FORENSIC

BALLISTICS
 CHAPTER I
BALLISTICS IN GENERAL

Introduction:
This Chapter highlights important events and developments in the history of ballistics.

Objectives:
At the end of this Chapter, students will be able to:
 Trace the historical development of ballistics.
 Identify the different branches of ballistics.
 Outline the basic concepts of ballistics.

DEFINITION AND ETYMOLOGY OF BALLISTICS

In general, or in its broadest sense is defined as the science of motion of projectiles.

Technically, it refers to the science of firearms identification.

Kinds of Motion:
1. Direct Motion – the forward motion of the bullet or shots out of the shell by the action of the
expansive force of gases from a burning gun powder.
2. Rotatory Motion – the action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel firearm which
is either twisted to the right or left.
3. Translational Motion - the action of the bullet once it hits a target and subsequently
ricocheted.

BALLISTICS
The science of the propulsion, flight, and impact of projectiles. It is divided into several
disciplines. Internal and external ballistics, respectively, deal with the propulsion and the flight of
projectiles. The transition between these two regimes is called intermediate ballistics. Terminal
ballistics concerns the impact of projectiles; a separate category encompasses the wounding of
personnel.
https://www.britannica.com/science/ballistics

Legal Definition:
It is the microscopic examination of fired cartridge cases and bullets together with the
recording and presentation by means of photography of what is revealed by the microscope.

FORENSIC BALLISTICS
Is that branch of forensic science which deals with the examination of the firearm and related
evidence encountered at the scene of crime in a shooting incident, and their linkage to the firearm, and
Identification of the shooter.

A ballistic expert needs to answer the following questions:

1. Type of The Firearms used

2. Identification of the Firearm
3. Individual Characteristics of Firearm
4. Range of Firing
5. Direction of Firing
6. Identification of the Shooter
7. Medico legal aspects: - Suicide/Homicide/Accident

Origin:
 The term BALLISTICS was derived from the Greek word “ballo” or “ballein” which means,
“to throw”. Its root was said to be derived from the name of early Roman war machine called the
“ballista – Latin word for Ballistics – which was an ancient machine designed to hurl a javelin,” a
gigantic bow or catapult which then used to hurl missiles or large objects of a distance likes stones
against animals or their enemy forces.

Lexicographers’ first sighting of ballistics was in 1753, according to the Online Etymology
Dictionary. It meant the “art of throwing large missiles” or the “science
of the motion of projectiles.” The term is also used in reference to
smaller projectiles, too: bullets and the like.

The Birth of Ballistics:

The earliest known ballistic projectiles were stones and spears,
and the throwing stick.
The oldest evidence of stone-tipped projectiles, which may or
may not have been propelled by a bow, dating to c. 64,000 years
ago, were found in Sibudu Cave, present day-South Africa.
The first devices identified as guns appeared in China around
1000 AD, and by the 12th century the technology was spreading
through the rest of Asia, and into Europe by the 13th century.
Cannons were first used at the Battle of Crecy but it wasn't until
1300 that the first basic gun was developed.
The first drawing of a gun was found from the year 1326.
Reverend Alexander John Forsyth of Scotland invented the first primer powder in 1805.
John Hall of the United States created two advances in 1817. The first was the breech-
loader. The second was using assembly lines for manufacturing. The biggest benefit with
assembly lines was the fact that interchangeable parts were developed, standardizing the
industry.
Gaspard Kollner of Vienna improved the aim (and created rifles in the process) by adding
grooves to the inside of a musket barrel.
The next advance was that a cartridge was developed that contained the primer, powder, and
ball all in one package.
Sam Colt added his touch, and a new gun line, by creating the revolving cylinder or revolver.
The first side by side analysis of bullets was done by Philip Gravelle when he created the
first comparison microscope.
In 1925, Dr. Calvin Goddard co-established the first significant institution devoted to
firearms examination: the Bureau of Forensic Ballistics in New York. This is where he
perfected the comparison microscope for ballistics research.
Calvin Goddard used the comparison microscope in 1927 to analyze bullets in a robbery-
murder case in Massachusetts.
https://onlineelectives.mpls.k12.mn.us/ballistics

Calvin Hooker Goddard (30 October 1891 – 22 February 1955)

- He developed the science of identifying fired bullets and empty cartridge cases, known as
forensic ballistics.
- He proved that no two revolvers are made exactly alike — that every weapon makes
characteristic marks on a bullet and a cartridge shell, and that they are the same every time
that gun is fired.
- He showed that a bullet taken from a body of a murder victim can be identified as having
been fired from a specific gun because of marks the gun has left on test bullets.

The Chicago Lab

- It was headed by Goddard and located at Northwestern University.
 - It was established as a private crime lab to keep it at arm’s length from the Chicago Police
Department, which was rife with corruption at that time.
- The crime lab expanded beyond Goddard’s expertise in firearms identification to include lie
detection, document examination, toxicological examinations, fingerprint identification and
photographic evidence.
- The lab even experimented with scopolamine — “truth serum.”
- The Chicago lab was the inspiration and model for the FBI crime lab established two years
later.

BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS

 Travel down the barrel (Internal Ballistics),

 Path through the air (External Ballistics), and
 Path through a target (Terminal Ballistics)

Figure 1. Branches of Ballitics

A. Interior Ballistics/ Internal Ballistics

- It deals with the interaction of the gun, projectile, and propelling charge before
emergence of the projectile from the muzzle of the gun.
- This refers to the motion of projectiles while still inside the firearm (from the time the
firer squeezes the trigger).

Factors Affecting Interior Ballistics:

1. Bore erosion caused by:
a. Heat from burning propellant
b. Pressure of powder gases and combustion
c. Chemical action of powder gases and combustion residue
d. Mechanical erosion as projectile passes through the bore
e. Material fatigue

2. Powder index
a. Propelling charges are designed (by shape) to burn in the chamber of the gun
in such a manner as to develop maximum projectile velocity without
excessive heat, pressure, or erosion.
 b. The dominant factor used to control burning rate is the surface area per unit
weight of propellant, which is determined by the shape of the propellant
grain.

3. Initial Velocity – the sped at which the projectile moves through and out the bore,
until the rotating bands disengage at the muzzle.

4. Powder Temperature – affects the course of propellant combustion and gas pressure
build up in the bore. (Higher powder temperatures result in higher burning rate.)

5. Powder Weight – amount of powder in casing is directly proportional to initial

velocity.

6. Projectile weight – a lighter than standard projectile will have a higher initial
velocity imparted to it and vice versa.

7. Other Factors
a. Chamber volume – affects pressure build up.
b. Length of barrel – powder acts on projectile longer thus increasing initial
velocity.
c. Barrel temperature – causes powder to burn faster, affecting pressure build
up.
d. Rotating bands – impart an aerodynamic rotation, increasing range.

8. Interior ballistics has less effect on a projectile than exterior ballistics, due to the
comparatively short time these factors act upon the projectile.

Figure 2. Internal Barrel Action

B. Transitional Ballistics
- Also known as intermediate ballistics, it is the study of a projectile's behavior from
the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized. It
lies between internal ballistics and external ballistics.

C. Exterior Ballistics/ External Ballistics

- It encompasses the period from when the projectile has left the muzzle until impact
with the target.
- The flight of most bullets does not exceed 30 seconds at maximum range.

Exterior Ballistics involves the following:

I. Muzzle Blast – this refers to the noise created at the muzzle point of the gun by the
reason of a sudden escape of the expanding gas when it comes to instant contact with
the air in the surrounding atmosphere at muzzle point.

II. Muzzle Energy – this refers to the energy generated at muzzle point.
 III. Trajectory – this refers to the actual curve path of the bullet during its flight from the
gun muzzle to the target.

Stages of Trajectory:
a. Straight horizontal line
b. Parabola like flight
c. Vertical drop

IV. Range – the straight distance between muzzle and target.

a. Accurate/effective range – the distance within which the shooter has control
of his shots or the distance at which the projectile can be expected to be
lethal.
b. Maximum range – the farthest distance that a projectile can be propelled
from a firearm.
c. Gallery Range – indoor target range
d. Extreme Range – greatest distance the bullet will travel when the cartridge
is fired.

Point Blank Range - A shot fired so closed to the target that no sighting is necessary
for effective aiming.
V. Velocity – this refers to the rate of speed of the bullet per unit of time.

Conditions:
1. Yaw – is the unstable rotating motion of projectile while in flight.
2. Gyroscopic Action – refers to the stillness of is rotating motion and attain its
highest momentum for stability in flight penetrating power.
3. Keyhole shot – the tumbling of the bullet in its flight and hitting the target
sideways because of not spinning of its axis.

VI. Air Resistance – this refers to the resistance encountered by the bullet while in flight.

VII. Pull of Gravity – this refers to the downward reaction of the bullet towards earth
center due to its weight.

VIII. Penetration – this refers to the depth of entry of the bullet on the target.

Factors Affecting Exterior Ballistics:

1. Projectile weight
a. Lighter than standard projectiles will have a higher IV imparted and will travel
farther at shorter ranges.
b. Heavier than standard projectiles will develop more momentum and will travel
farther at longer ranges.

2. Projectile shape - a better aerodynamic shape reduces turbulence and drag.

3. Wind (obvious effect) - varies with altitude and effect must be considered a constant.

4. Gravity - acts as a constant force.

5. Air density - varies as a function of air temperature, pressure and altitude.

6. Air temperature - affects velocity due to drag coefficient (expressed as a match

number).
 7. Initial velocity (IV)
a. The higher the IV the farther the range, however it is not a linear relationship
due to an increase in air resistance.
b. A higher IV projectile will have to be heavier than a low IV projectile to
achieve the same range.

8.Drift
a. Constant deflection to the right.
b. Directly proportional to range, independent of wind; caused by the combined
effect of gravity, air resistance and the projectile's clockwise spin.
1) Spin produces gyroscopic effect on projectile.
2) Spin is the most significant cause of drift.
3) A projectile's aerodynamic shape produces an air cushion effect under
the projectile itself.

D. Terminal Ballistics
- It covers all aspects of events that occur when the projectile reaches the target.

It involves the following:

a. Terminal Accuracy – size of the bullet grouping on the target.
b. Terminal energy – the potential force that any bullet might exert at any point in its
trajectory.
c. Terminal velocity – speed of the bullet upon striking the target.
d. Terminal penetration – depth of entry of the bullet on the target.

Note: These first four branches deal with the study of motion of projectiles.

E. Forensic Ballistics
- This refers to the study of firearms identification by means of ammunition fired from
them.
- This branch applies ballistics principles to elucidate legal matters. This is the real
branch of science which the police use as their guide in field investigation.

Divisions:
a. Field Investigations - refers to the work of the investigator in the field. It concerns
mostly with the recognition, collection, marking, preservation, packing and
transmission of firearms evidence.

b. Technical Examinations of the Ballistic Exhibits - refers to the job of the firearms
identification examiner in the laboratory. It is extended to markings of evidence, test-
firing evidence, photomicrography under the bullet comparison microscope and final
reports on the findings and observations of the firearms by the examiners.

c. Legal Proceedings/Court Duty - most critical part in the field of firearm

identification for the examiner will go to the court as expert witness regarding the
ballistics report and exhibits he had prepared and examined in the laboratory.

Firearms Identification
The process of analyzing the bullets and cartridge cases left at a crime scene to
determine if they came from a particular firearm. Marks on the bullets and cartridges may be
common to every firearm of that type (for example, the caliber of the firearm). These are
called class characteristics. Alternately, marks may be specific to that firearm (for example,
corrosion of the rifling pattern contained in the barrel of the firearm.) These are called
individual characteristics. A firearm is identified if there is sufficient agreement between the
marks left at a crime scene and the marks made by the firearm in question.
Rifling
Helical grooves knowns as rifling are cut into the bore of a barrel of a firearm during
production to increase the accuracy of that firearm. When the gun is discharged, these
grooves cause the bullet to spin as it travels the length of the barrel and thus stabilize the
bullet during flight. At the same time, the expansion of the fired cartridge and the high
pressures propelling the bullet through the bore of the barrel press and scrape the bullet
against the rifling as it heads toward the muzzle. The fired bullet, as a result, will bear the
negative impressions of the grooves in a riffled barrel; these marks are described by firearm
examiners as land and groove impressions, or lands and grooves.

Forensic Ballistics Timeline

1889 Alexandre Lacassagne, professor of forensic medicine at the

University of
Lyons, France,
was the first to
try to
individualize
bullets to a gun
barrel. His
comparisons at
the time were
based simply
on the number
of lands and
grooves.

1898 Paul Jesrich, a forensic chemist working in Berlin, Germany took

photomicrographs of two bullets to compare, and subsequently
individualize, the minutiae.

1910 Victor Balthazard, professor of forensic medicine at the Sorbonne,

used photographic enlargements of bullets and cartridge cases to
determining weapon type and was among the first to attempt to
individualize bullet to a weapon.

