Ballistics – is the science that deals with the study of the motion of the projectile.

Science
refers to the systematized body of knowledge. Motion refers to the movement and projectile
refers to the bullet (metallic or non-metallic objects) that passes through the barrel of the
firearm.
Specifically, the term “Ballistics” refers to the “science of firearms identification” which
involves scientific examination of ballistic exhibits – fired bullets, fired shells, firearms, and
allied matters used in crime.

Origin of the word Ballistics

• Greek word – BALLO or BALLEIN, which means TO THROW.
• Roman – BALLISTA, which means war machine/a gigantic bow or catapult that hurls stones in killing
enemies and wild animals.

From these words the modern term Forensic Ballistic was derived to indicate the science of
moving projectile. Forensic is an adjective referring to formal eloquence or consequently formal
court discussion. More broadly, the word Forensic has almost become synonymous with LEGAL.
For instance, Forensic Medicine means Legal Medicine.
The word “Forensic” as applied to Ballistics, or to any other subject, suggest a relationship to courts of
justice and legal proceedings and the term was derived from the Latin word “Forum” meaning a marketplace
where people gather for public disputation or public discussion. Thus, the title Forensic Ballistic and
Firearm Identification have come to mean one and the same things in the minds of the public, and they
can be used interchangeably.

Branches of Ballistics:
1. INTERIOR BALLISTICS – treats of the motion of the projectile while still inside the firearm. Namely:
A. Firing pin hitting the primer
B. Ignition of the primer mixture
C. Combustion of gunpowder
D. Expansion of heated gas
E. Pressure developed measured in PSI ( pounds per square inch )
F. Energy generated measured in foot pound ( capacity to lift one pound at the height of one foot )
G. Recoil of the firearm – the rearward movement of the firearm after explosion
H. Velocity of the bullet – measured in ft/sec
I. Rotation of the bullet inside the barrel
J. Engraving on the cylinder surface of the bullet
2. EXTERIOR BALLISTICS – Treats of the motion of projectile after leaving the muzzle of
the (gun) barrel. Namely:
A. Muzzle blast – the sound created at the muzzle end of the barrel of the firearm after the
explosion.
B. Muzzle energy – energy generated after leaving the firearm
C. Trajectory – is the actual pattern or curved path of the bullet in flight
D. Range – the distance between the firearm and the target.
Effective Range – the maximum distance at which the projectile can be expected to
be lethal
Maximum Range – the greatest distance a projectile can travel when fired at the
optimum angle of elevation of the barrel
E. Velocity – the speed of the bullet
F. Air Resistance – encountered by the bullet in flight
G. Pull of Gravity – the downward movement of the bullet
H. Penetration – the entry of the bullet on the target
3. Terminal Ballistics – treats the effects of the impact of the bullet towards the target. Namely:
A. Terminal Accuracy – the size of the bullet grouping on the target
B. Terminal Energy – energy of the bullet
C. Terminal Velocity – the speed of the bullet
D. Terminal Penetration – depth of the bullet on the target
4. Forensic Ballistics – is the science of Firearm Identification by means of the ammunition fired
through them. Namely:
A. Field Investigation – It concerns mostly with the collection, marking, preservation,
packing and transmission of firearm evidences. ( refers to the work of an investigator in the
field )
-- It includes the study of class characteristics of firearms and bullets
B. Technical Examination – refers to the examiners who examine bullets and/or shell whether
fired from the suspected firearm/s submitted; and/or to determine also whether or not
cartridge cases were loaded or ejected from the suspected firearm submitted. Reports are made
by the examiners and testify in court regarding their report
C. Legal Proceedings – presentation of ballistics reports, firearms, bullets, cartridge cases and
allied exhibits in court.
BULLET DROP VERSUS GRAVITY – If you hung one bullet by the muzzle of a rifle and release this
bullet to free fall on the ground at the same instant the fired bullet left the muzzle, on a flat line trajectory, both bullets
would hit the sound at the same instant.
BULLET FIRED UPWARD – a bullet fired straight up into the air would come back with the same velocity that
it had when it started if it were not for the air resistance. But in practice bullet fired straight upward has little velocity
remaining when it returned to earth.
HOW DID THE GUN GET ITS NAME?
Before guns were invented, there were many types of spring-driven catapults that hurled
large stones: the springal, the trebuchet, the arbalest, and a wheeled catapult known as
mangonel . These were all known as gyns, a now obsolete shortening of the word engine.
Rifles are so named because the grooving inside the barrel is known as rifling. The
word pistol owes its origin to either the Italian city of Pistoia, or Pistole, a coin that was
supposed to be of the same diameter as the bore of the weapon.
Gauge as applied to shotguns, indicate the bore diameter is equal to the diameter of the
lead ball whose weight in pound is equal to the reciprocal gauge index. Ex: 12 gauge –
indicate the bore diameter is equal to the lead ball weighing 1/12 of a pound.
****Caliber on the other hand, is the term used to indicate the bore diameter
measured from two opposite land. ****
 PERSONS BEHIND THE CREATION OF FIREARMS
HORACE SMITH – founded the Smith & Wesson; maker of the breech-loading rifles.
JOHN BROWNING – The Wizard of modern firearm
JOHN THOMPSON – pioneered the making of the Thompson sub-machine gun
DAVID WILLIAMS – creator of the first known carbine
MICHAEL KALASHNIKOV – designed the AK (Automat Kalashnikova) 47 used by the
Russian Army in 1951.
SAMUEL COLT – created the first practical revolver
UZIEL GAL – he invented a sub-machine gun in the 1950s which was used by the
Israeli Army during its Sinai campaign in 1956
ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH – father of the Percussion Ignition
HENRY DERRINGER – manufacturer of the pocket pistol
EUGENE STONER – designed the manufacture of US M16 Armalite rifle
• Stages of Development of man’s weapons:
1. Stones 6. Bow and Arrows
2. Clubs 7. Cross-Bows
3. Knives 8. Guns
4. Spears and Darts 9. Missiles
5. Slingshot
D E F I N I T I O N (Firearm)
• Legal Definition
Section 877 Revised Administrative Code
Section 290 National Internal Revenue Code
Firearms or arms as herein used includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns revolvers,
pistols and all other deadly weapons from which a bullet, ball, shot shell, or other
missiles maybe discharged by means of gunpowder or other explosives. The term also
includes air rifles except such as being of a small caliber and limited range used as toy. The
barrel of any firearm shall be considered a complete firearm for all purposes hereof.
Technical Definition
Firearm is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectile by means of expansive force of gases coming from burning
gun powder.
Republic Act 10591 define firearm as:
Firearm refers to any handheld or portable weapon, whether a small arm or light weapon, that expels or is designed to
expel a bullet, shot, slug, missile or any projectile, which is discharged by expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder or
other form of combustion or any similar instrument or implement. For purposes of this Act, the barrel, frame or receiver is
considered a firearm.

• GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS:

1. SMOOTH-BORE FIREARMS
- No rifling/perfectly smooth from end-to-end
- Ex: shotguns and muskets
2. RIFLED-ARMS
- Contains riflings or the bore is cut longitudinally with a number of grooves.
Ex : Pistol, revolvers and rifles
MAIN TYPES OF FIREARMS:
1. ARTILLERY – propel projectile more than one inch in diameter
Ex: Cannons, mortars bazooka
2. SMALL ARMS – propel projectile less than one inch in diameter
Ex: Pistols, revolvers, rifle, submachine guns, shotguns
• TYPES OF FIREARMS ACCORDING TO MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION:
1. Single shot firearms – designed to shoot only one shot.
2. Repeating arms – this type is loaded with more than one cartridge into the chamber when it is fired
rather having to perform this operation by hand.
3. Bolt Action Type – a firearm in which the breech closure is (1) in line with the bore at all times, (2)
manually reciprocated to load, unload, and cock, (3) and is locked in place by breech bolt lugs and engaging
abutments usually in the receiver.
4. Lever Action Type – a design where the breech mechanism is cycled by an external lever generally
below the receiver.
5. Slide Action Type – a firearm which features a movable forearm which is manually actuated in
motion parallel to the barrel by the shooter. Also known as PUMP ACTION.
6. Semi-automatic type – a firearm requiring a separate pull of the trigger for each shot fired, and
which uses the energy of discharge to perform a portion of the operating or firing cycle.
7. Automatic Action Type – a firearm design that feeds cartridges, fires and ejects cartridge cases
as long as the trigger is fully depressed and there are cartridges available in the feed system.
8. Machine-gun type – primarily used only in military combat and will seldom be encountered by
the firearms technician.
 9. Submachine-gun type – is a light, portable machine gun which uses pistol size ammunition.
It differs from a pistol in that it has a shoulder stock which may or may not fold but is
designed to be fired by the use of both hands.
10. Shotguns:
A. Single-barreled shotgun – it is loaded with a single shotgun cartridge, closed, fired and
then unloaded by the shooter.
B. Double-barreled shotgun – the two barrels may be side by side or they may be one over the
other. Each barrel may have its own trigger.
C. Pump Action Shotgun – operates in the same manner as a slide action rifles, by means of a
sliding lever under the barrel.
D. Auto-Loading Shotguns – These are the same as auto-loading rifles in that the recoil
action reloads the gun from the magazine without any effort on the art of the shooter.

