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    Meiosis Powerpoint

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    Mishaal Irfan
    Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation important for reproduction. Meiosis occurs specifically in the sex organs and produces gametes like sperm and eggs, while mitosis occurs in most body cells for growth and tissue repair. The number of chromosome combinations possible from one human is approximately 8 million due to independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis.

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    Meiosis Powerpoint

    Uploaded by

    Mishaal Irfan
    27 views47 pages
    Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation important for reproduction. Meiosis occurs specifically in the sex organs and produces gametes like sperm and eggs, while mitosis occurs in most body cells for growth and tissue repair. The number of chromosome combinations possible from one human is approximately 8 million due to independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis.

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    Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation important for reproduction. Meiosis occurs specifically in the sex organs and produces gametes like sperm and eggs, while mitosis occurs in most body cells for growth and tissue repair. The number of chromosome combinations possible from one human is approximately 8 million due to independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    27 views47 pages

    Meiosis Powerpoint

    Uploaded by

    Mishaal Irfan
    Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation important for reproduction. Meiosis occurs specifically in the sex organs and produces gametes like sperm and eggs, while mitosis occurs in most body cells for growth and tissue repair. The number of chromosome combinations possible from one human is approximately 8 million due to independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 47

    Cell Division

    Meiosis
    Cell Division – Mitosis (Review)
    – Division of a somatic cell that results in 2 genetically
    identical daughter cells
    • Cells must divide for growth, repair of tissues, and
    asexual reproduction
    • Cell division begins in Interphase when the
    chromosomes duplicate
    Chromosomes
    Parent cell duplicate 2 new daughter
    cells identical to
    parent cell

    • Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cell –


    same kind and number of chromosomes
    • Mitosis occurs in somatic or body cells
    Ex: liver, heart, skin, stomach
    • Every organism has its own unique number of
    chromosomes. Humans have 46.
    This is called its diploid number or the total number of
    chromosomes in a somatic cell.
    Diploid means “2 sets” and is written as “2N”.
    • Body cells of adult organisms have 2 sets of
    homologous (matching) chromosomes – 1 set from
    female parent and 1 set from male parent
    Cell Division –Meiosis
    – the process in which the number of chromosomes in the
    original cell is reduced by HALF through the separation of
    homologous chromosomes
    • Meiosis occurs in sex organs only
    • Males (XY) – sex organs are the testes in humans
    • Females (XX) – sex organs are the ovaries in humans
    • Meiosis also occurs in the sex organs of other
    animals, plants, fungi, etc…
    Meiosis
    Division 2

    Division 1
    Chromosomes
    duplicate Daughter cells
    have half as
    many
    chromosomes
    Parent
    as parent cell
    cell
    Meiosis produces sex cells –
    cells with ½ the number of
    chromosomes as the original
    cell
    • Males – meiosis produces
    4 sperm
    • Females – meiosis
    produces 1 (viable) egg
    The other 3 cells are
    called polar bodies – they
    give up their cytoplasm to
    nourish the 1 good egg.
    • Egg and sperm (sex cells)
    are also called gametes
    • Gametes have ½ the number of chromosomes as
    somatic (body) cells. We call this the haploid number.
    Haploid means “1 set” and is written as “N”.
    If human diploid number is 46, what is its haploid
    number? 23
    Diploid # of a dog – 78 Haploid # of a dog – 39
    Diploid # of a fly – 8 Haploid # of a fly – 4
    Interphase I
    • Similar to mitosis interphase.

    • Chromosomes replicate (S phase).

    • Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical


    sister chromatids attached at their centromeres.

    • Centriole pairs also replicate.


    Interphase I
    • Nucleus and nucleolus visible.

    chromatin nuclear
    membrane

    cell membrane

    nucleolus
    Homologous Chromosomes
    • Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in
    shape and size.
    • Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same
    inherited traits.
    • Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on
    homologues.
    • Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

    a. 22 pairs of autosomes
    b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
    Meiosis I (four phases)
    • Cell division that reduces the chromosome number
    by one-half.