1920 Charles E. Waite was the first to catalog manufacturing data about
weapons.

1920s Calvin H. Goddard, with Charles E. Waite, Phillip O. Gravelle, and

John H. Fisher, perfected the comparison microscope for use in
bullet comparison.

1926 The case of Saco and Vanzetti, which took place in Bridgewater,
Massachusetts, was responsible for popularizing the use of the
comparison microscope for bullet comparison. Calvin Goddard’s
conclusions were upheld when the evidence was reexamined in 1961.

1974 The detection of gunshot residue (GSR) using electron microscopy

with electron dispersive x-ray (SEM EDX) technology was
developed by JE Wessel, PF Jones, QY Kwan, RS Nesbitt, and EF
Rattin at Aerospace Corporation.
 1991 Walsh Automation Inc., in Montreal, launched development of an
automated imaging called the Integrated Ballistics Identification
System or IBIS, for comparison of the marks left on fired bullets,
cartridge cases, and shell casing. This system was subsequently
developed for the US market in collaboration with Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).

F. Shot Ballistics
- This refers to the study of shots from smooth bore firearms like shotgun and muskets.
- When a shot shell is fired from a shotgun, the pellets leave the barrel and begin to
spread or scatter. The farther the pellets travel, the greater the spread of shot. Shotgun
barrels have a choke to control the spread or shot pattern.

Shotgun – a smoothbore shoulder weapon designed to fire several pellets, or shot, that spread
in a diverging pattern after they leave the muzzle.

Construction:
1. Chamber – encloses shotgun shell.
2. Forcing cone – constricts the charge of pellets entering the bore.
3. The bore

Gauge – it refers to the measure of caliber of shotguns; number of lead balls of the given bore
diameter required to make up one pound weight.

Choke – it refers to the partial constriction of the bore at the muzzle.

G. Wound
Ballistics
- This refers to the study of projectile penetration on tissues.

Entry wound are generally clean, round holes slightly smaller than the bullets which
caused them; as the bullet travels through the body it produces a shock wave which damages
the tissue around its path. This is know as “tissue quake.” The bullet will slow by the passage
through the body and its exits will leave an irregular hole. If the bullet exits head-on, the
wound will be smaller than the entry, but if it leaves the body at an irregular angle, or takes
pieces of bone with it, the exit wound will be ragged. Contact wounding with the muzzle
pressed the skin will produce not a round entry but star shaped hole with lacerated edges.

3 Basic Kinds of Gunshot Wound (GSW) distinguished by proximity of weapon causing

them:
1. Contact – gun muzzle pressed against, or within an inch or two, of the body.
 2. Close Discharge – 6” to 2 ft.
3. Distance Discharge – over 2 to 3 ft.

CHAPTER II
FIREARMS

FIREARMS
This refers to any portable barreled weapon that expels, is designed to expel, or may be
readily converted to expel a shot, bullet, or projectile by the action of an explosive, excluding antique
firearms or their replicas.

Legal Definition: (Section 3 of Republic Act 10691)

Firearms refers to any handheld or portable weapon, whether a small arm or light weapon,
that expels or is designed to expel a bullet, shot, slug, missile, or any projectile, which is discharged
by means of expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder or other form of combustion or any
similar instrument.

BEGINNINGS OF FIREARMS

Origin:
The origin of firearms began with gunpowder and its invention, mostly likely in China, more
than 1,000 years ago.
The Chinese fire lance, a bamboo tube that used gunpowder to fire a spear, invented in the
10th century, is regarded by historians as the first gun ever made. Gunpowder was previously
invented in China in the 9th century.
Historians estimate that as early as 850 A.D., alchemists in China stumbled upon the
explosive properties of gunpowder (a combination of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal)
while seeking an elixir of life.
Thanks in part to the Silk Road and adventurous traders like Marco Polo, by the 13th century
ancestors of the modern firearm had spread from Asia to Europe, where they were further
developed as weapons in the form of matchlock, wheel lock and flintlock firearms.
 By the time early colonists arrived in America in the 15th century, firearm design had
advanced significantly, and the weapons were routinely included in journeys to the New
World.
Berthold Schwarz is not a historical person at all, but rather a symbolic inventor figure taking
his name from that of Schwarzpulver, "black powder", the German term for gunpowder.
Roger Bacon, byname Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: “Wonderful Teacher”) was the first European
to describe in detail the process of making gunpowder, and he proposed flying machines and
motorized ships and carriages.
One of the earliest recorded uses of firearms in warfare was that of an attack on Seville,
Spain in 1247.
Harquebus, also spelled arquebus, also called
hackbut, first gun fired from the shoulder, a
smoothbore matchlock with a stock resembling
that of a rifle. The harquebus was invented in
Spain in the mid-15th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Schwarz
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Bacon
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/firearms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_firearm
https://www.britannica.com/technology/harquebus
https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/inventions/who-
invented-the-first-gun.htm

HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN WEAPONS

STARTING AT 1364 WITH THE FIRST RECORDED USE OF A FIREARM AND ENDING
IN 1892 WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATIC HANDGUNS.

1364 - First recorded use of a firearm.

1380 - Hand guns are known across Europe.
1400s - The matchlock gun appears.

Before the matchlock, guns were fired by holding a

burning wick to a "touch hole" in the barrel igniting the
powder inside. A shooter uses one hand for firing, and a
prop to steady the gun. The first device, or "lock," for
mechanically firing a gun is the matchlock. Powder is held
in a "flash pan," and ignited by a wick, or match, in a
movable clamp. Both hands remain on the gun, vastly
improving aim. Early matchlock guns are extremely rare. The matchlock shown here was made
around 1640 and is typical of the muskets used by militia in Colonial America.

1498 - Rifling principle is discovered.

1509 - Invention of wheel lock (rose lock).

The next major advance, the wheel lock, generates a

spark mechanically. With no wick to keep lit, the wheel lock is
easier to use, and more reliable than the matchlock. However,
wheel locks are expensive to produce. Matchlocks, at half the
cost, remain in common use. This is an early (ca. 1540) multi-
shot, wheel-lock pistol, made for Emperor Charles V. In this
weapon, two locks are combined in one mechanism, to give
each barrel separate ignition.

1540 - Rifling appears in firearms.

1607 - Settlers arrive in Jamestown, Virginia.
1630 - The first true flintlock.
 The flintlock solved a longstanding problem. Sometime in the late 1500s, a lid was added to
the flash pan design. To expose or protect the powder, the lid had to be moved manually. The flintlock
mechanism was designed to push back the lid and spark a flint at the same time. The flintlock ignition
system reigned for two centuries, with virtually no
alteration. The flintlock pictured here is a typical
British "Brown Bess" musket. Marks on the gun
indicate that it was used by German mercenaries
during the American Revolution.

1637 - First use of firearms proof-marks.

1750-1850 - Dueling pistols come into fashion.

Around 1750, men stop carrying rapiers, and guns became the weapon of choice for a duel.
Various guns were used, until a true dueling pistol was officially standardized in 1777, as "a 9- or 10-
inch barreled, smooth bore flintlock of 1 inch bore, carrying a ball of 48 to the pound." Often lavishly
decorated, the pistols are made until dueling falls out of favor in the mid-1800s.

1776 - American Revolution.

1807 - Percussion-detonating principle patented.
1825 ca. - Percussion-cap guns are in general use.
1830 - The back action lock appears.
1835 - The first Colt revolver.

Samuel Colt developed the first mass-produced,

multi-shot, revolving firearms. Various revolving designs
had been around for centuries, but precision parts couldn't
be made with available technologies. Colt was the first to
apply Industrial Age machining tools to the idea. Mass
production made the guns affordable. Reliability and accuracy made the Colt a favorite of soldiers and
frontiersmen. The Colt depicted is a Third Model Dragoon percussion revolver (ca. 1853). A Colt
with such lavish decoration and gold inlay is extremely rare.

1840 - Guns begin to use pin-fire cartridges.

1847 - The telegraph is invented.
1850 - True shotguns in common use.

In the second half of the 18th

century, musket design branched out. This
period produced several single-purpose
firearms. The forerunner of modern shotguns
was the fowling piece, developed specifically
for hunting birds. Among the upper classes,
fowling was a leisure sport. Fowling pieces for the very affluent were often lovely works of art, but
impractical for hunting.
1854-56 - The Crimean War. The last war to use only muzzle-loaded guns.
1859 - The first full rim-fire cartridge.
1860 - Spencer repeating carbine patented.

Introduced at the start of the Civil

War, Spencer repeating guns were technically
advanced, used cartridges (a recent
development), and could fire 7 shots in 15
seconds. But the Army didn't want a
repeating gun, fearing that soldiers would fire
more often, constantly need fresh
ammunition, and overtax the supply system.
But in 1863, President Lincoln test-fired a
Spencer. His approval led to the purchase of
107,372 Spencer repeating carbines and rifles (of 144,500 made), and the Spencer became the
principal repeating gun of the Civil War.

1861 - Breech loaded guns in common use.

1861-1865 - American Civil War. Both breech and muzzle loaded guns used.
1862 - The Gatling Gun is invented.
1869 - Center-fire cartridge introduced.
1870-1871- The Franco-German War. Breach-loaded guns are dominant.
1871 - First cartridge revolver.
1873 - Winchester rifle introduced.

Winchester rifles were affordable, and produced in such great numbers, that the Winchester
became the generic rifle. The Winchester had
such a powerful hold in some regions that it
actually became known as "the gun that won the
West." In 1887, Winchester came out with their
first repeating shotguns. The next major
milestone for Winchester came in 1903, when
the company introduced the first automatic rifle
that would become widely used.

1876 - Custer defeated at Little Big Horn.

1877 - First effective double-action revolver.
1879 - Lee box magazine patented.
1892- Advent of automatic handguns.

The first automatic pistol was created by Joseph Laumann in 1892. But the Borchardt pistol
of 1893 was the first automatic with a separate magazine in the grip, and this remains the defining
feature of the breed. More automatics came in rapid succession, including Browning, Luger, Mauser,
and Colt models. By the turn of the century, just 8
years after Laumann, automatics were firmly
established.
https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/

THE PIONEERS AND PERSONALITIES WHO

CONTIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
BALLISTICS AND FORENSIC BALLISTICS
AS A FIELD OF STUDY
BENJAMIN ROBINS. The British engineer and considered as the father of modern gunnery who
conducted many experiments in interior ballistics. He is also known as the founder of scientific
ballistics.

BENJAMIN THOMPSON. He is an Anglo-American physicist who made first attempt to measure

the pressure generated by gunpowder in the late 18th century.
JOHN M. BROWNING. Wizard of modern firearms and pioneered the breech loading single shot
riffle. He is arguably the most important figure in the development of modern automatic and semi-
automatic firearms and is credited with 128-gun patents.

SAMUEL COLT. He produced the first practical revolver bringing it to what most gunsmiths would
agree was its perfect form in the Colt Army 1873 model, which became famous for its .45 caliber.

HENRY DERRINGER. He was an American gunsmith. He gave his name to a whole class of
firearms (rifles and pistols).

ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH. He is the father of the percussion ignition.

UZIEL GAL. He invented the Uzi submachine gun.

JOHN C. GARAND. He is best known for creating the first successful semi-automatic riffle to be
widely used in active military service, the M1 Garand.

COL. CALVIN H. GODDARD, MD., U.S Army. He is regarded as the father of modern ballistics.

LUGER GEORGE. He was an Austrian designer of the famous luger pistol and the 9x19 mm
parabellum cartridge.

ELISHA KING ROOT. He designed the machinery of making Colt firearms.

HORACE SMITH. He founded the great firm Smith and Wesson and pioneered the making of
breech-loading rifles.

EUGENE STONER. The man most associated with the design of AR-15. It was adopted by the US
military as the M16.

JOHN T. THOMPSON. He is the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun.

DANIEL B. WESSON. He was an associate or partners of Horace Smith in revolver making.

DAVID “CARBINE” WILLIAMS. He is the designer of the short-stroke piston used in the M1
Carbine as well as the floating chamber operating systems for firearms.

OLIVER FISHER WINCHESTER. His main claim to fame was his manufacture and marketing of
the Winchester repeating rifle.

HENRY SHARPNEL. The inventor of the famous “shrapnel shell.”

ELIPHALET REMMINGTON. He founded what would become known as Remington Arms.

HISTORY OF THE FIRST FIREARMS:

The first small arms were developed as miniature models of early artillery weapons and were
at first called hand cannons.
FIRELOCK was developed in the 14 th century as a simple smooth-bore tube of iron, closed at the
breech end except for an opening called a touchable and set into a rounded piece of wood for holding
under the arm. The tube was loaded with shot and powder and then fire by inserting a heated wire into
the touchhole.