• AMMUNITION (Definition)
• LEGAL DEFINITION pursuant to Chapter VII, Sec 290 of the National Internal
Revenue Code as well as Sec 877 of the Revised Administrative Code.
• Loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotgun, revolver and pistols from which a ball, bullet, shot, shell,
or other missile may be fired by means of gun powder or other explosive. The term also includes
ammunition for air rifles as mentioned elsewhere in the Code.

• TECHNICAL DEFINITION
• Refers to a group of cartridge or to a single unit or single cartridge-meaning a complete unfired unit
consisting of a bullet, cartridge case, gun powder and primer.

• ORIGIN
• The term “cartridge” evolved about the turn of the sixteenth century. The small arms ammunition or
cartridge consisted of a pre-measured charge of powder wrapped in paper . When defined, it is a
complete unfired unit consisting of bullet, primer cartridge case and gunpowder.
• PARTS OF CARTRIDGE
• Generally speaking, a cartridge is a complete round ammunition for firearm. A tubular metallic
or non-metallic container. However, technically, a cartridge has only four parts, namely:
• Bullet – the projectile propelled through the barrel of firearm by means of the expansive force
of gas coming from burning gun powder.
• Cartridge Case – the tubular metallic container for the gun powder. Sometimes called “shell” or
“casing”.
• Gun Powder – the powder charge, which when ignited by the primer flash, is converted to a
heated gas under high pressure and propels the bullet or shots. Sometimes called “propellant”
or “powder charge”.
• Primer – the metal cup containing the highly sensitive priming mixture of chemical compound,
which when hit or struck by the firing pin would ignite. Such is called “percussion”.
 CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGE
ACCORDING TO RIM:
• 1. Rimmed Type – the diameter of the rim is greater than the diameter of
the body of the cartridge case. Ex: caliber .38 special and caliber .22
• 2. Semi-rimmed type – the diameter of the rim is slightly greater than the
diameter of the body of the cartridge case. Ex: caliber .25, .32 auto, super.38
• 3. Rimless type – the diameter of the rim is equal with the diameter of the
body of the cartridge case. Ex: caliber 5.56 mm, .30, 9mm, .45
• 4. Rebated type – the diameter of the rim is smaller than the body of the
cartridge case. Ex: caliber 8mm x 59
• 5. Belted type – there is a protruding metal around the body of the cartridge
case near the rim. Ex: caliber .338 magnum, 13.9 x 99
 PRIMERS

• The primer is the portion of the cartridge which consists of a brass or gliding metal cup. The cup
contains a highly-sensitive mixture of chemical compound, which when struck by the firing pin
would detonate or ignite. Such an action is called percussion.
• Primers are used for igniting the gunpowder or powder charge. A blow from the firing pin on the
primer cup compresses the priming mixture or composition between the cup and the anvil, and this
causes the composition to detonate or explode. This detonation or explosion produces flame which
passes through the vent or flash hole in the cartridge case, igniting the gunpowder/powder
charge/propellant.
• The priming mixture may be contained in a separate primer cup, as in the center-fire cartridges and
shotgun shells, or it may be contained in the bottom rim of the cartridge as in rim-fire ammunition.
• Alexander John Forsyth is credited with being the first to conceive the idea of using detonating
compounds for igniting powder charges in small arms by percussion and in 1807 he obtained a
patent for this idea. His first successful priming mixture was composed of potassium chlorate,
charcoal and sulphur in powdered form.
 TYPES OF CARTRIDGES ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF
PRIMER:

