Q4 W2 PR1 Notes
Q4 W2 PR1 Notes
Q4 W2 PR1 Notes
Q4 W2 NOTES
Try This! Read the following situations. Then, answer the questions that follow.
A. The researcher would like to explore the reason behind a school’s experience with organizational development by immersing
himself in the said school.
B. The researcher wants to discover the shared lived experiences of employees who belong to the sandwich generation by
gathering them and asking them to share their experiences.
C. The researchers want to know the practices of people doing online selling and they used the videos these people uploaded
on their respective FB accounts.
D. Michael and his co-researchers would like to identify the feelings and thoughts of the residents living in a slum about the
implementation of ECQ in their area through the diaries they keep.
Guide Questions:
1. What research instruments are used in the each of the following situations?
2. What kind of data are gathered using the tools described in the following above situations?
3. Do you think these tools are effective in getting or collecting data? Why or why not?
4. How do you now define a research instrument?
Qualitative data in their oral form are a product of the interaction between participants and researchers. Another term
used for qualitative data is account or accounts (McLeod, 2001; Van Manen, 1990, cited in Polkinghorene, 2005). Data collection
is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables
one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes (Northern Illinois University, n.d.). The following
are the methods of data collection employed in qualitative studies.
A. OBSERVATION. The process of gathering open-ended, firsthand information by observing people and places at a research
site. The senses are used, including sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.
1. Select a site to be observed. Obtain the required permissions needed to gain access to the site.
2. At the site, identify who or what to observe, when, and for how long. A gatekeeper helps in this process. Gatekeeper: A
gatekeeper is an individual has an official or unofficial role at the site, provides entrance to a site, helps researchers locate
people, and assists in the identification of places to study.
3. Determine, initially, a role to be assumed as an observer.
4. Design an observational protocol as a method for recording notes in the field. Include in this protocol both descriptive and
reflective notes (i.e., notes about your experiences, hunches, and learnings). Descriptive field notes: record a description of the
events, activities, and people. Reflective field notes: record personal thoughts that researchers have that relate to their insights,
hunches, or board ideas or themes that emerge during the observation
5. Record aspects such as portraits of the informant, the physical setting, particular events and activities, and your own reactions
(Bogdan & Biklen, 1992). Describe what happened and also reflect on these aspects, including personal reflections, insights,
ideas, confusions, hunches, initial interpretations, and breakthroughs.
6. During the observation, have someone introduce you if you are an outsider, be passive and friendly, and start with limited
objectives in the first few sessions of observation.
7. After observing, slowly withdraw from the site, thanking the participants and informing them of the use of the data and their
accessibility to the study.
8. Prepare your full notes immediately after the observation. Give thick and rich narrative descriptions of the people and events
under observation.
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B. INTERVIEW. It is the technique of gathering data from humans by asking them questions and getting them to react verbally
(Potter, 1996). The purpose of the interview is to gain a full and detailed account from an informant of the experience under study.
Usually open-ended questions are asked during interviews in hopes of obtaining impartial answers, while closed-ended questions
may force participants to answer in a particular way (Creswell, 2012; McNamara, 1999).
C. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS. These are public and private records that qualitative researchers obtain about a site or participants
in a study, and they can include newspapers, minutes of meeting, personal journals, and letters.
D. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS. These are images or sounds that researchers collect to help them understand the central
phenomenon under study.
Try This! Write TRUE if the statement is about research. Otherwise, write FALSE.
1. Data collection is the process of gathering data in order to answer the research questions.
2. Observation involves the senses in observing people where first-hand information are gathered.
3. Participant as observer is a type of observation wherein the researcher is neither seen nor noticed by the people under study.
4. Permission is not necessary if you want to gain entry to your observation site.
5. Closed-ended questions are preferred in qualitative interviews.
6. Focus group discussion is the process of collecting data through interviews with a group of people, typically four to six.
7. Consent from the participants is not necessary if you want to record your interview.
8. In document analysis, a researcher may use either public or private records about a site or a participant.
9. Getting the permission of the ones responsible for the documents you need is necessary.
10. Audiovisual materials are images or sounds that researchers collect to help them understand the central phenomenon under
study.
Try Some More! Identify the appropriate data collection method for the following situations.
1. The researcher wants to experience a different culture by living/ observing it.
2. The researchers want to know the thoughts and feelings of people who are into online selling by listening to their stories.
3. Karen and her co-researchers would like to investigate the learning behavior of a child with autism as they teach him.