MATCHLOCK was developed in the 15 th century. A type

of musket which was essentially the same as the firelock,
except that the slow match was clamped in the top of a
device called serpentine, an S-shaped metal pivoted to the
center. A spring device dropped a lighted match directly
into the gunpowder.

WHEEL LOCK was developed about 1515. It

consisted of a spring-driven wheel which when released
of the trigger brought a piece of iron pyrite into contact
with a rotating steel wheel; the resulting spark ignited
the powder.

FLINTLOCK was a prevailing type of small arms

weapon for both shoulder guns and handguns from the end of the 17 th century to the middle of the 19 th
century. It resembled the snaphance, except that the striker
plate was L-shaped; the bottom limb of the was used as a
cover for the priming pan, to protect the powder from moisture
until the upper limb was struck by the flint of the hammer.
This action produced a shower sparks when the powder in the
pan was uncovered.

9 Oldest Guns in the World

1. Heilongjiang Hand Cannon

Year Created: c.1288
Country of Origin: Banlachengzi, Heilongjian
province, China
Gunsmith: Unknown

The Heilongjiang hand cannon is believed

to be the oldest existing gun in the world. While
the hand cannon is not exactly a gun, it was one of
the first firearms ever created and is the precursor
to modern guns. This hand cannon was found
during a 1970 excavation at the village of
Banlachengzi, China.

Researchers think that the hand cannon

was used in battles sometime between 1287 –
1288. In an account from the time called History
of Yuan, a commander named Li Ting led a group
of soldiers who were equipped with hand cannons,
as part of an anti-rebellion campaign for the Yuan dynasty. Today, the hand cannon is on
display at the Heilongjiang Provincial Museum in Harbin, China.
2. Emperor Charles V’s Wheellock Pistol
Year Created: c. 1540 – 1545
Country of Origin: Munich, Germany
Gunsmith: Peter Peck

The double-barreled wheellock pistol

made for King Charles V (pictured above) is
one of the earliest surviving pistols, dating
back to around 1540 – 1545. It was created by
Peter Peck of Germany, who also made fine
watches. This gun features two locks
combined into one firing mechanism, which meant that each barrel could be ignited
separately. It is decorated with Charles V’s personal emblems: the double-headed eagle and
the pillars of Hercules with the Latin motto PLVS VLTRA (which means “More Beyond”).

3. Tanegashima
Year Created: c.1543
Country of Origin: Japan
Gunsmith: Yaita – first commissioned by Lord Tanegashima Tokitaka

Tanegashima were matchlock guns

from Japan that were used by the samurai and
their foot soldiers. Matchlock guns were first
introduced to Japan by the Portuguese in 1543.

Portuguese adventurers were forced to

land on Tanegashima island during a storm.
The lord of the island, Tanegashima Tokitaka,
purchased two matchlock muskets from the
Portuguese and asked a swordsmith to copy
the guns’ mechanisms. However, the smith ran
into problems, which were not solved until the
following year when a Portuguese gunsmith was
brought to Japan. Over the next decade, over
300,000 Tanegashima guns were produced, which
changed the nature of Japanese warfare.

4. Georg von Reichwein’s Revolver

Year Created: 1597
Country of Origin: Nuremburg, Germany
Gunsmith: Hans Stopler

The gun owned by Georg von Reichwein, a German officer during the mid-17th
century, is the oldest existing revolver in the world. Stamp marks on the gun provide
definitive evidence that the revolver was created by Hans Stopler, a German weapons
blacksmith, in 1597. The gun was made for someone of high status and is decorated with
brass, bone, and Mother of Pearl. Unlike modern revolvers, this gun had to be manually
rotated.

Georg von Reichwein was the last owner of the gun, and bought it when he was
appointed to major and commander of the forces at Bergenhus fortress of Norway in 1636.
The revolver currently resides in the storage rooms of the Maihaugen Folk Museum in
Lillehammer, Norway. It was briefly put on display in 2014 for the 200th anniversary of the
Norwegian Constitution.
5. King Louis XIII’s Flintlock Gun
Year Created: c.1620
Country of Origin: Lisieux, France
Gunsmith: Pierre Le Bourgeois and Marin Le Bourgeois

One of the greatest advancements in gun technology was the invention of the flintlock
mechanism. The first true flintlocks were created in France in the early 17th century.
Flintlocks were commonly used over the next two centuries until the invention of the
percussion lock.

An early example of a French flintlock gun is the one owned by King Louis XIII. It
was created in the workshop directed by Pierre Le Bourgeois’ brother, Marin. He is typically
attributed as the inventor of the flintlock mechanism. The gun is decorated with Louis XIII’s
crowned monogram and the scroll-shaped end of the gun is a unique design. Today, King
Louis XIII’s flintlock gun is on display at
The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 375.

6. Puckle Gun
Year Created: 1718
Country of Origin: United Kingdom
Gunsmith: James Puckle

The Puckle Gun was one of the first

weapons to be called a “machine gun”, but
its mechanisms do not resemble modern machine guns. The gun was patented by James
Puckle in 1718. It was a tripod-mounted, single-barrel flintlock weapon with a manually
operated revolving cylinder. Puckle thought that it could be used on ships as an anti-boarding
gun.

The Puckle gun never picked up many investors and Puckle was unable to sell the
guns to the British armed forces. Two original examples of the Puckle gun are on display at
the Boughton House and Beaulieu Palace. These guns were purchased by John Montagu, 2nd
Duke of Montagu, Master-General of the Ordnance in 1722.

7. Musket Modèle 1777

Year Created: 1777
Country of Origin: France
Gunsmith: Charleville armoury and
others

The musket Modèle 1777 was one

of the most widely used weapons in
continental Europe. It was initially created
in 1777 for the French Army. Trained
French infantrymen were expected to be
able to fire three volleys a minute with this
musket. Between 1777 – 1826, about 7
million Modèle 1777 muskets were
produced – this number was not topped
until World War I.

In the early 1800s, after the French

Revolutionary Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte wanted the muskets to be slightly reworked. The
 corrected model, “Modèle 1777 corrigé, featured some minor modifications on the lock,
bayonet, and stock. Other small improvements of the musket occurred in 1816 and 1822.

8. Colt Revolver
Year Created: 1836
Country of Origin: United States of America
Gunsmith: Samuel Colt

Samuel Colt‘s gun were the first truly successful revolvers. Colt received the first
patent for his revolving mechanism in Britain in 1835 and a year later, he obtained the U.S.
patent. In 1836, Colt founded the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company in Paterson, New
Jersey. Colt continued to manufacture guns at
this company until 1842 after a string of patchy
success.

Initially, Colt was unable to secure a

government contract for his guns until 1846
when the Mexican-American War was
underway. Colt worked with Captain Samuel H.
Walker to improve his revolver and General
Zachary Taylor ordered 1,000 Colt revolvers.
Colt’s guns continued to grow in popularity and
today, the Colt Manufacturing Company is one
of the most widely recognized gun
manufacturers in the world.

9. Gatling Gun
Year Created: 1862
Country of Origin: United States of America
Gunsmith: Dr. Richard J. Gatling

The Gatling gun is considered to be the best example of early rapid-fire weapons – it
is the forerunner of the modern machine gun. The gun was designed in 1861 by Richard
Gatling and patented the following year. The Gatling gun was first used in war during the
American Civil War. Twelve guns were purchased by Untion commanders and used during
the siege of Petersburg, Virginia.

After the American Civil War, the Gatling

gun was used in international conflicts such as the
Boshin War and the Anglo-Zulu War. It was also
used by American forces during the Spanish-
American War at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
Today, there are several automatic rotary machine
guns that were influenced by the design of the
Gatling gun.
https://www.oldest.org/technology/guns/
LARGEST GUN IN HISTORY

At the beginning of World War II, the Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, eager to invade France,
demanded the construction of a new weapon that could penetrate the concrete fortifications of the
French Maginot Line, the only major physical obstacle that stood between the Nazi army and the rest
of Western Europe.

In 1941, a year after the invasion of France, the German arms manufacturer and metallurgist,
Gustav Krupp, presented a huge cannon, which he offered for free to Hitler’s army, to show its
contribution to the war effort.

The new weapon was a gun about 12 meters high, 47 meters long, weighing 1,350 tonnes
and was firing 10 tonnes shells through a 30 meters long pipe. 22 people could sit aligned on the
barrel of the gun. The impressive weapon became known as the “Great Gustav”.

Two guns of this type were ordered, the second one being named Dora. Dora was the second
gun produced and it was deployed briefly
against Stalingrad, but the Germans had
quickly withdrawn it when the Soviets
threatened to encircle the weapon. Dora was
broken apart before the war ended and was
discovered in the west by American troops.

The Gustav cannon needed 2,000

people. Most of these people were tasked with
providing air cover for the gun and not were
involved with the actual operation of the gun.
The assembly of the five main parts that made
up the cannon lasted four days. Also, the
calibration of equipment needed to shoot one
shell took several hours, which meant that the
gun could only shoot 14 rounds per day.
https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/schwerer-gustav-
hitlers-giant-gun-worked-turned-disaster.html

TWO GROUPS OF FIREARMS

1. Long Arms or Shoulder Arms
Long (shoulder) firearms fall into
two groups - rifles and shotguns.
As the name implies, these
firearms are designed to be fired
from the shoulder using both
 hands. Although barrels can be shortened, the original design determines whether it is
a rifle or a shotgun.
Shoulder-fired weapons with rifled barrels (lands and grooves) are rifles, and those
with smooth-bored barrels are shotguns. It should be noted that several shotguns are
manufactured with rifling in the barrel for use with slug loads. If the caliber
designation is stated as gauge, it is classified as a shotgun (one exception is the 410
Bore designation).

A. Rifle or Carbine
- Is a shoulder-fired long gun, with a series of spiral grooves cut inside the barrel
("rifling") imparting spin to the projectile. Some rifles have a detachable magazine
like the pistols described above, and others have integral magazines. A carbine
resembles a rifle but has a shorter barrel.

Action: Single shot, repeating, semi-automatic or fully automatic.

Figure 1: Rifle models. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

Assault rifle
- Can be considered a subcategory of rifles and represent ' any of various intermediate-
range, magazine-fed military rifles (such as the AK-47 or M16) that can be set for
automatic or semiautomatic fire…' (Merriam-Webster).

Action: Semi-automatic or fully automatic.

Figure 2: Assault Rifle models. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

B. Musket
- Refers to a long smooth bored firearm that is designed to prepare a single shot. The
musket, an infantry weapon, was equipped with a succession of firing mechanisms
during its 300-year history.
 Figure 3: Parts of a Musket (Wikipedia)

C. Shotgun
- Is a shoulder-fired long gun with one or two unrifled barrels (side-by-side or over
configuration), usually designed to shoot many small projectiles ("shots") rather than
a bullet. The caliber of a shotgun is referred to as the gauge and is usually larger in
diameter than other small arms.

Action: Usually single shot. May also be repeating, or semi-automatic

Figure 4: Shotgun models. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

D. Machine Gun
- It is a firearm that is capable of full automatic firing (more than one shot without
manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger) and that fires rifle ammunition.
It is generally crew-operated ('heavy machine gun'), but some forms may be fired by
single individuals ('light machine gun'). Most machine guns have the ammunition fed
by belts, although some use magazines.

Action: Semi-automatic or fully automatic.

Figure 5: Machine Gun models. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

E. Sub-machine gun
 - It is a hand-held, lightweight short, barreled machine gun consisting of relatively low-
energy handgun-type cartridges and fired from the hand, hip or shoulder.

Action: Semi-automatic or fully automatic. Where the firing system is automatic, the
firearm would be classified as an automatic pistol or automatic sub-machine gun.

Figure 6: Sub-machine Gun models. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

2. Hand Arms or Short Arms/ Handguns

The term handgun refers to all firearms designed to be capable of firing with one
hand. There are two general types of handguns - revolvers and pistols.
Revolvers are handguns with a cylinder containing several chambers arranged to
rotate around an axis and discharge successively using the same firing mechanism.
The number of chambers ranges between five and nine, typically six.

A. Pistol
- Is a short or hand-held firearm designed for semi-automatic operation. The chamber
is part of the barrel. Cartridges are generally loaded into a magazine, which is
inserted into the grip. The action of the firearm feeds the next cartridge and expels the
spent round.
- The origin of the word pistol is not known for certain although some historians
believe that it may have been derived from Pistoia, an Italian city and province in
Tuscany once famous for its ironworks and an area where primitive handguns were
fabricated during early years of the 14th century.
Action: single shot, repeating, semi-automatic and automatic pistol.

Figure 7: Pistol models. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

Auto-Loading Pistol (automatics)

 - - A firearm designed to be fired from the hand and having a riffled barrel and a
removable magazine storing cartridges with a mechanism for auto-loading.

