P E R F O M A N C E I N N O V A T I V E T A S K

ELEVATORS
E N G I N E E R I N G U T I L I T I E S

P R I N C E S S A N N I E
F A B E L A U Y A I R A H
G O N Z A L ES
 DEFINITION
An ELEVATOR is a cable-assisted,
hydraulic cylinder-assisted, or roller-
track assisted machine that vertically
transports people or freight between
floors, levels, or decks of a building,
vessel, or other structure. They are
typically powered by electric motors
that drive c traction cables
ounterweight systems and such
hoist, although some pump as hydraulic
a
fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like
a jack.
In agriculture and manufacturing, an
elevator is any type of conveyor
device used to lift materials in a
continuous stream into bins or silos.
Several types exist, such as
the chain and bucket elevator, grain
auger screw conveyor using the
principle of Archimedes' screw, or
the chain and paddles or forks of
hay elevators. Languages other than
English, such as Japanese, may refer
to elevators by loanwords based on
either elevator or lift.
Due to wheelchair access laws,
elevators are often a in
requirement new legal
multistory
buildings, especially where
wheelchair ramps are not possible.
High-speedelevators are elevators
that move faster than
regular elevators and are
common in skyscrapers and
towers.
Some elevators can also travel
horizontally in addition to the usual
vertical motion.
 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
ASME A17.1: Safety Code for Elevators and
Escalators has been in effect for almost 100 years.
While a near- century is a long time, it only
occupies part of the period in which elevators have
been integral to our world, and only a mere
fraction of the complete history of elevators.

Elevators are arguably one of the most important

inventions in human history, and their power-driven
vertical movements have long been integral in
making building stories accessible and practical for
construction. The elevator draws its origins in
Ancient Greece, where the already-established
system of pulleys was adapted into the first lift.
 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
Ancient Elevators
It is strongly believed that Archimedes invented the first
elevator back in 236 B.C., and his model functioned with
hoisting ropes wound around a drum. These ropes were
connected to a capstan, which was operated by direct
human labor. This elevator became standardized
significantly throughout the region, and it would have been
found in many different locations in Ancient Greece.
Ancient Rome also made use of the ingenuity that came
from elevator use, and the equipment was common for
moving animals and goods. In fact, they were an
important part of the Colosseum. In the ancient grand
amphitheater, lions, wolves, leopards, and bears would
rise out of seemingly hidden holes in the ground to take
part in gladiator battles. Today, we know that this was
conducted by a lift system that led up into trap doors.
 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
The Dawn of the Elevator

As far as we know, the first construction of an

elevator dates to 236 B.C, where the Greek
Mathematician Archimedes used a wooden
platform or box drawn by hemp ropes through a
vertical open shaft and would power it by men or
animals operating a capstan. For centuries
following this technology remained much the
same.
 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
Transport Fit For A King (or His Mistress)

However, the use of elevators as being only for building or

heavy loads soon changed when King Louis XV of France
commissioned a “flying chair” for one of his mistresses at
the Palace of Versailles. Connecting his chambers to that of
his mistress’ on the upper level, the chair was operated by
pulling a cord with connected counterweights as a pulley.
As a result, this became the first known use of an elevator
made specifically for passenger use. Furthermore, King
Louis became an avid fan of this technology, later installing
a “flying table”.
With the ring of a bell, a dining table with elaborate meals
and all its accoutrements would rise from the kitchen
below, allowing for the private guests to be served their
meal without interruption from palace servants.
 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
Popularity Going Up

As time passed, elevators began to take more of the

form that we see today. With the dawn of the
industrial revolution the invention of the steam
engine became a major propeller in the evolution of
elevators.
With a need for greater efficiency of moving supplies
and workers, textile mill owner William Strutt used a
steam-powered, belt-driven device which used a
counterweight system to raise and lower a “cradle”
between floors. Though the design continued to be
refined over the next thirty years, it was later
published and circulated throughout England and
America.
 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
Safety First