4. Maxine and her co-researchers would like to establish a theory on the spread of coronavirus in their municipality by looking
into municipal orders and announcements by the municipal mayor.
5. Carina and her co-researchers would like to describe the culture of people who belong to the LGBTQII community.
6. The student-researchers would like to identify the reasons for the people flocking in the cities by asking them personally.
Ponder, Finally! How will you decide on choosing an appropriate data collection method in your study?
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Try This Finally! As a group, write the research instrument section of your study (PERFORMANCE TASK 3). After which,
write your data collection procedure section. (PERFORMANCE TASK 4).
Ponder! Does the concept of "researcher subjectivity" pose a threat to the validity of qualitative findings, or can it be a
valuable asset in the analysis process?
Get ready to explore the many faces of success! In this activity, we'll delve into the concept of success by
brainstorming words and phrases that come to mind.
Here's the Mission:
Gather Your Crew: Grab a partner or a small group for this word association adventure.
The Prompt: Think about success. What words or phrases pop into your head? Write down everything that comes
to mind, no matter how common or unique! (Money, happiness, achievement, impact, recognition, etc.)
Group Discussion: Once you have a good list, share your words with your partner(s). Discuss any overlaps and see
if there are any surprising or unexpected associations.
Categorize and Analyze: Group your words into categories that reflect different aspects of success. For example,
some words might relate to financial success, while others might focus on personal fulfillment or making a difference
in the world.
Dig Deeper: For each category, discuss why these words are associated with success. What values or priorities do
they reflect? How do these ideas differ from person to person and across cultures?
Study!
Yin (1994) defined data analysis as “examining, categorizing, tabulating, or otherwise recombining the evidence
to address the initial prepositions of a study (p. 102).” One commonly used data analysis in qualitative research is thematic
analysis.
Thematic Analysis is a widely used qualitative method for analyzing data in psychology and social sciences.
Developed by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke in 2006, it offers a flexible yet systematic approach to identifying and
analyzing patterns (themes) within qualitative data. This lecture note will delve into the key principles, steps, and
considerations involved in conducting Braun and Clarke Thematic Analysis.
Key Principles:
Inductive Approach: Thematic Analysis takes an inductive approach, meaning that themes emerge from
the data itself rather than being imposed by preconceived theoretical frameworks.
Flexibility: It allows researchers to be flexible in their analysis, accommodating diverse research questions
and methodologies.
Richness and Depth: Thematic Analysis aims for a rich and nuanced understanding of the data, capturing
both surface-level patterns and deeper underlying meanings.
Iterative Process: Analysis is often iterative, involving cycles of data familiarization, coding, theme
development, and refinement.
1. Familiarization with Data: Researchers immerse themselves in the data, becoming familiar with its content through
repeated readings or listening.
2. Initial Coding: They generate initial codes, identifying interesting features, patterns, or meanings in the data. This
stage involves a process of labeling segments of data with descriptive codes.
3. Searching for Themes: Codes are then collated into potential themes, grouping together related codes that capture
key concepts or patterns within the data.
4. Reviewing Themes: Researchers review and refine the themes, ensuring they accurately reflect the dataset and
are coherent and distinct from one another.
5. Defining and Naming Themes: Themes are clearly defined and named, capturing the essence of the patterns
they represent.
6. Writing Up: Finally, researchers produce a narrative account of the analysis, supported by illustrative quotes from
the data, to communicate the findings.
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Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis offers a rigorous yet flexible approach to analyzing qualitative data, allowing
researchers to uncover rich insights and patterns within their data. By following the key principles and steps outlined in this
lecture note, researchers can conduct systematic and insightful analyses that contribute to our understanding of human
experiences and phenomena.
Sample Braun and Clarke Thematic Analysis: Challenges of Millennial Hydroponics Farmers
Research Question: What challenges do millennial hydroponics farmers face in their operations?
Data: In-depth interviews with 15 millennial hydroponics farmers from various regions.
Step 1: Familiarization with Data. The researcher immerses themself in the interviews, carefully reading and rereading them to
understand the specific challenges faced by these millennial farmers.