Figure8: Webley & Scott Automatic Pistol (google images.com)

B. Revolvers
- Is a short or hand-held firearm with a revolving cylinder typically of five to nine
chambers, manually loaded with cartridges. As the cylinder rotates into position, the
trigger can be pulled, releasing the hammer firing the cartridge. Expended cartridge
cases remain in the cylinder until manually unloaded.

Action: Revolvers are usually

repeating firearms. According to the
system of operation of the trigger tail,
revolvers can be of double action or
single action.
Figure 9: Revolver models. Source: Firearms
Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)
https:// www.unodc.org/e4j/en/firearms/module-
2/key-issues/common- firearms-types.html
https:// projects.nfstc.org/firearms/module08/
fir_m08_t07.htm
https://projects.nfstc.org/firearms/module08/fir_m08_t08.htm

TWO GENERAL CLASSES OF FIREARMS

A. According to Gun Barrel Internal Construction
1. Smooth Bore Firearms
- This refers to the firearms that has a barrel without rifling. Smoothbores range
from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars.

2. Rifled Bore Firearms

- This refers to the firearms that have a rifling (lands and grooves) inside the barrel.
 Figure 1: Riffled Barrel vs. Smooth Bore (google image.com)

B. According to Caliber of Projectiles Propelled

1. Artillery
- Those types of firearms that propel projectiles more than 1-inch in diameter.

Figure 2: Artillery (google image.com)

2. Small Arms
- Are firearms that propel projectiles less than 1-inch in diameter. It can be
operated by one man.
Example: Machine guns, revolver, pistol.

C. According to Mechanical Construction

1. Single Shot Firearms
- This is a type of firearm designed to fire only one shot for every loading.

2. Repeating Arms
- This firearm fires several shots in one loading.
3. Bolt Action Type
- The reloading is done by manipulation of the bolt.
4. Automatic Loading Type
- Automatic loading or feeding of the chamber takes place after the first shot was
fired.
5. Slide Action Type
- The loading takes place by back-and-forth manipulation of the under forearm of
the gun.
6. Lever Type (break-type)
- The loading takes place by lever action on the firearm.

D. According to Use
a. Military firearms
b. Pocket and home defense firearms
c. Target and outdoor men’s firearms
E. According to Action Type
a. Single-action type – revolvers that requires the hammer to be pulled back by hand
before each shot.
b. Double-action type – squeezing the trigger can pull back the hammer to cock the gun
as well as serving to release the hammer.

F. Unusual or Miscellaneous Types – those type of firearms that are unique in mechanism and
construction.

a. Gas guns – used for firing tear gas and other forms of disabling gas.
b. Traps – these are designed to be set in the woods and left where animals will
encounter them. They may fire a bullet or a poison charge, depending on their
construction.
c. Cane gun, knife pistols, etc. – (also known as freakish device) many devices
primarily designed for other purposes will have a gun mechanism incorporated in
them.
d. Tools – there are number of tools using cartridges which are designed to drive studs,
punch holes, or cut tables. Such tools may be encountered in the investigation of an
accident.
e. Zip guns – these may be in any form since the name has been applied to all
homemade guns.
f. Multi-barreled guns – having three or four barrels mounted in one receiver.
g. Liberator – made by the U.S. government for use in occupied countries of Europe
during the recent war and fired .45 ACP cartridges, single shot, and smooth bore.
h. Flare guns – used in cases such as for sending signals and enabling to see enemies in
the dark.
i. Harpoon guns – barbed spear in hunting large fish.
j. Paltik guns
 Paltik is a Filipino term for a homemade gun. It is usually manufactured using
scrap metal and angle iron. These homemade weapons are usually manufactured
in Danao, Cebu, where the production of replicas of known firearms is a cottage
industry. The manufacturers claim to be able to replicate any gun, although they
prefer to mass-produce six-cylinder .38 caliber revolvers.
 The paltik is effectively a ghost gun; an unregistered weapon bearing no serial
numbers. High quality replicas of .45 caliber semi-automatic pistols have been
recorded being made in the Philippines and ending up in the United States black
market.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paltik
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A FIREARM
Below the description of the main firearms components is provided followed by general
anatomies of firearms where these components can be identified and localized.

Table 1. Source: UNODC Global Firearms Programme

General Anatomy of a Revolver
 Figure 1. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

General anatomy of a Semiautomatic-Pistol

Figure 2. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

General Anatomy of a Shotgun

Figure 3: Shotgun Basic Parts

General Composition of a Rifle

Figure 4. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

General Composition of a Sub-machine Gun

Figure 5. Source: Firearms Reference Table (RCMP-GRC / Interpol)

https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/firearms/module-2/key-issues/firearms-parts-and-components.html
 WOUND BALLISTICS
Ballistics is the study of motion of projectiles. It is studied under three sub heads-

1. Interior Ballistics - It concerns with the motion of projectiles inside the

barrel of a firearm.

2. Exterior Ballistics – It is the study of the motion of projectiles in the

open (air), after coming out of the muzzle of a firearm.

3. Terminal Ballistics- It is the motion / behaviour of the projectile at the

target or inside the target. It is also known as Wound Ballistics.

Wound ballistics is concerned with the wounding phenomenon. It involves terminal

ballistics. It studies how a projectile creates the wound and causes the destruction of
tissues by its movements on and after entering the body, its travel inside and the exit
from the body.

WOUNDING MECHANISM-

When a projectile strikes the human body, it depresses and compresses the skin, flesh
and bone underneath. The continued pressure stretches them beyond the elastic limits
and a hole is created. The stretched skin regains its normal state after the hole is
created and the bullet has entered inside. The diameter of the hole on the skin,
therefore appears, on the non-stretched skin somewhat smaller than the size of the
projectile which created the wound, when it was stretched.

The minimum velocity required to penetrate the human skin has been found to be 40
to 50 metres per second. The threshold velocity for the penetration of a bone is 60
meter per second.

The projectile continues its onwards progress till it leaves the body through an exit
hole, or, till its energy is spent beforehand, in overcoming the resistance. The
projectile is found lodged at the end of the tunnel, in later cases.

ELEMENTS OF WOUND BALLISTICS-

Wound ballistics has following important elements-

1. Nature of target.

2. Velocity of projectiles.

3. Constructional features of projectiles.

4. Range.
FIREARM INJURIES-

The projectiles fired by firearm have certain shapes, velocities and kinetic energies
which differ from most of the other agents causing injuries. The shapes of wound, the
destructive effect on the tissues, presence of foreign bodies (of specific shapes and
composition) and the projectile track help to identify whether the given injury is a
firearm injury or not.

The evaluation of the injuries clarify if the given injury is-

1. a firearm injury or not.

2. an entrance wound or an exit wound.

3. post-mortem or ante-mortem injury.

4. from the alleged firearm.

5. fatal or not.

6. such that a person could perform the alleged acts after receiving the
given injuries.

7. of alleged age.

8. caused from alleged distance.

The evaluation of injuries can also indicate of the alleged number of shots fired or the
number of firearms used.

ENTRANCE WOUND-

The wounds have certain characteristics which permit their identification without
difficulties, most of the times. The prominent features utilized for the purpose are-

1. The wounds are circular or oval in most of the cases. Key hole wounds
are also formed by wobbling bullets.

2. The diameter of the entrance hole is, ordinarily slightly less than the
diameter of the projectile creating the hole.

3. The edges are compressed inward – they are inverted.

4. A contusion ring is found around the wound in most of the times. The
ring is dark red to bluish-black depending upon its age.
 5. The dirt or wipe ring is not always present but whenever it is present, it
is a sure sign of an entry wound.

6. Burning of skin, flesh or singeing of hair is caused when the shot is fired
from a close range. The scorched skin, when it is available, it identifies the
entry wound.

7. GSR deposits are from close range firing only. They also identify the
entrance wound whenever they are available.

8. The presence of a muzzle impression around the wound.

9. Sometimes the bullet carries the GSR in their flight from the ejecta,
from the barrel fouling and deposit on the edges or inside the entrance hole.

Extraneous deposits around the wound are from the following sources-

1. Propellant burned powder (smoke), semi burnt and unburnt propellant.

2. Primer residue.

3. Projectile, Cartridge Case and barrel material (from fouling and bore
scraping).

4. Intermediate targets.

The extent of extraneous deposit depends upon-

1. The weapon.

2. The ammunition.

3. The range.

4. The angle of fire.

5. The target characteristics.

PINK COLORATION-

If a shot is fired from a very close range or in contact with the skin, some carbon
monoxide (produced in the combustion of propellants) gets absorbed in the skin and
flesh. It gives a pink coloration to the skin around the wound which indicates firearm
injury and injury from a close range.

CHARRING, SCORCHING, BURNING, SINGEING etc.-

These are the effects of flame or hot gases produced in the combustion of propellants.
The charring is caused when the shot is fired from a very close range. The size, shape
and extent are characteristic of the firearm and range.

The Charring is often confused with the Blackening, Tattooing, Dirt Ring or even with
Contusion Ring. The Charring is different from Blackening. The later can be removed
with a cotton swab moistened with spirit while the former cannot be removed in this
way.

BLACKENING-

The blackening is caused by the smoke deposits. The smoke particles are light. They
do not travel afar. Therefore, smoke deposit i.e. blackening is limited to a short range.
The colour of smoke is grey to black in black powder and light grey to dark grey in
smokeless powder.

TATTOOING-

The tattooing is also known as peppering or stippling. It is the deposit of unburnt or

semi-burnt powder particles under the skin. Tattooing, ordinarily, cannot be removed
with a swab.

DIRT RING OR PROJECTILE WIPE RING-

The dirt ring is deposited by some projectile around the wound. The materials come
from-

1. The projectile may carry grease on them. The dirt gets collected on the
grease which, in turn, gets deposited around the wound.

2. Deposit of soot/GSR present on bullet. The projectile pick up the

soot/GSR from the powder ejecta which rush past the projectiles inside or
outside the barrel.

3. Dirt due to intermediate target (clothes, mud walls etc.) or from the
surface from which the projectile has ricocheted.

4. In shot gun ammunition, the pellets and buck shots are rubbed with
graphite. A small amount of graphite is carried by the projectiles which they
deposit around the entry hole. The lead bullets may also blacken the edges of
the entry wound.
FOREIGN MATERIAL-

The projectile or their fragments and sometimes the wads are found inside the body,
these may also indicate the nature of firearm used.

CONTUSION-

The edges of wound are contused by the impact of the projectile. The colour of
contusion varies from reddish dark to bluish black. The contusions are in the form of a
band around the wound and are often of uniform width. The tissues are ruptured and
swollen.

EXIT WOUND-

All exit wounds, irrespective of range of firing, the following identifying features-

1. They have no fixed shape or size. Usually they are larger than entry
wound and are irregular.

2. The eversion of edges and the direction of pushed or pressed out flesh,
indicate the exit wound.

3. The presence of projectile, fixed in the exit wound.

4. If the entry wound is established and a probe through this wound comes
out of another wound. The later is obviously an exit wound.

HANDELING FIREARM INJURIES-

1. Observe and record all major or minor, internal or external injuries.

2. Describe fully the wound of entrance, the internal track and the
lodgement site or the exit wound. Give serial number to each injury. The
description should contain (whenever possible)

(a) The possible nature of firearm.

(b) The presence or absence of GSR.

(c) The direction of fire and deflection (if any).

(d) The presence or absence of any extraneous matter or the projectile from
the intermediate target or from the ricocheting surface.

(e) The condition of projectile : Whole ? Deformed ? Fragmented ?.

 (f) Describe site(s) of the injury without using medical terminology.

3. Log all information collected through-

(a) Photographs – photograph the injury before and after cleaning, with a
scale and an identification information chit included in the photographs.
Photographs should fix the site of injury (ies) as well as nature of injuries
(close up). If there is extraneous material (GSR etc.), it should be recorded
photographically.

(b) X-Ray radiograph for locating projectiles and their fragments.

(c) Exhaustive description.

(d) X-Ray of bone damage.

4. Preserve relevant evidence-

(a) The clothes and the evidence thereon.

(b) The projectiles.

(c) The wads (if any).

(d) The extraneous deposit.

(e) In case of burning the charred skin piece may also be preserved.

(f) GSR found on hands must also be collected and preserved.

(g) Get the help of Ballistic Expert, if required.

Criminalistics Review Questions

1. There is freehand invitation and is considered as the most skilful class of

forgery

A. simulated or copied forgery

B. simple forgery

C. traced forgery
D. carbon tracing Answer: A

2. Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is adequate and

proper, should contain a cross section

of the material from known sources.

A. disguised document

B. questioned document

C. standard document

D. requested document Answer: C

3. Specimens of hand writing or of typescript which is of known origin.

A. Letters

B. Samples

C. Exemplars

D. Documents Answer: C

4. A document which is being questioned because of its origin, its contents or the
circumstances or the stories of

its production.

