Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 244 views

    543

    Uploaded by

    Asima Athar
    eva

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    543

    Uploaded by

    Asima Athar
    244 views27 pages
    eva

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    eva

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    244 views27 pages

    543

    Uploaded by

    Asima Athar
    eva

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 27

    Arkema functional polyolefins for cable compounds

    EVATANE LOTRYL

    LOTADER OREVAC

    October 2002

    Evatane- Lotryl- Lotader- Orevac


    HFFR: Halogen Free Flame Retardant Why HFFR? Atofina functional polyolefins for cables Standard formulation Resin selection Coupling agents Ageing Crosslinking Temperature requirements Power cable Arkema resins in power cable Internal semi conductor layer Insulation layer External semi conductor layer Sheathing/jacketing p3 p6 p9 p 11 p 14 p 17 p 18 p 21 p 22 p 24 p 25 p 26 p 27

    The information contained herein is to the best of our knowledge accurate, but since the circumstances and conditions in which it may be used are beyond our control, we do not accept liability for 2 any loss or damage, however arising, which results directly or indirectly from the use of such information, nor we offer any warranty of immunity against patent infringement.

    Why halogen free compounds?


    PVC is still the main resin used in the cable industry. However, three main drawbacks have forced the development of alternative halogen free materials Fire behavior of PVC :
    Formation of black smoke Release of chlorine derivatives

    Environmental considerations :
    PVC under environment pressure

    Limited temperature resistance (110C)


    With its range of functional polyolefins, Arkema stands as a partner of choice to cable manufacturers who expect innovative solutions to the most complex of problems.
    3

    HFFR:Alternative to PVC
    Polyolefins (PE, EVA, EMA, EBA) are good candidates for the substitution of PVC in cables. Benefits are: Good combustion properties
    Low smoke emission Anti-drip

    Excellent dielectric properties Good physical properties - Crosslinkable Recyclability Good performance/price balance

    But limited natural fire resistance: the addition of mineral flame retardants such as Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2 and/or others is necessary to meet flame retardancy requirements. As they accept high content of filler (due to their high polarity), EVATANE and LOTRYL are the materials of choice
    4

    Where HFFR
    Low voltage < 1KV HFFR can be used in insulation, bedding and sheathing of low voltage cables

    1 2 3 4 6 7 5

    Medium -High Voltage cable >1KV to 600 KV For medium voltage or high voltage, only the sheathing layer (7) is halogen free.

    Evatane: EVA copolymers


    EVATANE: wide range of vinyl acetate content and melt index
    Grades 18-150 18-500 20-20 24-03 28-03 28-05 28-25 28-40 28-150 28-420 28-800 33-35 33-45 33-400 40-55 VA Content (%) 17 19 17 19 19 21 23 25 26 28 27 29 27 29 27 29 27 29 27 29 27 29 32 34 32 34 32 34 38 - 41 Melt Index (g/10 min) 135 175 450 550 17 23 2,5 3,5 3 4,5 58 22 29 35 45 135 175 370 470 700 900 22 29 38 - 48 350 - 450 48 - 62 Melting point (C) 79 74 79 79 75 73 72 72 67 67 64 60 60 59 50 Vicat point (C) 43 < 40 49 45 44 43 41 40 < 40 < 40 < 40 < 40 < 40 < 40 < 40 Tensile Strength Elongation at break (Mpa) at break (%) 5 4 12,5 29 33 33 13 11 6 2,5 1,5 12 10,5 2,5 5 500 800 500 800 500 800 700 800 700 1000 700 1000 700 1000 700 1000 700 1000 700 1000 300 800 1000 800 1000 800 1000 1000 Hardness Shore A

    84 80 84 85 83 82 76 76 70 62 57 66 64 45 46

    Lotryl EMA & EBA copolymers


    LOTRYL are random ethylene / acrylic ester copolymers.
    --- (CH2 - CH2 -)x ---- (CH2 - CH - ) --Ethylene I O = C O - CH3 or Methyl Acrylate
    Base Grades 7 BA 01 E B A 17 BA 04 17 BA 07 30 BA 02 35 BA 40 9 MA 02 15 MA 03 E M A 16 MA 003 18 MA 02 20 MA 08 24 MA 005 28 MA 07 29 MA 03

    C4H9 Butyl Acrylate

    Ester content % 6-8 16 - 19 16 - 19 28 - 32 33 - 37 8,5 - 10,5 13,5 - 16 14 - 17 17 - 20 19 - 22 23 - 26 26 - 30 27 - 31

    Flexural Hardness Melt index Melting Tensile strength Elongation at (g/10 min) point (C) at break (Mpa) break (%) modulus (Mpa) Shore A Shore D 107 17 700 85 42 1 - 1,5% 91 13 700 45 32 3,5 - 4,5 89 12 700 40 30 6,5 - 8 78 6 850 9 75 1,5 - 2,5 67 2 300 70 35 - 45 99 16 750 88.5 38 1,8 - 2,6 89 14 700 50 29 2,3 - 3,3 96 22 650 60 35 0,25 - 0,35 87 15 700 50 25 2-3 80 10 800 20 83 7-9 70 20 700 18 84 0,4 - 0,6 65 7 900 10 76 6-8 61 6 900 8 75 2 - 3,5
    7