Step 2: Initial Coding. The researcher analyzes the interviews line-by-line, assigning codes to capture recurring themes related to
challenges. Here are some potential initial codes:
Financial Burdens: "High initial setup costs," "Difficulty securing loans," "Fluctuating input prices"
Technical Knowledge: "Need for specific hydroponic knowledge," "Troubleshooting system issues," "Staying updated on new
technology"
Marketing and Sales: "Finding reliable markets," "Competition from traditional farming," "Challenges with pricing premium
produce"
Labor and Expertise: "Finding skilled workers," "Managing labor costs," "Limited access to training programs"
Step 3: Searching for Themes. The researcher groups related codes to identify potential themes:
Financial Constraints: Codes about setup costs, loans, and fluctuating prices could form a theme of "Financial Pressures in
Starting and Maintaining a Hydroponics Farm".
Knowledge and Skill Gaps: Codes about technical knowledge, troubleshooting, and new technology could be a theme of
"Need for Specialized Knowledge and Skills in Hydroponics".
Market Challenges: Codes about finding markets, competition, and pricing could be "Difficulties in Establishing a
Profitable Market for Hydroponic Produce".
Workforce Management: Codes about skilled labor, labor costs, and training could be "Challenges in Finding and
Managing a Qualified Workforce".
Step 4: Reviewing Themes. The researcher refines the themes based on the data. Perhaps "Financial Constraints" can be separated
into "High Startup Costs" and "Operational Cost Fluctuations".
Step 6: Writing Up
The researcher uses quotes from the interviews to illustrate each theme and build a comprehensive report on the challenges faced by
millennial hydroponics farmers. The report can be used to inform policy changes, support programs, and educational initiatives to
address these challenges and encourage the success of millennial farmers in this innovative agricultural practice.
Table 1
Challenges faced by Millenial Hydroponics farmers
1. Thematic Analysis is a qualitative method developed by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke.
2. Thematic Analysis follows a deductive approach, imposing preconceived theoretical frameworks onto the data.
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3. Flexibility is a key principle of Thematic Analysis, allowing researchers to adapt the method to diverse research
questions and methodologies.
4. The process of generating initial codes in Thematic Analysis involves grouping related codes into potential themes.
5. Researchers typically immerse themselves in the data during the initial coding stage of Thematic Analysis.
6. Reviewing and refining themes is not an essential step in the Thematic Analysis process.
7. Defining and naming themes is an optional step in Thematic Analysis.
8. Thematic Analysis aims for a superficial understanding of the data, focusing only on surface-level patterns.
9. Reflexivity involves researchers reflecting on their biases, assumptions, and preconceptions throughout the analysis
process.
10. Thematic Analysis does not involve interpretation of the data.
11. Considering the broader context of the data, such as social and cultural factors, is not important in Thematic
Analysis.
12. Thematic Analysis does not have any quality criteria for assessing the rigor of the analysis.
13. Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis is strictly limited to psychology research.
14. Thematic Analysis is a linear process, with each step occurring sequentially without revisiting previous stages.
15. Thematic Analysis can be used to uncover both surface-level patterns and deeper underlying meanings within
qualitative data.
Try Some More! Identify to which step in thematic analysis the following refer.
1. The researcher reads and rereads the interview transcripts, immersing themself in the users' experiences.
2. The researcher refines the themes to ensure they accurately reflect the data and are distinct. Perhaps "App Usability
and Engagement" needs to be split into separate themes of "App Strengths" and "App Weaknesses".
3. The researcher goes through the transcripts line-by-line, assigning codes to capture recurring ideas and user
experiences. Here are some initial codes:
Motivation: "Feeling sluggish," "Wanted to get healthy," "Needed a kickstart"
App Features: "Easy to use interface," "Great workout variety," "Limited exercise options"
Challenges: "Trouble staying consistent," "Didn't like some exercises," "Missed social interaction"
Benefits: "Increased energy levels," "Feeling stronger," "Improved sleep"
4. Theme 1: Seeking and Finding Improvement (Users started the app to improve health and experienced positive
outcomes)
Theme 2: App Strengths (Users appreciated features like ease of use and workout variety)
Theme 3: App Weaknesses (Users faced challenges with consistency, limited exercise options, or lack of social
interaction)
5. The researcher writes a report on the thematic analysis, using quotes from the interviews to illustrate each theme.
The report discusses how the app motivates users, highlights its strengths and weaknesses, and suggests areas
for improvement
6. The researcher groups related codes:
Motivation & Benefits: Codes about starting the app and positive outcomes could form a theme of "Seeking and
Finding Improvement".
App Features & Challenges: Codes about the app's functionalities and user difficulties could be a theme of
"App Usability and Engagement".
Ponder, Finally! How will you decide on choosing an appropriate data analysis method in your study?
Try This Finally! As a group, write the data analysis section of your study (PERFORMANCE TASK 5).
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