• 1. Pin-Fire – the pin extends radially through the bead of cartridge case
into the primer. This type of cartridge is no longer used.
• 2. Rim-Fire – the priming mixture is placed in the cavity formed in the rim
of the head of the cartridge case.
• 3. Center-Fire – the primer cup is forced into the middle portion of the
head of the cartridge case.
• 4. Percussion – a means of ignition of a propellant charge by a mechanical
blow against the primer or percussion cup.
• A. Low Power – a cartridge giving a muzzle velocity of less 1850 ft/sec.
• B. High Power – a cartridge giving a muzzle velocity of between 1925 and 2500 ft/sec
• C. High Intensity – a cartridge giving a muzzle velocity of over 2500 ft/sec.
 FUNCTIONS OF CARTRIDGE CASES:
 
1. It holds the bullet, gunpowder and primer
2. It serves as a waterproof container for the gunpowder
3. It prevents the escape of gases to the rear.
 PARTS OF THE PRIMER

In a typical center-fire cartridge, there are four parts, namely:

a. Primer Cup – the container of the priming mixture. This is made of brass, gliding
metal or copper, depending upon the kind.
b. Priming Mixture – the highly sensitive chemical mixture contained in a primer cup.
This priming chemical varies in composition depending upon the manufacturer.
c. Anvil – the portion of the primer against which the priming mixture is crushed by a
blow from the firing pin. This must be hard, rigid, and firmly supported to provide the
resistance necessary for firing the priming mixture.
d. Disc – a piece of small paper or disc of tin foil which is pressed over the priming
mixture. Its purpose are:
1. To hold priming mixture in place
2. To exclude moisture
 G UNPOWDE R

The gunpowder or powder charge in cartridge is a propellant which, when ignited by

the primer flash, is converted to gas under high pressure and propels the bullet or shot
charge through the barrel and to the target. In more recent times, the general term
“gunpowder” has been replaced by the term “propellant”. Another term that is being used
is “powder charge”. All these terms can be used interchangeably because they refer to the
same thing. The weight of the powder charge or propellant in a cartridge is expressed in
the countries using the metric system. An understanding of the powders, their burning
characteristics and the ways in which their burning rates may be changed are of primary
interest to experts or firearms examiners, as well as police investigators. Sometimes the
investigators may be guided accordingly by knowing the answers to some problems
pertaining to gun powders. For example, the police may want to know whether or not a
“crime gun” was recently fired, and this can be ascertained to a certain degree through
the help of the chemists or by chemical analysis of the byproducts of combustion.
 CLASSIFICATION AND COMPOSITION

Generally, there are two types of powder used in small arms. These are:
• 1.Black Powder – although black powder features less importantly, it is still
utilized by some manufacturers especially Europeans. In recent times, black
powder has been almost completely superseded by smokeless powder, and it is
seldom used as a propellant in modern cartridges. The standard ingredients of
“Black Powder” are Potassium Nitrate, Sulphur and charcoal, although their
proportions vary somewhat as follows:
Potassium Nitrate - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75%
Sulphur - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
Charcoal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15%
Oldest of the propellant
• Still loaded in some cartridge types on a limited commercial basis
• Contains irregular grains
• Depending on the manufacturing process, have either dull or shiny black surface.
• When fired, produces large volumes of grayish smoke and considerable residue is left in
the barrel.
• When ignited, also burns quite rapidly
• One of the most dangerous explosive to handle, store, because of the ease with which it
could be ignited
• Easily ignited by heat, friction, flame or spark
• Subject to rapid deterioration on absorption of moisture, but if kept dry, retains its
explosive properties indefinitely
• Relies its explosive on three properties: *When
ignited, burn itself without aid from the outside air
• *In burning, it gives off a large amount of gas
• *Considerable amount of heat is also produced
2. Smokeless Powder - the Term is a MISNOMER for they are neither
powder nor smokeless.
Smokeless only – does not give off huge cloud of white smoke
Commonly used now in modern small arms ammunition
Most powerful propellants
All propellants currently used have a nitrocellulose base and are
commonly known as smokeless powder.
Various organic and inorganic substances are added during the
manufacturing process to give improve qualities for special purposes.
 The two main classes of smokeless powder are:

