publications and research findings relevant to the field, reflecting
the most up-to-date knowledge available.
A. Integrative B. Current C. logical D. Developed
5. A literature review ‘ critically evaluates each source’s methodology, findings, and relevance to
the research question, providing a comprehensive analysis.
A. Concise B. Developed C. Logical D. Integrative

References
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high
school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 2 for senior high
school: Quantitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Torneo, A.R. & Clamor-Torneo, H.S. (2017). Practical research 2: An introduction to
quantitative research. Quezon City: SIBS Publishing House, Inc.

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Assessment
Test A. Fill in the blanks.
Directions: Recall what you have learned from the discussion by completing the statements below.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. There are ______characteristics of sources for the literature review.

2. The two manners of citation are _________ and referencing list
3. In-text citation goes in three methods: a) by author, b) _____________ and c) chronological
4. The three citation styles are ___________, _______ and _______.
5. __________________ the information from relevant sources follows two categories: Explanatory and
Argument Synthesis.
6. The categories of sources for the synthesis are a) documents, b) numerical records, c) oral
statements and d) _____.
7. Ethics in research follow how many principles ________.
8. Another pointer in crafting a coherent review of related literature is to use an ______.
9. I realized that following ethical standards in research study is important because ______________.
10. My favorite citation style is _________________ because _____________________,

TEST B. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an overview of all the
writings relative to your specific topics.
A. Introduction C. Methodology
B. Review of Related Literature D. Results and Discussion
2. It is a source of information that is categorized by printed publications or writings wherein a
researcher reports the results of his studies.
A. Primary Source C. Tertiary Source
B. Secondary Source D. General references
3. It is defined as a means of informing your readers that a certain piece of information came from
a specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain situation or data of
your research.
A. Literature B. Review C. Citations D. Sources
4. It is a manner of citation that commonly refers to all of the citations that are found in all of the
chapters in the research paper.
A. In-text citation B. Out-text citation C. Bibliography D. Referencing List
5. This guideline in citation secures that all data and information, facts, ideas or principles from
your sources are discussed or explained separately.
A. By Topic B. By author C. Chronological D. Bibliography
6. This is a citation style that uses author-date format only.
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. HARVARD
7. This is a citation style that uses notes and bibliography and author-date format.
A. APA B. MLA C. CMS D. HARVARD
8. This is defined as the extraction of information and discussion from one or more relevant
sources of information.
A. Synthesis B. Summary C. Conclusion D. Explanation

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9. It is the guideline that is used in making synthesis.
A. Synthesis guide C. Synthesis matrix
B. Synthesis Chart D. Synthesis graph
10. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable
behaviors.
A. Attitude B. Ethics C. Humor D. Behavior

Test C. Multiple Choice

1. What are the two major types of literature sources?
A. Primary and tertiary sources C. Tertiary and secondary sources
B. Primary and secondary sources D. Primary and ancillary sources
2. Which of the following best describes a primary source in literature review?
A. A source that provides a summary or analysis of other research studies.
B. Original research studies.
C. A source that interprets and critiques existing literature
D. A source that is widely used and referenced by other researchers.
3. What type of source is typically considered a secondary source in literature review?
A. A research article reporting new findings
B. A textbook summarizing various research studies in a field
C. An interview transcript from a participant in a study
D. A government report presenting statistical data.
4. Which of the following is an example of a primary source in a literature review?
A. A review article analyzing multiple studies on climate change.
B. An interview with a survivor of a natural disaster.
C. A meta-analysis combining data from several clinical trials.
D. A textbook discussing theories of cognitive psychology.
5. How does researchers typically acknowledge sources within the main body of a research paper?
A. By including footnotes at the bottom of each page
B. by providing in-text citations within the text.
C. By listing all sources at the beginning of the paper.
D. By using endnotes at the conclusion of the paper.
6. Where are full details of all sources cited in a research paper typically listed?
A. At the beginning of the paper in a bibliography section.
B. At the end of each chapter in a reference list.
C. At the bottom of each page in footnotes
D. At the end of the paper in reference list or bibliography.
7. What information is included in an in-text citation?
A. The title of the source and page number.
B. The author’s name and publication date.
C. The URL of the source and date accessed.
D. The volume and issue number of the source.
8. What is the purpose of the reference list or bibliography at the end of a research paper?
A. To provide a summary of key points from each source.
B. To acknowledge all sources consulted in the research.
C. To offer recommendations for further reading.
D. To provide a list of sources to be cited in future research.
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9. What is the primary purpose of in-text citations in academic writing?
A. To provide additional information about the topic.
B. To guide readers to the corresponding entries in the reference list.
C. To summarize key points from the sources.
D. To highlight the author’s own ideas and arguments.
10. What is an example of using the in-text citation guideline by topic when citing related
literature?
A. (Smith, 2018) C. (Environmental Impact Assessment Act, 2015)
B. (Jones & Johnson, 2019) D. (Global warming research, 2020)
11.. How does the chronological means of citation guideline apply to citing related literature?
A. By citing sources in the order of their publication date.
B. By arranging sources based on their relevance to the research topic.
C. By prioritizing older sources over more recent ones.
D. By citing sources based on the length of time they have been in print.
12.. How does the guideline of in-text citation by author or writer typically function?
A. By listing sources based on their relevance to the research topic.
B. By including the publication date within parentheses after the author’s name.
C. By alphabetizing sources according to the first letter of the author’s last name.
D. By providing the title of the source with parentheses.
13. When using the in-text citation guideline by author or writer, what information is typically
included within the parentheses?
A. The publication date and page number. C. The title of the source and URL
B. The volume and issue number of the source. D. The author’s name and publication year.
14. Which guideline for in-text citation involves categorizing sources based on thematic
similarities?
A. By author or writer C. Chronological means of citation
B. By topic D. By publication date

GOODLUCK AND GOD BLESS

-Ma’am JOYNA TEVES

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