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    Lecture 7 Special Senses Part 2-Vision

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    Moses Jr Kazevu
    This document provides an overview of the functional anatomy and physiology of the visual system. It discusses the objectives which include anatomy of the eye, optics and image formation, vision physiology, visual pathway, and accommodation and pupillary reflexes. Key points covered include light refraction in the eye, refractive indices of ocular structures, properties of convex and concave lenses, focal length, measurement of refractive power, and image formation by the convex lens in the eye. Accommodation is described as the ability of the eye to focus on near objects through changes in lens curvature, pupil constriction, and eye convergence.

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    Lecture 7 Special Senses Part 2-Vision

    Uploaded by

    Moses Jr Kazevu
    23 views16 pages
    This document provides an overview of the functional anatomy and physiology of the visual system. It discusses the objectives which include anatomy of the eye, optics and image formation, vision physiology, visual pathway, and accommodation and pupillary reflexes. Key points covered include light refraction in the eye, refractive indices of ocular structures, properties of convex and concave lenses, focal length, measurement of refractive power, and image formation by the convex lens in the eye. Accommodation is described as the ability of the eye to focus on near objects through changes in lens curvature, pupil constriction, and eye convergence.

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    8. Lecture 7 Special senses Part 2-Vision

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    This document provides an overview of the functional anatomy and physiology of the visual system. It discusses the objectives which include anatomy of the eye, optics and image formation, vision physiology, visual pathway, and accommodation and pupillary reflexes. Key points covered include light refraction in the eye, refractive indices of ocular structures, properties of convex and concave lenses, focal length, measurement of refractive power, and image formation by the convex lens in the eye. Accommodation is described as the ability of the eye to focus on near objects through changes in lens curvature, pupil constriction, and eye convergence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views16 pages

    Lecture 7 Special Senses Part 2-Vision

    Uploaded by

    Moses Jr Kazevu
    This document provides an overview of the functional anatomy and physiology of the visual system. It discusses the objectives which include anatomy of the eye, optics and image formation, vision physiology, visual pathway, and accommodation and pupillary reflexes. Key points covered include light refraction in the eye, refractive indices of ocular structures, properties of convex and concave lenses, focal length, measurement of refractive power, and image formation by the convex lens in the eye. Accommodation is described as the ability of the eye to focus on near objects through changes in lens curvature, pupil constriction, and eye convergence.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    SPECIAL SENSES

    (VISION)
    DR.MOSES KAZEVU
    (BSC,MBCHB)

    Secrets of Physio
    OBJECTIVES
    1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE EYE
    2. EYE OPTICS AND IMAGE FORMATION
    3. PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
    4. VISUAL PATHWAY
    5. REFLEXES: ACCOMODATION AND PUPILARY REFLEXES
    6. APPLIED ASPECTS AND CLINICALLY RELEVANT
    CONDITIONS
    GENERAL PRINCIPLES
    • Light is the visible portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
    • It lies between 400nm (violet) and 700nm (red)
    REFRACTION OF LIGHT
    • Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its
    speed is different.
    • Remember the speed of light in a vacuum is 300 000km/s
    • The refractive index (n) is the ratio between the speed of light in a
    vacuum and the speed of light in the medium.

    Where:
    𝐶 n= refractive index,
    𝑛=
    𝑉 C= speed of light in vacuum and
    V= speed of light in medium
    SOME IMPORTANT REFRACTIVE
    INDICES
     AIR= 1.00
     CORNEA= 1.38
     AQUEOUS HUMOR= 1.33
     CRYSTALLINE LENS= 1.40
     VITREOUS HUMOR= 1.34
    Application of refractive principles to lenses
    • A lens is a transparent refracting medium, bounded by two surfaces which form a
    part of a sphere (spherical lens) or a cylinder (cylindrical lens).
    CONVEX LENS
    • Light passing through the center of lens (optic center/ Nodal point) strikes the lens
    at exactly 90 degrees and so it passes through the lens without being refracted.
    • Toward either edge of the lens the light rays strike at a progressively more
    angulated interface thus these light rays are refracted.
    • The outer rays bend more and more towards the center, which is called
    convergence of the rays
    • If the lens has exactly the proper curvature, parallel light rays passing through
    each part of the lens with pass through a single point called the focal point.
    Concave lens
    • These lenses diverge light rays
    • The light rays through the center of the lens are
    not refracted.
    • The rays at the edge of the lens enter the lens
    ahead of the rays in the center.
    • Cylindrical lens bend light rays in only one plane in
    comparison with spherical lenses.
    • Convex lenses converge in one plane
    • Concave lenses diverge in one plane
    Focal length & focal point
    • The focal point is the point beyond the lens at which all the light rays are focused.
    i.e. fovea centralis of retina.
    • The distance beyond a convex lens at which parallel rays converge to a common
    focal point is called the focal length.
    • The focal length of the human eye is 17mm.
    MEASURING THE REFRACTIVE POWER
    OF A LENS
    • Refractive power is measured in diopters (D).
    • The refractive power in diopters of a convex lens is equal to 1 meter divided by its
    focal length.

    • The refractive power of the eye is 59D (remember focal


    length is 17mm and it should be changed to meters in
    calculating thus 0.017m)
    IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONVEX
    LENS
    • The image formed is upside down with respect to the original object and the two
    sides of the image are reversed.
    • The image projected on the fovea is thus inverted however, the brain considers
    this inverted image as normal.
    ACCOMMODATION
    • This is the ability of the eyeball to focus nearer objects clearly on the retina.

    • In humans accommodation can be achieved by


    • Curvature of lens: Through contraction of ciliary muscles
    • Constriction of pupil: through contraction of sphincter pupillae
    • Convergence of the eye: through contraction of medial recti of
    eye balls

    • Accommodation pathway to be covered later on


    THANK YOU

    Secrets of Physio

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