Collecting Qualitative Data

COLLECTING QUALITATIVE
DATA
Dina Wasilatur Rofiqoh
Eka Anisa Aprina
Norma Istiqomah
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING
QUALITATIVE DATA?
1. Identify your participans and sites.

2. Gain access
3. Consider what types of information will be best answer
the research questions.
4. Design instruments for collecting and recording the
information.
5. Administer the data collection.
Purposeful Sampling : Researches intentionally select individuals and sites to learn and
understand the central phenomenon.
Maximal Variation Sampling : Purposeful sampling in which the researchers sample cases
or individuals that differ on some characteristic or trait.
Extreme Case Sampling : The researchers study an outlier case or one that displays
extreme characteristics.
Typical Sampling : The researchers studies a person or site that is typical to those
unfamiliar with the situation.
Theory Sampling : The researchers samples individuals or sites because they can help
generate or discover the theory or specific concepts within the theory.
Homogenous Sampling : The researchers purposefully samples individuals or sites based
on membership in a subgroup that has defining characteristics.
Critical Sampling : The researchers identify the case that can illustrate some
phenomenon dramatically.
Opportunistic Sampling : Purposeful sampling undertaken after the research begins, to

take advantage of unfolding events that will help answer research questions.
Snowball Sampling : Form of purposeful sampling that typically proceeds after a study
begins and occurs when the researchers asks participans to recommend other individuals
to study.
Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling : A purposeful strategy used during a study to

follow up on specific cases to explore further specific findings.
SAMPLE SIZE OR NUMBER OF
RESEARCH SITES
Study a few individuals or a few cases Study a single individual or a single site
WHAT TYPES OF PERMISSIONS WILL BE REQUIRED
TO GAIN ACCESS TO PARTICIPANTS AND SITES?
Seek Institutional Review Board Approval

Gatekeepers
- Seeking permissions from the board
An individual who has an official role at
- Developing a description of the project
the site,provides entrance to a site,helps
- Designing an informed consent form
reseachers locate people, and assists in the
- Having the project reviewed
identification of places to study.
WHAT TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA
WILL YOU COLLECT?
Obsevation : The process of gathering open-ended, firsthand information by observing

people and places at a research site.
Observational roles :
A participant observer : An observational role adopted by researches when they take part
in activities in the setting they observe.
A nonparticipant observer : An observer who visit a site and records notes without
becoming involved in the activities of the participants.
A changing observational role : One when researchers adapt their role to the situation.
THE PROCESS OF OBSERVING
1. Select a site to be observed that can help you best understand the central
phenomenon.
2. Ease into the site slowly by looking around, getting a general senses of the site, and
taking limited notes, at least initialy.
3. At the site,identify who or what to observe , when to observe, and how long to
observe.
4. Determine, initialy your role as an observer.
5. Conduct multiple obsevations over time to obtain the best understanding of the site
and the individuals.
6. Design some means for recording notes during an observation.
7. Consider what information you will record during an observation.
8. Record descriptive and reflective fieldnotes
Descriptive fielnotes: record a description of the events, activities, and people .
Reflective fieldnotes: record personal thoughts that researchers have that relate to
their insights, hunches, or board ideas or themes that emerge during the observation
9. Make yourself known, but remain unobtrusive.

10. After observing, slowly withdraw from the site.
INTERVIEWS
Occur when researchers ask one or more

participants general, open-ended questions and
record their answer.
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS AND OPEN-
ENDED QUESTIONS ON
QUESTIONNAIRES
1. One-on-one interviews
2. Focus group interviews
3. Telephone interviews
4. E-mail interviews
CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS
1. Identify the interviewees

2. Determine the type of interview you will use
3. During the interview, audiotape the questions and responses
4. Take brief notes during the interview
5. Locate a quiet, suitable place for conducting the interview
6. Obtain the consent from the interviewee to participate in the study
7. Have a plan, but be flexible
8. Use probes to obtain additional information
9. Be courteous and professional when the interview is over
DOCUMENTS
Consist of public and private records that qualitative

researchers obtain about a site or participants in a study
and they can include newspaper, minutes of meeting,
personal journals and letters.
COLLECTING DOCUMENTS
1. Identify the type of documents that can provide useful information to answer your
qualitative research questions
2. Consider the documents and private documents as sources of information of your
research
3. Once the documents are located, seek permission to use them from the appropriate
individuals in charge of the materials
4. If you ask participants to keep a journal, provide specific instructions about the
procedure
5. Once you have permission to use document, examine them for accuracy,
completeness, and usefulness in answering the research questions in your study
6. Record information from the documents
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Consist of images or sounds that researchers collect to

help them understand the central phenomenon under
study.
STEPS OF COLLECTING AUDIOVISUAL
MATERIALS
1. Determine what visual material can provide information to answer research

questions and how that material might augment existing forms of data, such as
interviews and observations
2. Identify the visual material available and obtain permission to use it
3. Check the accuracy and authenticity of the visual materials if you do not record it
yourself
4. Collect the data and organize it
How to record data?
 Interview protocol
 Observational protocol
what field and ethical issues
need to be anticipated?
FIELD ISSUES
 Access; anticipate the amount of time it will take to
recruit participant to your study and the difficulity of
recruitment.
 Observing; knowing the observational role
 Interviewing; prepare your equipment adequetely
 Documents; anticipate the amount of time that may be

required to locate, obtain permission for, and secure both
public and private documents for our research
 Audiovisual material; plan ahead to keep the room,
camera, etc as quiet as possible
ETHICAL ISSUES
 Identification of some guidlines for ethical issues.

 Reviews keys issues likeli to arise .
 A researcher must also not engage in deception about the

nature of the study.
 The researcher quest for information should be tempered
by proper ethical constrain aimed at protecting the
participants.
 Need to collet data in a way hat respect the indigenous
culture of group.

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COLLECTING QUALITATIVE

1. Identify your participans and sites.

Opportunistic Sampling : Purposeful sampling undertaken after the research begins, to

Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling : A purposeful strategy used during a study to

Seek Institutional Review Board Approval

Obsevation : The process of gathering open-ended, firsthand information by observing

Descriptive fielnotes: record a description of the events, activities, and people .

9. Make yourself known, but remain unobtrusive.

Occur when researchers ask one or more

1. Identify the interviewees

Consist of public and private records that qualitative

Consist of images or sounds that researchers collect to

1. Determine what visual material can provide information to answer research

 Interviewing; prepare your equipment adequetely

 Documents; anticipate the amount of time that may be

 Identification of some guidlines for ethical issues.

 A researcher must also not engage in deception about the

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