1. Single-base powder which contains only nitroglycerine gelatinized with

nitrocellulose. Almost all smokeless powder grains have a perfectly definite
shape, such as small square, discs, flakes, strips, pellets or perforated
cylindrical grains.
2. Double-base propellants are those having nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine
as their major ingredients, mixed with one or more ingredients such as
centralite, Vaseline phthalate esters and inorganic salts, etc. . . . the minor
ingredients are used for various purposes, such as to ensure stability, reduce
lash and flame temperature and improve ignitability. Double-base propellants
are grayish green to black in color, and the grains are similar in size and shape.
•
   BULLET

• Definition :
A projectile propelled from a firearm. A metallic or non-metallic
cylindrical projectile which originated from the French word “boullete”
a small ball. In common police parlance, a bullet may be called “slug.”
In its modern concept or sense, it has become to mean primarily a
projectile propelled from a rifled firearm which is cylindrical in shape.
• Two kinds of bullets according to mechanical construction:

1. LEAD BULLETS - used in almost all revolver ammunitions and in some low and medium
powder rifle cartridges. Said bullets are produced in automatic swedging machines from
extruded wire containing the proper percentage of tin and antimony for hardening.

2. JACKETED BULLETS – are used for automatic pistol and medium and high power rifle
ammunition. ( cupro-nickel or gliding metal envelope covering lead cores ) The primary function
of the jacket in a bullet is to prevent adherence of metal ( lead ) to the inside of the gun barrel.
 FIVE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF BULLETS ( RIFLED ):

1. Ball Bullets – have soft lead cores inside a jacket and are used against personnel only.
2. Armored- Piercing Bullets – have hardened steel cores and are fired at vehicles and
other armored targets in general.
3. Tracer Bullets – contain a compound at the base usually similar to barium nitrates,
which is set on fire when the bullets are propelled. The flash of smoke from burning
permits the flight of the bullet to be seen, especially at night for about 600 yards. The
point of the bullet is colored RED for easy identification.
4. Incendiary Bullet – has a light blue color which contains a mixture, such as
phosphorous or other material that can be set on fire by impact.
5. Explosive (fragmentary) Bullets – contains a high charge of explosive. Because of their
small size, it is difficult to make a fuse that will work reliably in small arms ammunition.
For this reason, the use of high explosive bullets is usually limited to 20mm and above.
 OTHERS:
DUM-DUM Bullets – invented by British Ordnance
GAS – CHECK Bullets – to prevent the melting of the
Base
WAD-CUTTER Bullet – a cylindrical bullet design having
a sharp shouldered nose intended to
cut a target paper clearly to facilitate
easy and accurate scoring.
Wax bullet – a bullet made from paraffin and other Wax preparation usually
used for short range indoor target shooting.
 ARMS MANUFACTURING PROCESSESS RELATED TO
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

• It is very important that a Ballistics Expert or Firearms Examiner be

sufficiently familiar with the various steps in the manufacture of a firearm in
order that he will be able to explain the source or cause of the different
markings which may be found in a firearm evidence as basis for its
identification. There should always be a sound reason for markings,
scratches, or dents visible on firearm evidence and it is the function of the
firearm examiner to determine how and why they are made, and also to
interpret their significance both to himself and to the court. Most of these
markings are transferred on the firearm evidence by deliberate or accidental
operations of the tools during the process of the manufacture.
 HOW THE BARREL IS MADE