    • four phases:
    a. prophase I
    b. metaphase I
    c. anaphase I
    d. telophase I
    Prophase I
    • Longest and most complex phase (90%).
    • Chromosomes condense.
    • Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come
    together to form a tetrad.
    • Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids
    (sister and nonsister chromatids).
    Prophase I - Synapsis
    Homologous chromosomes

    sister chromatids sister chromatids


    Tetrad
    Karyotype
    • A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in
    relation to number, size, and type.
    Homologous Chromosomes

    eye color eye color


    locus locus

    hair color hair color


    locus locus

    Paternal Maternal
    Sex Chromosomes
    The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring.
    ** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female.
    ** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y” chromosome it will be a male.

    In Humans the
    “Sex
    Chromosomes”
    are the 23rd set

    XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male


    Crossing Over - variation
    nonsister chromatids Tetrad

    chiasmata: site variation


    of crossing over
    Prophase I

    spindle fiber
    centrioles

    aster
    fibers
    Metaphase I
    • Shortest phase
    • Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
    • INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
    1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
    2. Variation
    3. Formula: 2n
    Example: 2n = 4
    then n = 2
    thus 22 = 4 combinations
    Metaphase I

    OR

    metaphase plate metaphase plate


    Question:
    • In terms of Independent Assortment -how
    many different combinations of sperm could
    a human male produce?
    Answer
    • Formula: 2n
    • Human chromosomes: 2n = 46
    n = 23

    • 223 = ~8 million combinations


    Anaphase I
    • Homologous chromosomes separate and move
    towards the poles.

    • Sister chromatids remain attached at their


    centromeres.
    Anaphase I
    Telophase I

    • Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.

    • Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells


    are formed.
    Telophase I
    Meiosis II
    • No interphase II
    (or very short - no more DNA replication)

    • Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis


    Prophase II
    • same as prophase in mitosis
    Metaphase II
    • same as metaphase in mitosis

    metaphase plate metaphase plate


    Anaphase II
    • same as anaphase in mitosis
    • sister chromatids separate
    Telophase II

    • Same as telophase in mitosis.


    • Nuclei form.
    • Cytokinesis occurs.
    • Remember: four haploid daughter cells
    produced.

    gametes = sperm or egg


    Telophase II
    • When does meiosis occur in humans?
    1. Males beginning at puberty
    2. Females before birth – all eggs are produced before
    birth and at puberty eggs mature
    Chromosome Number
    • Remember, chromosome number is unique to each
    kind of organism and all cells (except sex cells) in an
    organism have the same kind and number of
    chromosomes.
    Ex: All humans have 46 chromosomes and all cells in
    the human body (except sperm and egg) have 46
    chromosomes.
    • This is why the chromosome number in sex cells must
    be reduced in half by meiosis
    Ex: Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic
    cells, but 23 chromosomes in their sex cells
    (egg and sperm)
    WRONG!!!
    Zygote develops into
    embryo and finally adult
    organism by mitosis
    23
    Fertilized egg –
    zygote

    46

    23

    Fertilization – process by which an egg and sperm unite


    Zygote – fertilized egg
    Embryo – organism in early stage of development
    • Without meiosis …………

    46 Fertilized egg –
    zygote

    92

    46
    Unique events in Meiosis
    • Homologous (matching) chromosomes pair up before 1st
    cell division
    Homologous chromosomes:
    -look alike
    -code for same traits
    -receive one from each parent
    • During 1st division, homologous chromosomes exchange
    genes during process called “crossing over”

    • These homologous chromosomes separate during 2nd


    division of meiosis – so chromosomes in gametes are
    different from each other due to crossing over
    • Crossing over increases genetic variation and is the
    reason why siblings look different
    No crossing over
    – daughter cells
    are identical to
    parent cells

    Crossing over
    occurs –causes
    genetic variation
    (Daughter cells
    are NOT identical
    to parent cell)
    Variation
    • Important to population as the raw material for
    natural selection.

    • Question:
    What are the three sexual sources of
    genetic variation?
    Answer:
    1. crossing over (prophase I)

    2. independent assortment (metaphase I)


    3. random fertilization

    Remember: variation is good!


    Question:

    • A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at


    the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion,
    produce cells containing how many
    chromosomes?
    Answer:
    • 10 chromosomes (haploid)
    Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

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