A. disputed document

B. standard document

C. requested document

D. questioned document Answer: D

5. The art of beautiful writing is known as

A. Drafting

B. Calligraphy
C. Art appreciation

D. Gothic Answer: B

6. Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is established.

A. Certificate

B. Subpoena

C. Warrant

D. Document Answer: D

7. A type of fingerprint pattern in which the slope or downward flow of the

innermost sufficient recurve is towards

the thumb of radius bone of the hand of origin.

A. ulnar loop

B. tented arch

C. accidental whorl

D. radial loop Answer: D

8. The forking or dividing of one line to two or more branches.

A. Ridge

B. Island

C. Delta

D. Bifurcation Answer: D

9. The point on a ridge at or in front of and nearest the center of the divergence
of the type lines.

A. Divergence

B. Island
C. Delta

D. Bifurcation Answer: C

10.The following are considerations used for the identification of a loop except
one:

A. Delta

B. Core

C. a sufficient recurve

D. a ridge count across a looping bridge Answer: B

11.The process of recording fingerprint through the use of fingerprint ink.

A. Pathology

B. Fingerprinting

C. Dactyloscopy

D. Printing press Answer: B

12.The fingerprint method of identification.

A. Pathology

B. Fingerprinting

C. Dactyloscopy

D. Printing press Answer: C

13.Two lines that run parallel or nearly parallel, diverge and surround the
pattern area.

A. Ridges

B. Delta

C. Type line
D. Bifurcation Answer: C

14.A part of the whorl or loop in which appear the cores, deltas and ridges.

A. type line

B. bifurcation

C. pattern area

D. furrow Answer: C

15.Fingerprints left on various surfaces at the crime scene which are not clearly
visible.

A. plane impressions

B. visible fingerprints

C. rolled impressions

D. latent fingerprints Answer: D

16.The impressions left by the patterns of ridges and depressions on various

surfaces.

A. kiss marks

B. finger rolls

C. thumb marks

D. fingerprints Answer: D

17.Which among the following is not considered as a basic fingerprint pattern?

A. Arch

B. Accidental

C. Loop

D. Whorl Answer: B
18.The minimum identical characteristics to justify the identity between two
points.

A. Eighteen

B. Fifteen

C. Twelve

D. Nine Answer: D

19.A fingerprint pattern in which the ridges form a sequence of spirals around
core axes.

A. whorl

B. double loop

C. central pocket loop

D. accidental Answer: A

20.A fingerprint pattern which one or more ridges enter on either side of the
impression by a recurve, and terminate

on the same side where the ridge has entered.

A. Loop

B. radial loop

C. ulnar loop

D. tented arch Answer: C

21.A person allowed who gives his/her opinion or conclusion on a given scientific
evidence is considered

A. interrogator

B. expert witness
C. prosecutor

D. judge Answer: B

22.The application of scientific knowledge and techniques in the detection of

crime and apprehension of criminals.

A. Law Enforcement Administration

B. Forensic Administration

C. Criminal Psychology

D. Criminalistics Answer: D

23.Lens that is characterized by a thicker center and thinner sides.

A. concave lens

B. convex lens

C. negative lens

D. positive lens Answer: A

24.The normal developing time of a paper or film.

A. 30-60 minutes

B. 20-30 minutes

C. 5-10 minutes

D. 1- 2 minutes Answer: C

25.This part of a camera is used to allow light to enter the lens for a
predetermined time interval.

A. holder of sensitised material

B. view finder

C. shutter
D. view finder Answer: C

26.A lens with a focal length of less than the diagonal of its negative material.

A. telephoto lens

B. long lens

C. normal lens

D. wide angle lens Answer: D

27.Chemical used as an accelerator in a developer solution.

A. Potassium Bromide

B. Sodium Carbonate

C. Sodium Sulfite

D. Hydroquinone Answer: B

28.A part of a camera used in focusing the light from the subject

A. view finder

B. lens

C. shutter

D. light tight box Answer: B

29.A component of the polygraph instrument which records the breathing of the
subject.

A. Cardiosphygmograph

B. Pneumograph

C. Galvanograph

D. Kymograph Answer: B
30.A component of the polygraph instrument which records the blood pressure
and the pulse rate of the subject.

A. Cardiosphygmograph

B. Pneumograph

C. Galvanograph

D. Kymograph Answer: A

31.A component of the polygraph instrument which is a motor that drives or

pulls the chart paper under the

recording pen simultaneously at the rate of 6 or 12 inches per minute.

A. Cardiosphygmograph

B. Pneumograph

C. Galvanograph

D. Kymograph Answer: D

32.The following are specific rules to be followed in the formulation of the

questions in a polygraph test except one.

A. Questions must be clear and phrased in a language the subject can easily
understand.

B. Questions must be answerable by yes or no.

C. Questions must be as short as possible.

D. Questions must all be in the form of accusations

Answer: D

33. In “ polygraph examination”, the term “ examination” means a detection of

A. Forgery

B. Emotion
C. the mind

D. deception Answer: D

34. It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger, which appears to go

beyond a person’s defensive

power.

A. Fear

B. Stimuli

C. Response

D. Reaction Answer: A

35. The primary purpose of pre-test interview.

A. Prepare subject for polygraph test

B. Obtain confession

C. Make the subject calm

D. Explain the polygraph test procedures Answer: A

36. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the relevant question.

A. positive response

B. specific response

C. normal response

D. reaction Answer: A

37. The study of the effect of the impact of a projectile on the target.

A. Terminal Ballistics

B. Internal Ballistics
C. External Ballistics

D. Forensic Ballistics Answer: A

38. The unstable rotating motion of the bullet is called

A. Trajectory

B. Yaw

C. Velocity

D. Gyroscopic action Answer: B

39. The part of the mechanism of a firearm that withdraws the shell or cartridge
from the chamber.

A. Extractor

B. Ejector

C. Striker

D. Trigger Answer: B

40. The pattern or curved path of the bullet in flight.

A. Yaw

B. Range

C. Velocity

D. Trajectory Answer: D

41. This refers to the deflection of the bullet from its normal path after striking a
resistant surface.

A. Misfire

B. Mushroom

C. Ricochet
D. Key hole shot Answer: C

42. A type of primer with two vents or flash holes.

A. Bordan primer

B. Berdan Primer

C. Baterry Primer

D. Boxer Primer Answer: D

43. This refers to the helical grooves cut in the interior surface of the bore.

A. swaging

B. ogive

C. rifling

D. breaching Answer: D

44. It refers to the unstable rotating motion of the bullet.

A. Trajectory

B. Yaw

C. Velocity

D. Gyproscopic action Answer: B

45. It is the measurement of the bore diameter from land to land.

A. Calibre

B. Mean diameter

C. Gauge

D. Rifling Answer: A
46. He is known as the Father of Ballistics.

A. Hans Gross

B. Charles Waite

C. Albert Osborne

D. Calvin Goddard Answer: D

47. A document in which some issues have been raised or is under scrutiny.

A. Void Document

B. Illegal Document

C. Forged Document

D. Questioned Document Answer: D

48. The following are characteristics of forgery except one:

A. Presence of Natural Variation

B. Multiple Pen Lifts

C. Show bad quality of ink lines

D. Patchwork Appearance Answer: A

49. Standards which are prepared upon the request of the investigator and for
the purpose of comparison with the

questioned document.

A. relative standards

B. collected standards

C. extended standards

D. requested standards Answer: D

50. Any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke.

A. natural variation

B. rhythm

C. retracing

A. shading Answer: C

51. The name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of

acknowledgement.

A. Opinion

B. Document

C. Signature

D. Handwriting Answer: C

52. A kind of document which is executed by a private person without the

intervention of a notary public, or of

competent public official, by which some disposition of agreement is proved.

A. commercial document

B. official document

C. public document

D. private document Answer: D

53. An instrument that can be legally used in comparison with a questioned

document, its origin is known and can be

proven.

A. simulated document

B. forged document

C. standard document
D. compared document Answer: C

54. The process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced.

A. Comparison

B. Collation

C. Obliteration

D. Decipherment Answer: D

55. A document which contains some changes either as an addition or deletion.

A. inserted document

B. altered document

C. disputed document

D. obliterated document Answer: B

56 .A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife, razor blade or

picking instrument.

A. mechanical erasure

B. electronic erasure

C. magnetic erasure

D. chemical erasure Answer: A

57. It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized by widening of the ink

stroke.

A. Shading

B. pen lift

C. pen emphasis

D. pen pressure Answer: D

58. A kind of document executed by a person in authority and by private parties
but notarised by competent

officials.

A. private document

B. commercial document

C. public document

D. official document Answer: C

59. The detection and identification of poisons.

A. Bacteriology

B. Posology

C. Toxicology

D. Chemistry Answer: C

60. The specimen that is preferably used in the determination of abused drugs in
the body.

A. blood

B. saliva

C. body fluid

D. urine Answer: D

61. A forensic chemist is tasked to examine the chemical nature and composition
of the following except one:

A. Fingerprint

B. Explosives

C. Blood
D. Body fluids Answer: A

62. Who qualifies a forensic chemist as expert?

A. defense lawyer

B. judge

C. prosecutor

D. the chemist himself/herself Answer: B

63. Methamphetamine hydrochloride is commonly known as

A. Coke

B. LSD

C. Heroin

D. “shabu” Answer: D

64. An area surrounding the place where the crime occurred.

A. crime scene

B. police line

C. area of operation

D. area of responsibility Answer: A

65. The body of the crime.

A. Evidence

B. body of the victim

C. criminology

D. corpus delicti Answer: D

66. One of the following is a derivative of the opium poppy.

A. Demerol

B. Caffeine

C. Morphine

D. nicotine Answer: C

67. Number restoration is necessary in determining whether there is tampering

of serial number in

A. Typewriter

B. Firearm

C. Prisoners

D. Bank notes Answer: B

68. In forensic examination, a tip of the hair is examined to determine if it was

A. Bend

B. Folded

C. Stretched

D. Cut Answer: D

69. All of the following are accurate tests for the presence of alcohol in the human
body except one:

A. Saliva test

B. Harger Breath Test

C. Fecal test

D. Blood test Answer: C

70. The application of chemical principles and processes in the examination of
evidence.

A. Forensic Medicine

B. Forensic Evidence

C. Criminalistics

D. Forensic Chemistry Answer: D

71. Volatile poisons may be isolated by means of this process.

A. Dialysis

B. Dilution

C. Distillation

D. Extraction Answer: C

72. The process in reproducing physical evidence by plaster moulds.

A. Casting

B. Cementing

C. Moulage

D. Sticking Answer: C

73. The test used to determine the presence of semen particularly in stained
clothing.

A. Florence Test

B. Barberio’s Test

C. Microscopic Test

D. Ultra-Violet Test Answer: A

74. The test used to determine the presence of blood in stained material.

A. Florence Test

B. Barberio’s Test

C. Takayama Test

D. Phenolphtalein Test Answer: C

75. It is the major component of a glass.

A. Lime

B. Soda

C. Silica

D. Gel Answer: C

76. Poisons which produce stupor and less feeling.

A. Narcotics

B. Irritants

C. Depressants

D. Stimulants Answer: A

77. A supercooled liquid which possess high viscosity and rigidity.

A. dry ice

B. cartridge case

C. gel

D. glass Answer: D

78. The study and identification of body fluids.

A. Pharmacology

B. Serology

C. Posology

D. Immunology Answer: B

79. The test to determine whether blood is of human origin or not.

A. Blood typing

B. Precipitin Test

C. Confirmatory Test

D. Preliminary Test Answer: B

80. The circulating tissue of the body.

A. Blood

B. Cells

C. Muscles

D. Liver Answer: A

81. The complete, continuous, persistent cessation of respiration, circulation and

almost all brain function of an

organism.

A. Apparent death

B. Molecular death

C. Cellular Death

D. Somatic death Answer: D

82. The approximate time for the completion of one case for DNA Testing.
A. minimum of eight weeks

B. minimum of six weeks

C. minimum of four weeks

D. minimum of two weeks Answer: C

83. DNA stands for

A. Deonatural Acid

B. Deoxyribonucleic Acid

C. Denaturalized Acid

D. Deoxy Nucleic Acid Answer: B

84. The Geneticist from Great Britain who pioneered DNA testing and
fingerprinting.

A. Alec Jeffries

B. Lowell C. Van Berkom

C. William Reynolds

D. Henry Van Dyke Answer: A

85. The cause of death of a person who immediately died because of lack of
oxygen for around 3 to five minutes.

A. Stroke

B. Asphyxia

C. Stupor

D. Exhaustion Answer: B

86. The most serious burn involving skin, nerves, muscles and bones, causing
death due to loss of fluids and
electrolytes in the body and massive infection.