All barrels, regardless of the type of weapon for which they are being manufactured are from solid
piece of metal. The metal from which the barrel is made is carefully selected for its chemical and
metallurgical structure, thus, assuring a high quality product after the various machine operations and
heat treatment are completed.
• *The first step is the operation. This operation results in longitudinally rough hole of uniform
diameter from one end of the barrel to the other.
• *The next step consists of reaming (widen a bore or a hole with a special tool) the drilled hole. This
removes some of the scars and scratches left by the drilling operation.
• *If the barrel is to be rifled, it is done by means of several rifling methods. Some of the rifling
methods used to make the rifling inside the gun barrel are the following:
• 1. Broach Gang – a tool having a series of cutting edges of slightly increasing height used to cut the
spiral grooves in a barrel. All grooves are cut with a single pass of the broach.
• 2. Broach Single – a non-adjustable rifling cutter which cuts all the grooves simultaneously; and is in
a series of increasing dimensions until the desired groove depth is achieved.
• 3. Button – a hardened metal plug with a rifled cross-section configuration. It is
pushed or pulled through a drilled and reamed barrel so as to form the spiral
grooves to the desired depth and twist. When the carbide button was first
introduced, it was described as a Swaging Process or Swaged Rifling.

• 4. Hook – a cutting tool which has a hook shape and only cuts one groove at a time.

• 5. Scrape – a cutting tool which cuts two opposing grooves at a time.

• 6. Swage – an internal mandrel with rifling configuration which forms rifling in a
barrel by means of external hammering. Also known as Hammer Forging.
• 
 Breechface Manufacture

The breechface of all firearms are machine cut in the first place. Similarly, the
strikers (firing pin) of all weapons are cut and shaped, receiving different degrees of
fire according to the grade of weapon in which they are to be used.
Another face- to –face of firearm manufacture which is of great importance to
firearm manufacture which is also of great importance to the firearms identification
field is the finishing operation on the breechface of the weapon. This is that portion
of the firearm against which the cartridge case and the primer are forced
backwards when a shell will be imprinted by the tool markings on the breechface
of the gun. This happens because the base of the cartridge case is softer than the
breechface of the firearm and it naturally follows that when a soft surface comes in
contact with a harder surface under tremendous pressure, it is the softer surface
that is engraved or imprinted with the tool mark from the harder surface.
 Marks Found on Fired Bullets

1. Landmarks – depresses portion caused by the lands

2. Groove Marks – raised or elevated portions caused by the grooves
3. Skid Marks – when the bullet enters the rifled bore from a stationary position and is forced
abruptly into the rifling, its natural tendency is to go straight forward before encountering the
regular rifling twist.
4. Slippage Marks – bullets fired from a worn-out barrel, oily barrels, and slightly over-sized
barrels.
5. Shaving Marks – most commonly, these marks are found on bullets fired from a revolver
due to a poor alignment of the cylinder with the bore.
 
 MARKS FOUND ON FIRED CARTRIDGE CASES
•  
1, Firing pin impression – the indentation in the primer of a cartridge case or in the rim of a
rim fire cartridge case when struck by the firing pin.
2. Breechface markings – negative impression of the breechface of the firearm found on
the head of the cartridge case after firing.
3. Chamber marks – individual microscope placed upon a cartridge case by the chamber
wall will result to any or all of the following:
• Chambering
• Expanding during firing
• Extraction
4. Extractor marks – tool marks produced upon a cartridge or cartridge case from contact
with the extractor. These are usually found on or just ahead of the rim.
5. Ejector marks – tool marks produced upon a cartridge or cartridge case on the head,
generally at or near the rim, from contact with the ejector.
 
 CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – are those characteristics which are determinable prior or before the
manufacture of the firearm. These serves as basis to identify a certain class or group of firearm.
1. Caliber
2. Number of lands
3. Number of grooves
4. Direction of twist
5. Width of lands
6. Width of grooves
7. Depth of grooves
8. Pitch of rifling

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – are those characteristics which are determinable only after
the manufacture of the firearm. They are characteristics whose existence is beyond the control of
man and which have random distribution. Their existence in a firearm is brought about by the tools
in their normal operation resulting through wear and tear, abuse, mutilations, corrosion, and other
fortuitous causes.
 TYPES OF RIFLINGS

1. Steyr type – four lands, four grooves.

2. Smith and Wesson type – five lands, five grooves; right hand twist and lands of equal
width
3. Browning type – six lands, six grooves; right hand twist, narrow lands and broad
grooves
4. Colt type – six lands, six grooves; left hand twist; narrow land and broad grooves
5. Webley type – seven lands, seven grooves; right hand twist; narrow lands and broad
grooves
6. Army type – four lands and four grooves; right hand twist; narrow lands and broad
grooves