    Lotader and Orevac Maleated polyolefins


    LOTADER Ethylene-butyl acrylate-maleic anhydride terpolymers
    - (CH2 - CH2 -)x - (CH2 - CH - ) y - (CH2 - CH2 -) - (CH - CH - )z I I I C=O O=C C=O I \ / O-R O Butyl Acrylate Maleic anhydride

    OREVAC Maleic anhydride grafted polyolefins


    -- (CH2 - CH2)n -- CH2 - CHI CH - CH2 I I O=C C=O \ / O

    LOTADER GRADES

    N BUTYL ACRYLATE (w%)

    MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (w%) 3.1 3.8 3.1

    OREVAC GRADES PE 18302 EVA 18211 PP CA100

    MFI (g/10min) 1 3.5 10

    Tm (C) 124 75 167

    3210 4210 3410

    6 6 17.7

    HFFR standard formulations


    Polyolefins + Filler + Coupling agent

    Filler acceptance EVATANE LOTRYL

    Flame resistance

    Cohesion LOTADER OREVAC

    Standard formulation
    Product EVATANE or LOTRYL PE ( LD, HD,LL,VLD) OREVAC or LOTADER Mineral flame retardant filler Al(OH)3 or Mg( OH)3. Stabilizer PHR 50 30 20 170

    0,7
    9

    HFFR formulations are based on blends of ethylene copolymers (EVA, EMA, EBA) and Polyethylene (LD,LL,HD) to optimize flame retardancy , mechanical properties and cost .

    HFFR compounds : LOI*

    LOI (%)
    40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 40 60 70
    LDPE

    EVA, EBA, EMA (30% Comonomer)

    Soft PVC LOI

    In order to meet fire resistance a high amount of filler is required. EVATANE and LOTRYL (EMA, EBA, EVA) provide better fire resistance due to their high filler acceptance.

    ATH content (wt%)

    LOI*: Limited Oxygen Index = minimum amount of oxygen in atmosphere to maintain combustion
    10

    Evatane, Lotryl selection


    The selection of an appropriate grade is based on the compromise between acrylate content and MFI.
    %Elong. at break
    160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

    Higher comonomer content increases elongation at break and filler acceptance.


    10 15 20 25 30 35

    Lotryl or EVA Comonomer content (w%)


    18

    Stress at break (Mpa)

    16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

    Lower melt index gives higher stress at break.

    LOTRYL or EVA MFI (g/ 10 min @ 190C/2.16kg)

    11

    Evatane, Lotryl selection


    Stress and elongation at break (%) for standard formulation
    180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
    Lo AT EV Lo Lo Lo Lo l try l try l try l try l try

    18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

    Stress at Break (Mpa)

    % Elongation

    Arkemas product range has been developed to cover the specifications of the cable industry

    E AN 28 03

    15 MA 03

    16 MA 00 3

    Lotryl 30 BA02, Lotryl 24 MA005, Lotryl 29MA03, Lotryl 16MA003


    12

    24 MA 00 5

    Recommended resins: Evatane 28-03, 28-05

    29 MA 03

    30 BA 02

    Choice of Evatane versus Lotryl


    Lotryl based compounds have better ageing resistance than EVA based compounds.
    Ageing @ 175C
    Elongation at break %
    120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0days 7days 14days 21days 28days 35days
    EVA compound Lotryl compound

    Evatane brings a good performance at a competitive cost.

    Due to their better thermal stability, Lotryl is more appropriate for : Higher processing temperatures Higher extrusion speed Better heat resistance Better chemical resistance. especially to oil.

    Ageing time

    13

    Why coupling agent?


    Selection of the appropriate coupling agent is an important issue for HFFR compounds: The use of reactive polymers such as LOTADER, OREVAC improves fillers dispersion and adhesion with base polymer. The use of a coupling agents allows to increase the tensile strength at break while keeping a good elongation at break. LOTADER and OREVAC allow to reach cables specifications. Example : Mechanical specifications for Euro Tunnel Cable are strength at break >10 Mpa and Elongation >125%.