A. First Degree Burn

B. Second Degree Burn

C. Third Degree Burn

D. Sunburn Answer: C

87. A discoloration of the body after death when the blood tends to pool in the
blood vessels of the most

dependent portions of the body and starts 20 to 30 minutes after death and is
completed by 12 hours.

A. livor mortis

B. primary flaccidity

C. maceration

D. rigor mortis Answer: A

88. A wound which if inflicted in the body so serious that it will endanger one’s
life.

A. mortal wound

B. trauma

C. coup injury

D. superficial wound Answer: A

89. A wound produced by a blunt instrument such as club and stone.

A. incised wound

B. hack wound

C. lacerated wound

D. punctured wound Answer: C

90. A displacement of the articular surface of the bone without external wounds.

A. Hematoma

B. Fracture

C. Sprain

D. Dislocation Answer: D

91. A condition of exposure to cold temperature of certain parts of the body

which produces mechanical disruption

of cell structure characterized by cold stiffening and diminished body.

A. immersion foot

B. trench foot

C. frostbite

D. gangrene Answer: C

92. A condition of women who have had one or more sexual experience but not
had conceived a child.

A. virgo-intacts

B. demi-virginity

C. moral virginity

D. physical virginity Answer: A

93. Fixed discoloration of the blood clothed inside the blood vessels or has
diffused to different parts of the body.

A. hypostatic lividity

B. diffusion lividity

C. hyper lividity
D. rigor mortis Answer: B

94. Things used by a person in the commission of a crime, or objects left in a

crime scene which are the subjects of

criminalistics.

A. testimonial evidence

B. hearsay evidence

C. circumstantial evidence

D. physical evidence Answer: D

95. The science dealing with the motion of a projectile and the conditions
governing that motion.

A. Ballistics

B. Forensic Ballistics

C. Terminal Ballistics

D. External Ballistics Answer: A

96. The application of medical knowledge in the solution of crimes.

A. Forensic Science

B. Forensic Chemistry

C. Forensic Ballistics

D. Forensic Medicine Answer: D

97. The science or art of obtaining images in scientific materials by the action of
electro magnetic radiation rays.

A. Polygraphy

B. Dactyloscopy
C. Photography

D. Chemistry Answer: C

98. Instrument used in the measurement of temperature.

A. Endometer

B. Barometer

C. Thermometer

D. ananometer Answer: C

99. The scientific detection of deception.

A. Polygraphy

B. Dactyloscopy

C. Toxicology

D. Chemistry Answer: A

100. The test conducted to determine the presence of gunpowder residue in the
hands of a suspect.

A. diphenylamine test

B. ultra violet test

C. paraffin test

D. Simon’s Test Answer: C

Martes, Setyembre 17, 2013

CRIM – 3 FORENSIC BALLISTICS

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITYCollege of Criminology
FINAL EXAMINATION 1STSEM SY 2011-2012
CRIM – 3 FORENSICBALLISTICS

INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each ofthe following questions. Mark only one
answer for each item by shading thespace corresponding to the letter of your choice on the
answer sheet provided.
STRICTLY NO ERASURE ALLOWED.

1. The instruments especially designed to permit the firearm examiner todetermine the similarity
and dissimilarity between two fired bullets or twofired shell.
     a. Bullet Comparison Microscope              b. Bullet Microscope
     c. BuletComparison Microscope               d. Bulet Microscope A
2. Itis generally used in the preliminary examination of fired bullets and firedshells to determine
the relative distribution of the class characteristics.
     a. Stereoscopic Microscope                    b. SterioscopicMicroscope
     c. Stereouscopic Microscope                   d. Stereuoscopic Microscope A
3. A battery operated instrumentsgenerally used for the examination of the internal surface of the
gun barrel todetermine the irregularities that caused microscopic markings on the
peripheralsurface of the fired bullets.
     a. Onoscope                                                 b.Onosecope 
     c. Onscope                                                 d.  OnoescopeA
4. This contains a series ofmicroscopic lenses of different magnifications that can be used in
examiningfired bullets and fired shells to determine its class characteristics.
     a. Shadowgraph                                                 b. Shadawgraph
     c. Shadowgrap                                                  d. Shadawgrap A
5. An instruments designed tomeasure velocity of the bullets
     a. Cronograph                                                  b. Cronograp
     c. Chronograph                                               d. Chronograp C
6. Type of a weapon fired from theshoulder.
      a. Pistol                                                b. Revolver
      c. Machine gun                                      d. Rifle D
7. Instrument used in test firingsuspected firearm or firearms to obtain test bullets for
comparative purposes
     a. Bullet Recovery Bax                                              b. Bullet Recavery Box
     c. Bullet Recovery Box                                             d.Bullet Recoviry Box
8. The depressed portion of therifling as you looked inside a barrel of a gun C
     a. Grooves                                            b. Lands
     c. Bore                                                d. Pitch A
9. The elevated rifling of thebarrel of the gun.
     a. Grooves                                           b. Lands
     c. Bore                                                d. Pitch B
10.Caliber .38 fired bullet found at the crime scene having 5 lands 5 grooves andright hand twist
indicate that it was fired from.
      a. Colt                                               b.Browning     
      c.Remington                                     d. Smith and Wesson D
11. Colt firearms has
     a. 5 lands 5 grooves,left hand twist       b.  5 lands 5 grooves, right hand twist     
      c. 6 lands 6 grooves, left handtwist      d. 6 lands 6 grooves, right hand twist  C    
12. Isthe study of the firearms identification by means of the ammunition firedthrough them or
fired through submitted suspected firearm.
       a. Ballistics                                        b. Forensic Ballistics 
       c. Terminal Ballistics                        d. Internal Ballistics B
13. Instruments used for makingmeasurement such as bullet diameter, bore diameter and barrel
length.
       a. Caleper                                      b. Caliper
       c. Calleper                                   d. Calliper B
14. Firearms which propelsprojectiles of less than one inch in diameter are generally classified
as;
       a. Artillery                                       b. Small arms
       c. Cannon                                        d. Rifle B
15. The still block which closesthe rear of the bore against the forced of the charge is;
       a. Breech face                                   b. Breech block
       c.Chamber                                       d. Bore B
16. Characteristic which are determinableonly after the manufacture of the firearm. They are
characteristics whoseexistence is beyond the control of man and which have random
distribution.Their existence in a firearm is brought about through wear and tear, abuse,mutilation,
corrosion, erosion and other fortuitous causes;
        a. Forensic Ballistics                       b. Rifling
       c. Class Characteristics                    d. Individual Characteristics D
17.  When the bulletenters the rifle bore from the stationery position and is forced abruptly intothe
rifling its natural tendency is to go straight forward before encounteringthe regular rifling twist, is
called;              
        a. Shavingmarks                              b. Skid marks
        c.  Individual Characteristics           d.  Slippage marks D
18. The practice of pulling the trigger to snap and unloadfirearm.
   a.Firing gun                                       b. Dry firing
   c.  Aiming gun                                 d.  Pointing gun B
19.  Characteristicsof 9mm. Browning pistol.
     a. 5 lands 5 grooves,right  hand twist       b. 3 lands 4 grooves, right hand twist     
      c. 6 lands 6 grooves, righthand twist      d. 7 lands 7 grooves, right hand twist  C    
20.  When a cartridgefails to explode on time or there is a delayed in combustion due to
faultyfunctioning of the primer or faulty ignition of the propellant is;
   a.Misfired                                         b.Recoil
   c.  Hang fire                                       d.  Velocity C
21. A ring or serrated groovesaround the body of the bullet which contain substance in order to
minimizefriction during the passage of the bullet inside the bore.
   a.Lead bullet                                      b. Wad cutter bullet
   c.  Bullet cannelure                            d.  Plated bullet C
         22.  A firearm having six land six grooves withright hand twist
              a. Smith andweson                              b. Browning type
              c. Colt type                                          d. Webby type B
       23. Instrument used for the propulsion of the projectiles by the expansiveforce of gases
coming from the burning powder.
        a. Micrometer                                       b. Firearms
       c. Stereoscopic Microscope                 d. Comparison B
  24.  The part of the mechanism in a firearm whichcauses empty shells or cartridge cases to be
thrown from the gun is called;
         a. Extractor                                       b. Ejector
         c. Hammer                                         d.  TriggerB
25. Thepart of cartridge that ignites the main powder charge when struck by the firingpin.
        a.  Shell                                            b. Base       
       c. Primer                                           d. Bulle Ct
26.Weapon in which pressure uponthe trigger both cocks and released the hammer.
     a. Single action                                  b. Trigger 
     c. Hammer                                        d. Double action D
 27. Weapon in which pressure upon thetrigger  released the hammer that must bemanually
cocked is called.
        a.  Automatic                                     b. Repeating Arm     
       c. Single action                                   d. Ejector C
28.  A policeman arriving at the crime scene, found a revolver.In reference to this, he should be
most careful
        a.  T see that it is not loaded                 b. To put the safety lock
       c. Not to handle it unnecessarily          d. To mark it readily to the barrel A
29.   Lesser caliberfirearm but considered as powerful.
              a. 9mm                                                    b. .38                
              c. .357                                                     d. .45 C
30.  The part of .45 caliber semi automatic pistol found at thecrime scene , normally marked for
identification in the;
              a. Trigger                                             b. Ejector  
              c. Slide                                               d. Barrel D
31.  It is the part of mechanism in a firearm that withdraws theshell or cartridge from the chamber
a.Ejector                                         b. Primer
       c. Striker                                           d. Extractor D
32.  The pitch or rate of twist in the rifling of a pistol orrifle barrels is called;
          a.  Land                                                         b. Grooves
            c. Extractor marks                                        d.  One complete rotation of thebullet inside
the bore D
33.The term double action with reference to revolver means most nearly that;
     a.The revolver has both safety and automatic firing action
     b. Pressure upon the trigger both cocks and release the hammer
     c.  The revolver can fire with or withoutautomatic shell ejection                                         
 d.  The shell of the fired shot is ejected andfresh cartridge is pushed from the magazine at the
same time B
34.  The secret of a good shooting form is;
a. Proper sighting of the target             b.  Relaxed and natural position
c. Firing slowly                                     d. Keeping the thumb alongthe hammer B
35.  Of the following the best method to use infiring a revolver is to keep
            a. Both eyes closed                                b.  Onlythe right eye is open
            c.  Both eye is open                                d.  Only left eye is open C
36. A policeman should fire his pistol.
           a.  At no time at all                                       b. Primarily to stop at quarrel
             c. To impress upon citizen                           d. Only at the last resort D
37.The science dealing with the motion of the projectiles from the time the firersqueezes the
trigger up to the time it riches the muzzle of the barrel, iscalled.
              a. Posterior ballistics                             b. Interior ballistics
              c.  Exterior ballistics                            d.  Terminal ballistics A
38.  The science that deals with the effect of theimpact of the projectiles on target is called;
             a. Exterior ballistics                               b. Interior ballistics    
              c. Anterior ballistics                              d. Terminal ballistics    D
       39. The science which deals with themotion of the projectiles at the time it leaves the muzzle
up to the time itshit the target, is known as;
a.       Terminalballistics                            b. Interior ballistics
c.  Exteriorballistics                              d. Forensic ballistics C
 40. ClassCharacteristics are determinable even blank the manufacture of the firearm
    a.During                                                b. After 
   c.  Before                                               d. Never C
41.  Rifling locatedinside the barrel of a gun is a combination
a. Pitch                                                  b.Twist
c. Lands and Grooves                             d. Cannelure C
42.  A completed unfiredunit ammunition is inserted into the chamber of a firearm for firing
isreferred to as;
    a.Bullet                                               b.Shell
  c.  Primer                                              d.  Cartridge D
43.  A copper jacketedfired bullet is usually fired from;
a. Revolver                                          b. Pistol
c. Rifle                                                   d. Pistol and Revolver B
44.  If a bullet isfired through a weapon in which the lands have been worn down or through a
borewhich is slightly oversized. The marks, is called;
 a.  Skid marks                                        b. Slippage marks
c. Rifling marks                                      d. Shearing marksA
45.  A magnified photograph of a small object produce byconnecting a camera with the ocular of
a compound microscope
a. Photo Microphotograph                        b. Microfilm
c. Photomicrograph                                    d. Photograph C
46. Commonly, these marks are found on bullets fired from arevolver due to poor alignment of
the cylinder of a bore
a. Shaving marks                                      b. Skid marks
c. Pivot marks                                         d. Landmarks A
47. To impart a motion or rotation of a bullet during itspassage inside the barrel , to insure
gyroscopic stability in its flight iscalled;
a.  Range                                                  b. Gauge
c. Rifling                                                  d. Center fire C
48. A metallic cup charged with priming composition ,usually made up of potassium chlorate,
antimony sulfide and fulminate ofmercury.
a. Primer                                                   b.Gunpowder
c. Cartridge                                               d.Primer cup A
49.  A type of firearmwhich the pressure upon the trigger both cocks and release the hammer.
a. Automatic                                              b. Single action
c. Double action                                        d. Slideaction type C
50. Part of Exterior ballistics which refers to the soundcreated at the muzzle end of the barrel.
a. Muzzle energy                                         b. Muzzle blust
c. Muzzle noise                                            d. Range B
51. Placed in the barrels of the firearm to impart a spin onthe bullet that pass through it.
a. Land Rifling                                         b. Rifling
c. Grooves                                                  d.All of these C

