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    Chapter 2 - Atoms, Molecules and Ions: Practice Problem

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    The document describes a practice problem involving calculating the average mass of spheres. It states there are 20 spheres total, some red and some yellow, with given masses for each. It asks if there are more red or yellow spheres given an average mass of 0.47g. The answer explains that since the average is less than the overall average of red and yellow spheres combined, there must be more of the lighter, yellow spheres.

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    Chapter 2 - Atoms, Molecules and Ions: Practice Problem

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    Spark Hires
    14 views15 pages
    The document describes a practice problem involving calculating the average mass of spheres. It states there are 20 spheres total, some red and some yellow, with given masses for each. It asks if there are more red or yellow spheres given an average mass of 0.47g. The answer explains that since the average is less than the overall average of red and yellow spheres combined, there must be more of the lighter, yellow spheres.

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    The document describes a practice problem involving calculating the average mass of spheres. It states there are 20 spheres total, some red and some yellow, with given masses for each. It asks if there are more red or yellow spheres given an average mass of 0.47g. The answer explains that since the average is less than the overall average of red and yellow spheres combined, there must be more of the lighter, yellow spheres.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    14 views15 pages

    Chapter 2 - Atoms, Molecules and Ions: Practice Problem

    Uploaded by

    Spark Hires
    The document describes a practice problem involving calculating the average mass of spheres. It states there are 20 spheres total, some red and some yellow, with given masses for each. It asks if there are more red or yellow spheres given an average mass of 0.47g. The answer explains that since the average is less than the overall average of red and yellow spheres combined, there must be more of the lighter, yellow spheres.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Chapter 2 – Atoms, Molecules and Ions

    Practice Problem
    A container holds 20 spheres, some red and some
    yellow. The red spheres each have a mass of 0.93 g
    and the yellow spheres have a mass of 0.11 g.

    If the average mass per sphere in the sample is


    0.47 g, are there more red or yellow spheres?

    ANSWER: If there were equal numbers of red and


    yellow the average mass per sphere would be 0.52 g. But
    since the cited average is less than the simple numerical
    average there must be more of the lighter spheres; that
    is, there are more yellow spheres than red spheres.
    Average mass
    of spheres
    What is the range for our possible answer?
    • 10 spheres of 2.5g
    In other words, MUST our average be between?
    • 30 spheres of 3.5g
    Greater than 2.5g (the least massive sphere)
    • 15 spheres of 5.0 g
    Less than 5.0g (the most massive sphere)

    To calculate the average, calculate the total mass of ALL spheres, then divide by
    the total number of spheres! (55 spheres total)

    Average =
    Question #1
    What makes up the nucleus of an atom?

    A. Protons
    B. Neutrons
    C. Electrons and Protons
    D. Protons and Neutrons
    E. Electrons and Neutrons
    Structure of the Atom
    Name Charge Charge (C) Mass (amu) Mass (g) Location
    (symbol) (Relative)
    Proton (p+) 1+ +1.602 x 10-19 1.00727 1.67262 x 10-24 Nucleus
    Neutron (n0) 0 0 1.00866 1.67493 x 10-24 Nucleus
    Outside the
    Electron (e-) 1- -1.602 x 10-19 0.00054858 9.10939 x 10-28
    nucleus

    NOTE: protons and neutrons have a mass of basically 1 amu,


    while electrons are comparatively almost massless
    Atomic mass, mass number & atomic symbol
    A
    Z X Isotopes have the same
    number of protons, but
    X = Atomic symbol of the element
    different numbers of
    neutrons!
    A = mass number; A = Z + N

    Z = atomic number
    (the number of protons in the nucleus)
    N = number of neutrons in the nucleus
    Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
    Question #2
    What is the correct identity of an element with the
    following symbol and how many neutrons does it have?

    X
    79
    35

    Br
    79
    A. Gold, 114 neutrons
    B. Bromine, 44 neutrons
    Q: Why don’t we need to necessarily write a
    C. Gold, 44 neutrons number here?

    D. Bromine, 114 neutrons A: The identity of the element defines and is


    defined by the number of protons!
    Activity: Isotopes
    Determine the number of protons and neutrons
    in each of the following isotopes:
    35
    17 Cl 17 protons, 18 neutrons

    carbon-14 6 protons, 8 neutrons

    198
    Au 79 protons, 119 neutrons
    Activity: Isotope Symbols 2

    Practice writing the isotope symbols for the


    following isotope pairs.
    uranium-235 and uranium-238

    235 238
    92 U and 92 U

    lithium-6 and lithium-7


    6 7
    3 Li and 3 Li
    Average Atomic Mass
    • Each isotope has a mass equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons.

    Br-79: 78.918337 amu Why isn’t it 79 amu?


    Br-81: 80.9162906 amu Why isn’t it 81 amu?

    These are exact masses


    (1 amu = 1.66053873 x 10 kg)
    -27
    determined by mass spectroscopy
    Isn’t 1 AMU the mass of a nucleon?
    • Nucleon = a proton or a neutron (a nuclear particle)

    Actually, nucleons will have different masses depending


    on the size of the atom (i.e. Hydrogen vs. Platinum).

    Smaller atoms (hydrogen) can undergo nuclear fusion,


    converting mass into Energy, while larger ones undergo
    nuclear fission. [E = mc2]

    Exact definition: 1 AMU = 1/12th the mass of a


    Carbon-12 nucleus
    Don’t worry about this graph too much for
    now, we will revisit later in the course!
    Atomic Mass vs. Mass Number
    Mass number = the number of nucleons in an
    10
    element/isotope.
    Ne
    Eg. Carbon-12 vs. Carbon-14 20.18

    Atomic Mass usually refers to average atomic


    mass, which is found on the periodic table. This
    value is also the molar mass (although units are
    different).
    Calculating the average atomic mass for an element
    given the abundances and masses of the isotopes
    An element has two naturally occurring isotopes:
    Isotope 1 120.9038 amu relative abundance 57.40%
    Isotope 2 122.9042 amu
    What is the atomic mass, and what is the identity of this element?

    Solution:
    Q: Where did we get this
    100% – 57.40% = 42.60% (Isotope 2) element?

    120.9038(0.5740) + 122.9042(0.4260) = A: The periodic table! This is


    the atomic mass of Antimony
    121.8 amu, Sb (Sb)
    Calculating abundances for both
    isotopes
    Lithium, whose compounds are used in storage batteries, has two naturally
    occurring isotopes:
    6
    Li (isotopic mass = 6.015121 amu) and 7Li (isotopic mass = 7.016003 amu).

    What is the approximate abundance of each isotope based on an atomic mass of


    6.9409 amu for lithium?
    6.015121(x) + 7.016003 (1 - x) = 6.9409
    6.015121 x + 7.016003 – 7.016003 x = 6.9409
    Hint: Let the percent of Li-6 be (1-x)
    -1.00088200 x + 7.016003 = 6.9409
    and let the percent of Li-7 be “x” -1.00088200 x = -0.0075103
    x = 0.075

    6
    Li = 8%; 7Li = 92%
    The Periodic Table Atomic
    Number

    10

    Ne
    20.18

    Average
    atomic
    mass (amu)

    Ne is the
    Symbol for
    neon
    Wrapping up the week!
    • Last day of zoom class scheduled for tomorrow! (FLMG265 on Monday)

    • “In-Class quiz” for week 1 – will be posted as a take-home. Opens from


    end of class tomorrow. Post your solutions before 11:59pm!

    • IAs will lead our last remote class tomorrow

    • No Reading Quiz this week – but don’t get used to it!

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