    14

    Effect of coupling agent


    The use of a coupling agents allows to increase the tensile strength at break while keeping a good elongation at break
    160
    Tensile Strength (MPa)

    14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
    18 30 2 te d 32 10 %g ra f 42 10 LO TA D LO TA D EV AC EV AC ER ER 93 04

    140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

    elongation at break (%)

    Tests run on the standard formulation presented on page 9

    28

    EV A

    Recommendations:
    LOTADER

    OR

    3210, 4210
    15

    OREVAC 18302

    OR

    Choice of LOTADER versus OREVAC


    Coupling agent Unit Tensile strength (MPa) 13 12 14 Elongation at break (%) 135 110 195

    Lotader 3210 Orevac 18302 Customer results with Orevac 18302

    Internal mixer Internal mixer Buss or twin screw

    LOTADER 3210: General purpose, versatile coupling agent. OREVAC 18302: Better compounding efficiency on twin screw extruders and Buss co-kneaders.
    16

    *:

    Ageing HFFR compounds


    ATH Polymer Grade Parts Parts Grade Parts Coupling agent Mechanical Properties Tensil e Mpa 11.8 Elong ation % 256 Aging :7days /180C

    Tensile MPa 12.8

    Elongation % 140

    EVA 2803 28% VA MI 3

    100

    135

    Lotader 3210

    11

    100 Lotryl 24MA005 100 100 Lotryl 29MA03 100 100

    155 135 155 135 155

    Lotader 3210 Lotader 3210 Lotader 3210 Lotader 3210 Lotader 3210
    17

    25 11 25 11 25

    14.7 14.1 15.2 10.8 13.4

    200 190 176 220 178

    15.2 14.7 14.7 12.5 14

    120 150 130 124 121

    Crosslinking
    Main reasons for crosslinking
    Improved Temperature resistance Improved drip resistance when burning Improved creep resistance
    ( deformation under load)

    Improved chemical resistance


    ( stress crack)

    Improved impact resistance Increase abrasion resistance Example: T3 cable for automotive Severe chemical environment (oil, lubricants, battery acid)
    18

    Crosslinking technologies
    Peroxide

    Peroxide (DCP)

    Heat

    Silanes
    Peroxide X2 Si OR Water Catalyst
    RO

    Si

    OR

    OR Si OR O Si OR

    Sioplas Dry silane (Monosil)

    OR OR

    Heat

    RO OR

    Radiation
    10-15 Mrad

    e-

    ee- H2

    19

    Crosslinking solutions
    The compounds using Lotryl as base polymer and Lotader or Orevac coupling agents have been successfully crosslinked by E beam technology, peroxides, silanes. The selection of appropriate grades should be made according to the technologies used. Examples: E beam and silane for T3 automotive cable Peroxide and silane for medium and high voltage cable.

    20

    Material selection Temperature requirements


    PFA

    200C

    T6
    Formulation: LOTRYL 24MA005 + PE + LOTADER 3210/OREVAC 18302 + ATH/MDH

    PTFE

    FEP

    175C 150C

    T5 ETFE
    PVDF

    T4 TPE T3
    price
    HFFR

    X-HFFR PP
    LOTRYL modified

    105C

    T2 T1

    PVC
    brominated plasticizer antimony
    21

    HFFR
    LOTRYL, EVATANE LOTADER, OREVAC

    85C

    performance

    LOTRYL EVATANE LOTADER OREVAC

    125C

    POWER CABLE MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE

    22

    Arkema resins in Medium/High Voltage Cable


    1: Copper conductor 2: Internal semi conductor: Based on LOTRYL 17BA07 3: InsulationXLDPE -XLLDPE Using CLEAN LOTRYL 17BA04 4: External semi conductor Based on EVATANE 3325 or 3345 5: Concentric conductor 6 : Copper layer 7 : HFFR sheathing : 23 Evatane/Lotryl
    1 2 3 4 5 6

    Medium/High Voltage Cable


    2. Internal semi conductor layer To eliminate electrical tracking and arcing discharges
    Needs good thermal stability as conductor temperature can reach 90C Needs good adhesion to conductor and to insulation layer Needs extremely homogenous dispersion of the carbon filler (40%) Needs to be easy to process, good smoothness (thin layer) Needs to be crosslinked by peroxyde and extruded at low temperature 130C-140C

    Arkema recommendations
    LOTRYL 17BA07 or 17BA04 for their high polarity, good thermal stability and fluidity. LOTADER 3210 (20% to 30% in dilution in LOTRYL ) in order to optimize dispersion with treated carbon filler (coupling agent) and adhesion to conductor.

    24

    Medium/High Voltage Cable


    3. Insulation Layer: To prevent electrical breakdown
    Needs to eliminate water-treeing which results in insulation failure of the cable.
    Needs to improve environmental stress cracking resistance.

    Arkema recommendations
    Main products used are crosslinked LLDPE,LDPE or EPDM Adding 15% LOTRYL 17BA04 or 18MA02 will prevent water treeing and improve stress cracking resistance.

    25

    Medium/High Voltage Cable


    4. External Semi conductor:
    To provide electrical protection
    Needs good peelability between external semiconductor (4) and insulation layer (3)

    Arkema recommendations
    Peroxide crosslinked EVATANE 33-25 or 33-45 based compound with carbon black (40 weight%).

    26

    Medium/High Voltage Cable


    7. Sheathing- jacketing: To provide mechanical and thermal protection
    Needs good mechanical resistance Needs high chemical resistance Needs to be flame resistant

    Arkema recommendations
    Mineral filled HFFR compound based on EVATANE with high VA content 28-03, 28-05 LOTRYL with high acrylate content ( 30 BA 02, 29MA03) LOTADER 3210, OREVAC 18302

    27

    You might also like