52. Raised portion between the grooves found inside thebarrel

a. Land                                                       b. Caliber
c. Gauge                                                     d. Rifling B
53.  It refers to theplacement of the right and left specimen in side by side position
a. Drag marks                                            b. Positively matched
c. Juxtaposition                                            d. Pseudomatch C
54. A part of ballistics dealing with firearmsidentification
a.  Interiorballistics                                  b. Exterior ballistics
c. Terminal ballistics                                d. Forensic ballisticsA
55.  The tumbling ofthe bullet in its trajectory and hitting the target sideways
a. Key hole shot                                        b.Ricochet
 c. Hangfire                                              d. Misfire D
56. A bullet covered with a thick coating of copper alloy toprevent leading.
a. Jacketed bullet                                     b. Metal cased bullet
c. Metal point bullet                                  d. Plated bullet A
57.  A smooth boremilitary firearm which has no rifling
a. Shotgun                                               b. Rifle
c. Pistol                                                   d. Revolver A
58. This part of the firearm strike the primer causing thefiring pin of the cartridge
a. Hammer                                              b. Ejector
 c. Trigger                                              d. Firing pin D
59. The measurement of the bore diameter from land to land
a Gauge                                                 b. Mean diameter
c. Caliber                                               d. Rifling C
60. Refers to a complete unfired unit of ammunition placedinto gun chamber
a. Cartridge                                            b.Primer
c. Bullet                                                  d.Shell A
61. Failure of a cartridge to discharge
a. Misfire                                              b.Hang fire
c. Ricochet                                            d.Key hole shot A
62. Most common individual characteristics that are visibleon the base portion of then fired
cartridge
a. Firing Pin impression                       b. Ejector marks
c. Extractor marks                                d. Chamber marks A
63. Needed for a cartridge to be considered as a completeunfired unit
a. Bullet                                   b. Primer
c. Gunpowder                           d. All of these D
64. Distance that the rifling advances to make one completeturn
a.  Pitch ofrifling                      b. Choke
      c. Trajectory                              d. Recoil A
65.  A rearward movement of a firearm from firing
a. Recoil                                    b. Force
c. Back fire                                 d. Shot force A
.66.  Refer to thechannels cut in the interior surface of the barrel
   a. Rifling                                  b. Land
   c.  Groove                                  d.  Cannelure C
67.  Part of the firearmwhich closes the rear of the bore against the force of the charge
    a. Breechblock                          b. Breechface
   c.  Ejector                                  d.  Breechface marks A
68.  A smooth bore weapon designed to shoot anumber of lead pellets in one charge
a. Shotgun                                 b. Rifle
c. Musket                                 d. Pistol A
69. An ancient smooth bore weapon designed to shoot a singleround lead ball
a. Shotgun                                b. Rifle
c. Musket                                 d. Pistol C
70. Part of the firearm which strikes the firing pin
a. Trigger                                 b.Hammer
c. Sear                                      d.Main spring C
71. The science which deals with the effect of the impact ofthe projectile on the target
a. Interior ballistics                  b. Exterior ballistics
c. Terminal ballistics                 d. Posterior ballistics B
72. The science of dealing with the motion of projectiles ofthe same time it leaves the muzzles of
the firearm to the time it hits thetarget
a. Interior ballistics                      b. Exterior ballistics
c. Terminal ballistics                    d. Posterior ballistics C
73. Any metallic body referred to as a bullet
a.  Projectile                                   b. Ball
c. Shell                                           d. Missile A
74. Measuring device used to measure the velocity ofprojectiles
a. Caliper                                       b. Chronograph
c. Test bullet                                 d. Bulletrecovery box B
75.   A bullet fired from a firearm with anoversized or oily barrel or its lands have been worn down
would produce whatkind of marking?
    a. Slippage marks                               b. Skid marks 
  c.  Rifling marks                                  d.  Shearing marks A
76.  It literary meansdelay in discharge or the cartridge failure to explode on time
a. Misfire                                             b. Hang fire
c. Ricochet                                             d.Key hole shot B
77.  The most reliableof all individual characteristics when fired cartridges are concerned.
 a. Extractor marks                                b. Ejector marks
c. Chamber marks                                  d. Breech face mark D
78. When looking a fired bullet, the mark used to identifyit is placed on
a. Its base                                               b.  Its side
c. Its side and base                                  d. Its nose A
79. It is produced when the muzzle is held against thetarget or body when fired
a. Smudging                                            b. Tatooing
c. Contact burn                                       d. Contact wound D
80. It is result when the firearm is shot a around 2 to 8inches to the target
a. Smudging                                           b. Tatooing
c. Contact burn                                      d. Contact wound A
81. A barrel of any firearm is legally classified as
a. Part of the firearm                            b. Nomenclature
 c. Accessory                                        d. Complete firearm D
82. Scientific examinationsof bullets and firearms presumably used in the commission of a crime
a. Interior ballistics                                b. Exterior ballistics
c. Terminal ballistics                              d. Forensic ballistics D
83. Rifling in the bore ofsmall arms is primary designed for.
a. Increase the speed of thebullet          b. Decrease the amount of recoil
c. Increase impact knowledge                d. Prevent the bullet fromturning end over in the air D
84. The type of the cartridge whose case has a well definedupstanding rim around the base or
simply with rim diameter greater than thebody.
a. Rimmed type                                       b. Semi-rimmed type
c. Rim less type                                        d.Rebated type A
85. The cartridge has a rimless form, but with a closer lookthe rim is slightly greater than the
body.
a. Rimmed type                                              b. Semi-rimmed type
c. Rim less type                                              d. Rebated type B
86. Refer to the cartridgewith a rimless pattern, which has a rim diameter smaller than the body
of thecase.
a. Rimmed type                                             b. Semi-rimmed type
c. Rim less type                                              d. Rebated type  D
87. A type of a cartridge with a case having a rim diameterequal to diameter of the body with an
extraction grooves cut around the base.
a. Rimmed type                                             b. Semi-rimmed type
c. Rim less type                                              d. Rebated type  C
88. A cartridge with a prominent raise belt around its bodyjust in front of the extraction grooves.
a. Rimmed type                                             b. Semi-rimmed type
c. Rim less type                                             d. Belted type  D
89. It is very carefully made replica of a cartridge,usually a tool steel and carefully dimensioned
to be used as weapons byinstructor and repairman.
a. Dummy                                                       b. Drill ammunition
c. Blank ammunition                                        d. Liveammunition A
90. This type of ammunition is used in mill training topractice loading and manipulation of the
gun.
a. Dummy                                                        b. Drill ammunition
c. Blank ammunition                                        d. Liveammunition
 B
91. A cartridge without a bullet, containing gunpowder thatis designed to generate a loud noise to
indicating firing
a. Dummy                                                        b. Drill ammunition
c. Blank ammunition                                        d. Liveammunition C
92. Is the term applied for complete unit of unfired cartridge.
a. Dummy                                                         b. Drill ammunition
c. Blank ammunition                                        d. Live ammunition D
93. The projectiles propelled through the barrel by theexpansive force of heated gas, sometimes
called slug.
      a.  Bullet                                                          b. Cartridge case
     c.  Gunpowder                                                  d.  Primer A
94. The container for thegunpowder, sometimes called shell
      a.  Bullet                                                          b. Cartridge case
     c.  Gunpowder                                                  d. Primer C
95.  Sometimes calledPropellant or powder charge when ignited by the primer flash.
      a.  Bullet                                                         b. Cartridge case
     c.  Gunpowder                                                 d.  Primer C
96. The chemical compound or priming mixture contained inthe primer cup. This mixture is highly
susceptible to friction.
      a.  Bullet                                                         b. Cartridge case
     c.  Gunpowder                                                d.  Primer D
97.  Instrument usedin determining more or less weight of bullets and shotgun pellets.
a.  Analytical Ballance                                   b.  Torsion Ballance
c. Analytical Balance                                     d. TursionBalance C
98.  Father of thePercussion of powder
a.  Alexander JohnForsyth                           b. Alexander Forsyth                                  
c. Edward Colt                                              d. Henry Colt A
99. Similar in used like calipers
a.  Micrometer                                             b.  Mecrometer                            
     c.  Micrommeter                                         d. Mecrommeter A
100. It is used primarily forthe examination an interior surfaces of the gun barrel
a. Halexometer                                           b.  Helixometer                             
     c.  Hallexometer                                          d. Hellixometer    B

                          

1. Once the light hits a mirror and it bounce back. This called

1. Refracted
2. Diffracted
3. Reflected
4. Transmitted C

1.  When the light hits a transparent glass which would allow the light to pass through its
medium. This refers to

1. Transmitted
2. Refracted
3. Reflected
4. Diffracted A

1. When the light hits a dark colored object and prevents it from either bouncing or passing
through. This refers to

1. Absorbed
2. Reflected
3. Transmitted
4. Refracted A

1. The type of light that produces different sensation when reach the human eye. It is the
type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of the human eye. This refers to

1. Invisible Light
2. Visible light
3. Infra-red light
4. White light B

1. Lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too long to excite the retina of the
human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultra-violet and Infra-red lights. This refers to

1. Invisible light
2. Visible light
3. Infra-red light
4. White light A

6.    ASAis also known as

A.   AssociationStandards American
B.    American Standards Association
C.   America StandardsAssociation
D.   AmericanStandard Associations B

7.    ISOis also known as

A.   InternationalStandards Organization
B.    International Standard Organization
C.   InternationalStandard Organizations
D.   InternationalStandards Organizations B

1. The means by which the object’s distance is estimated or calculated to form a sharp or
clear image refers to

1. Focusing
2. Exposure
3. Viewing            
4. Parallax error A

1. What contraption or device is used to block the path of light passing through the lens
exposing the sensitized material?

1. Range finder
2. Exposure
3. Shutter             
4. View finder C

1. Once the light hits a mirror and it bounce back. This called

A.   Reflected
B.    Refracted
C.    Diffracted
D.    Absorbed  A
11. Whichof the following film is considered to be the fastest in terms of theirexposure?

A.    ASA 100

B.    ASA 200
C.   ASA50                                    
D.    ASA 400 D

12. Whatpart of the camera that controls the depth of field?

A.    Shutter                                    
B.    View Finder
C.    Focusing Scale                         
D.   Diaphragm D

13. Theapplication of the principles of photography in relation to the police work andin the
administration of justice refers to

A.    Police photography       

B.    Police investigation
C.    Forensic                                              
D.    Photography A

14. Themechanical and chemical result of Photography is called

A.    Police photography

B.    Police investigation
C.    Photograph                              
D.    Photography C

15. Whichof the following lens defects will produce a sharp center object but with ablurred sides?

A.    Lateral aberration                                 

B.    Chromatic aberration

C.    Spherical aberration                  

D.    Distortion C

FINAL EXAMINATION

(CS 2 - JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND CRIME PREVENTION

SY2011-2012/2nd Semester

INSTRUCTION: Select thecorrect answer for each of the following questions. Mark only one
answerfor each item by shading the space corresponding to the letter of your choiceon the
answer sheet provided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED.

1.      It is an act committed by a minor who violates thepenal code of the government refers to:

a.      delinquency               b.  juvenile          c.  delinquent    d.  juvenile delinquency D

2.      An anti-social or act which does not conform with thestandards of society.

a.      delinquency               b.  juvenile          c.  delinquent    d.  juvenile delinquency D

3.      One whose behavior has brought him into repeatedconflict with the law, regardless of
whether he has been taken before a courtor not refers to:

a.      child               b.  delinquent                    c. anti-social behavior     d. recidivist B

4.      The doctrine that does not consider delinquent acts ascriminal violation, thus making
delinquents non-criminal persons      

a.      parenspatriae           b. parentspatriae            c. RA 9344             d.  doctrine on

juveniledelinquency A

5.      Truancy, running away from home and violating curfeware examples of offenses who
committed by:

a.      statusoffenders      b. juveniledelinquents                 c. recidivist          d. delinquency A

6.      One who has internalized his conflicts and ispreoccupied with his own feelings

a.      neurotic                       b.  social               c.  asocial             d.  accidental A

7.      One whose delinquent acts have a cold, brutal andvicious quality for which the youth feels
no remorse

a.      neurotic                       b.  social               c.  asocial             d.  accidental C

8.      A delinquent youth who lacks moral conscience

a.      neurotic                       b.  social               c.  asocial             d.  accidental C

9.      One who is essentially sociable and law-abiding buthappens to be at the wrong time and
place and becomes involved in delinquentacts.
a.      neurotic                       b.  social               c.  asocial             d.  accidental D

10.  An aggressive youth who resents authority of anyone whomakes an effort to control his
behavior

a.      neurotic                       b.  social               c.  asocial             d.  accidental B

11.  An approach that advocates that youth misconduct is adirect result of faulty biology

a.      psychogenic               b.  biogenic         c.  sociogenic      d. phylogenic  B

12.  Views youthful misdeed as a result of a learningprocess through interactions with other

members of society

a.      psychogenic               b.  biogenic         c.  sociogenic      d.  phylogenic   C

13.  Views youthful misdeed as a result of a learningprocess through interactions with other

members of society

b.     psychogenic               b.  biogenic         c.  sociogenic      d.  phylogenic  A

14.  ____________ theory believe that delinquent behavior isthe result of youth’s biological make
up and life experiences, feel treatmentshould include altering one or more factors that contribute
to unlawfulbehavior.

a.      trait theory                 b.biological theory          c. positivist theory           d. psychological

theory C

15.  ___________ was the first formal explanation of crimeand delinquency held that human
behavior was a matter of choice.

a.      trait theory                 b.choice theory                               c. biological theory          d.

psychological theory C

16.  According to this theory people weigh the benefit andconsequence of their future actions
before deciding on a course of behavior.

a.      trait theory                 b.biological theory          c. classicalcal theory       d. psychological

theory. D

17.  The popularity of the ___________  approach was in part responsible for thedevelopment of
the prison as an alternative to physical punishment .

a.      trait approach            b.psychological approach            c.biological         d. classical

approach  

18.  ___________ theory was derived from  positivist theory.

a.      classical theory          b.biological theory          c.psychological theory  d. trait theory. D

19.  ___________ theory was derived from  classical theory.

a.      choicetheory            b. biologicaltheory          c. psychological theory  d. trait theory. A

20.  View delinquency as essentially psychological.

a.      choice theory            b.biological theory          c. psychological theory  d. trait theory. C

21.  The first and most basic institution of societyresponsible for developing a child’s potential in
all aspects like physical,emotional, spiritual, moral, intellectual and social refers
to________________?

a.      family                            b.  school                             c.environment                 d. home A

22.  Considered the second home of a child, with teachers asthe second parents.

a.      family                            b.  school                             c.environment                 d. home B

23.  Institution that responsible for the training of youngpersons intellectual, as well as social
skills which they need for them to growup as productive, law- abiding and responsible citizens.

a.      family                            b.  school                             c.environment                 d. home B

24.  The culture, norms and behavior of the child’ssurroundings may very well influence the
upbringing of the child especiallyduring their formative years refers to ______________.

a.      family                            b.  school                             c. environment                 d. home C

25.  Children raised in homes with one or both parentsabsent may be prone to anti-social
behavior. This contributory factor injuvenile delinquency refers to:

a.      familybreak-up        b.  family deviance          c.  family conflict               d.  family

competence A

26.  Nuclear families that are the product ofdivorce/separation and remarriage, blending one
parent from each of twofamilies and their combined children into one family unit, refers to:

a.      family break-up        b.  family deviance          c.  family conflict               d.  blended family D

27.  Children raised by parents who lack proper parentingskills are more at risk than those whose
parents are supportive and effectivelycontrol their children in a non-coercive fashion, refers to:

a.       family break-up       b. family deviance          c.  family conflict               d.  family

competence D

28.  Parents of delinquent youth have been found to sufferneurological conditions linked to

antisocial behaviors, and these conditionsmay be inherited genetically. This study refers to?

a.      family break-up        b.  family deviance          c.  family conflict               d.  family
competence B

29.  ___________________ means placing a child in the temporary care of a family other than

itsown as a result of state intervention into problems that are taking placewithin the birth family;
can be used as a temporary shelter while a permanent sadoption effort being completed.

 a. abandonment            b.  neglect                           c.  foster care                     d.  abuseC

30.  ________________ refers to parents physically leavetheir children with intention of

completely severing the parent-childrelationship.

a.  fostercare                     b.  neglect                           c.  abandonment              d.  abuse C
31.  ____________ refers to passive neglect by a parent orguardian depriving children of food,
shelter, health care and love.

a.       fostercare                                  b.  neglect                           c. abandonment              d. 

abuse B

32.  ____________  anyphysical, emotional or sexual trauma to a child, including neglecting to

giveproper care and attention, for which no reasonable explanation can be found.

a.        child abuse                               b.  physical abuse             c.  physicalneglect           d. 

emotional abuse A

33.  Leaving the school before completing the requiredprogram of education refers to?

a.       dropping out             b. underachievers          c. truancy                            d. absence A

34.  Those who fail to meet expected levels of schoolachievement refers to?

a.       dropping out             b.  underachievers          c. truancy                            d. absence B

35.   ______________isa direct cause of delinquent behavior. Children who fail at school soon
feelfrustrated & rejected.

a.         truancy                       b.  underachievers          c.school failure                 d.dropping out C

36.   Smallgroups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences

a.       crowds                         b. cliques                             c.controversial youth    d. gang B

37.  Loosely organized groups who share interests andactivities.

a.           crowds                     b.cliques                             c. controversialyouth    d. gang A

38.   Anaggressive kids who either liked or intensely disliked by their peers and whoare the ones
most likely to become

   engaged in anti-social behavior.

a.        crowds                        b.cliques                             c. controversial youth    d. gang C

39.   Groupscontaining law-violating juveniles and adults that are completely organizedwith
established leadership & 

    membership rules refers to?

a.        crowds                        b.cliques                             c.controversial youth    d. gang D

40.   Inscriptionsor drawings made on a wall or structure & used by delinquents for
gangmessages and turf definition.

a.        graffiti                          b.posting                            c.  representing                                d. 

trademark  A

41.   Asystem of positions, facial expressions & body language used by gangmembers to convey
a message.
a.        graffiti                          b. posting                            c.  representing                                d. 
trademark  B

42.  Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence ofrivals, often escalating into a verbal or
physical confrontation refersto?    a. graffiti                    b. posting                            c. 
representing                                d. trademark  C

43.  Youths inhale vapors from lighter fluid, paint thinner,to reach a drowsy dizzy state
sometimes accompanied by hallucination, this isan example of what kind of drugs?

a.  inhalants        b. sedatives                        c.tranquilizers                   d.stimulants A

44.  Drugs used by athletes and bodybuilders to gain musclebulk and strength.

a.       anabolic steroids     b.designer drug               c.tranquilizers                   d. alcoholA

45.   Thedried leaves of the cannabis plant. It is the drug most commonly used byteenagers.

a.      marijuana   b. cocaine                            c. hashish                           d.heroin A

46.  Juvenile Justice and Welfare Code, refers to?

a.        PD 605        b. PD 608                            c.  PD 603                             d.PD 606 C

47.  Under this Presidential Decree, it shall apply topersons below ________ years old except
those emancipated in accordance withlaw. Juvenile Justice and Welfare Code, refers to?

a.14       b.  17                                     c.  15                                      d. 21 D

48.  Former ________________ signed this Presidential Decreeon 1974?

a.Pres. Ramos  b.  Pres. Marcos                                c.  Pres. Quirino                                d.Pres.

Quezon B

49.  "Special Protection of Children Against ChildAbuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act.",

refers to?

a.RA 9344           b.  RA 9262                          c.  RA 7610                           d. RA 9775 C

50.  The “VAWC law” of 2004, refers to?

a.RA 9344           b.  RA 9262                          c.  RA 7610                           d.RA 9775 B

51.  The “Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006” , refersto?

        a. RA 9344   b.  RA 9262                          c.  RA 7610                           d.RA 9775 A

52.  What Republic Act is the Anti-Child Pornography Law of2009?

        a. RA 9344   b.  RA 9262                          c.  RA 7610           d. RA 9775 D

53.  Any citizen whohas personal knowledge of the crime can file a criminal complaint,
thisstatement pertains to?
        a. private crime         b.  public crime                  c.  specialcrime                 d. personal crime
B

54.   Refers to any acts that include bodily orphysical harm, refers to what violence/abuse?

        a. physical   b.  economic                      c.  sexual              d.psychological A

55.   Refers to acts that make or attempt to make awoman financially dependent, pertains to
what form of abuse?

        a. physical   b.  economic                      c. sexual              d. psychologicalB

56.   Refers to an act which is sexual in nature,committed against woman or her child?

a. physical           b.  economic                      c.  sexual              d.psychological C

57.   Refers to an act or omissions causing orlikely to cause mental or emotional suffering of the
victim, pertains to whatform of violence/abuse?

        a. physical   b.  economic                      c.  sexual              d. psychological D

58.   Rape, acts of lasciviousness, makingdemeaning and sexually suggestive remarks are
examples of _________ abuse?

        a. physical   b.  economic                      c.  sexual              d. psychological C

59.   Intimidation, stalking, causing or allowing the victim to witnessabusive injury to pets are
examples of _________ abuse?

        a. physical   b.  economic                      c.  sexual              d. psychological D

60.  Withdrawal of financial support or preventing thevictim from engaging in any legitimate

profession occupation, business oreconomic activity, refers to ______________ violence?

        a. physical   b.  economic                      c. sexual              d.psychological B

61. Refers to a situation wherein the parties live ashusband and wife without the benefit of
marriage or/are romantically involvedover time and on a continuing basis during the course of
relationship, what kind of relationship is this?

        a. sexual                      b.  dating                             c.  marital             d.one night stand B

62. Refers to asingle sexual act which may or may not result in the bearing of a common
child,what kind of relationship is this?           a. sexual              b. dating             c.  marital            
d.one night stand  A

63. BarangayProtection Order is effective within ______ days? A

        a. 15                               b.  30                                     c.  45                      d.60 A

64. TPO iseffective within ______ days?

        a. 15                               b.  30                                     c.  45                      d.60 A

65. PPO iseffective within ______ days?

        a. 15                               b.  30                                     c.  45                      d. none of the
above D

66. TPO stands for__________ Protection Order?

        a. transition                b.  transitory                      c. temporary     d. temporal C

67. PPO stands for__________ Protection Order?

        a.    parents               b.  permanent                   c.  parental         d. none of the above B

68. The Inter-Agency Council of ViolenceAgainst Women and Their Children? 

         a. PNP                          b.  DSWD                             c.  DOJ                   d. all of the above D

69. Refers torefers to scientifically defined pattern of psychological and behavioralsymptoms that
have resulted from cumulative abuse found in woman living inbattering relationship.

        a. battery                    b. physical injury             c.  battering        d. battered woman

syndromeD

70. Refers to anact of inflicting physical harm upon the Woman or her child resulting tophysical
and psychological  oremotional  distress?

       a. battery                     b.  physical injury             c.  battering        d. battered woman

syndrome A

71. Refers to anyrepresentation, whether visual, audio, or written combination thereof,

byelectronic, mechanical, digital, optical, magnetic or any other means, of childengaged or
involved in real or simulated explicit sexual activities?

         a. pornography        b.  child production         c.  production    d. child pornography D

72. Refers to a website,bulletin board service, internet chat room or news group, or any other
internetor shared network protocol address?

         a. internet café/kiosk            b.  internet address        c. internet content host              
d.Internet Service Provider (ISP) B

73. Refers to an establishment that offers or proposes to offerservices to the public for the use of
its computer/s or computer system for thepurpose of accessing the internet, computer games or
related services.

         a. internet café/kiosk            b.  internet address        c.  internet contenthost               d.
Internet ServiceProvider (ISP) A

74. Refers to a person who hosts or who proposes to host internetcontent in the Philippines.

         a. internet café/kiosk            b.  internetaddress        c.  internetcontent host              

d.Internet Service Provider (ISP) C

75. Refers to a person or entity that supplies or proposes to supply,an internet carriage service to
the public.
      a. internetcafé/kiosk               b.  internet address        c.  internet contenthost             d.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) D

76. Refers to the act of preparing a child or someone who the offenderbelieves to be a child for
sexual activity or sexual 

            relationship bycommunicating any form of child pornography. It includes online

enticement orenticement through any

            other means.                      a. grooming                           b.  luring                               c. 

pandering                      d.cleaning A

77. Refers to the act of communicating, by means of a computer system,with a child or someone
who the offender believes be a child for the purpose offacilitating the commission of sexual
activity or production of any form ofchild pornography.          a.grooming                        b. 
luring                               c.  pandering                      d.cleaning B

78. Refers to the act of offering, advertising, promoting, representingor distributing through any
means any material or purported material that isintended to cause another to believe that the
material or purported materialcontains any form of child pornography, regardless of the actual
content of thematerial or purported material.

           a. grooming                             b.  luring               c.  pandering                                      d.

cleaning

Unknown sa 10:58 PM
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