The next major advancement in elevators came in 1853 when

American inventor Elisha Otis first demonstrated a new
safety device. “Improvement in Hoisting Apparatus Elevator
Brake”, also known as an elevator brake, could be equipped
to the elevator to stop it from falling.
Showcasing this by hoisting the elevator cab to the top of the
building and deliberately cutting the cables, and instead of
crashing down, the cab simply stayed in place. This addition is
what made the skyscrapers of today’s cities possible.
Otis and The Otis Elevator Company quickly began putting the
invention to work, and after installing a steam-powered
elevator in the department store, E.W. Haughtwhat &
Company of Manhattan, the first ever passenger elevator
became operational.
 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
A Vertical World

In the late 19th century, electric elevators became more

common. In 1880 the first one was built by the German
Inventor, Werner von Siemens. Despite its modern-day success,
the invention wasn’t patented for another seven years when
inventor Alexander Miles filed for it on October 11th, 1887. In
it, he included his innovation in a mechanism to open and
close elevator doors, which greatly improved elevator safety.
Over the next century, the elevator became increasingly
accepted by a sceptical society. Thanks to avant-garde
architects like Emery Roth, who designed now iconic New York
residential buildings, the penthouse on the top floor of the
building became the pinnacle of fashion. Ushering into popular
use, the elevator is now many people’s most preferred
method of vertical travel.
Arowwai Industries ELEVATOR
OPERATING

PRINCIPLE
The working principle of an elevator or lift is similar
S
to the pulley system. A pulley system is used to draw
the water from the well. This pulley system can be
designed with a bucket, a rope with a wheel. A bucket
is connected to a rope that passes throughout a
wheel.
This can make it very easy to draw the water from
the well. Similarly, present elevators use the same
concept. But the main difference between these two
are; pulley systems are operated manually whereas
an elevator uses sophisticated mechanisms for
Arowwai Industries ELEVATOR
OPERATING

PRINCIPLE
Basically, an elevator is a metal box in different
S
shapes which is connected to a very tough metal
rope. The tough metal rope passes through a sheave
on the elevator in the engine room. Here a sheave is
like a wheel in pulley system for clutching the metal
rope strongly. This system can be operated by a
motor.
When the switch is turned ON, the motor can be
activated when the elevator goes up and down
or stops.
Arowwai Industries ELEVATOR
OPERATING

PRINCIPLE
The elevator can be constructed with various
S
elevator Components or elevator parts that mainly
include speed controlling system, electric motor,
rails, cabin, shaft, doors (manual and automatic),
drive unit, buffers, and safety device.
Arowwai Industries TYPES OF ELEVATORS

PASSENGER ELEVATOR

A Passenger Elevator is any elevator

intended for the transport of people
through a building. These elevators can
vary drastically in terms of size, speed
and interior options depending on the
use of the elevator.
 SERVICE
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ELEVATOR
A Service Elevator is found in many
commercial buildings and is intended for
the transport of goods through the
buildings by employees, such as the
housekeeping staff moving cleaning carts
through a hotel. Service elevators are also
used in hospitals for the transport of
patients on hospital beds. To comply with
code requirements, these elevators are
typically more robust and deeper than
standard passenger elevators, so they can
navigate larger items through the
building.
 FREIGHT
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ELEVATOR

A freight elevator is intended to move very

heavy loads, such as cars or cargo in
industrial buildings. These elevators are
not intended for passenger transport and
are designed to withstand tougher
working conditions, which is why their
interiors are focused on robust
 DUMBWAITER
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A Dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator.

It is often used for the transport of food
in restaurants. However, they can be
found in both commercial, public and
private buildings.
 HYDRAULIC
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ELEVATORS
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a
piston at the bottom of the elevator that
pushes the elevator up as an electric
motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid
into the piston. The elevator descends as
a valve releases the fluid from the piston.
They are used for low-rise applications of
2-8 stories and travel at a maximum
speed of 200 feet per minute. The
machine room for hydraulic elevators is
located at the lowest level adjacent to the
elevator shaft.
 TRACTION
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ELEVATORS
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which
pass over a wheel attached to an electric
motor above the elevator shaft. They are
used for mid and high-rise applications and
have much higher travel speeds than
hydraulic elevators. A counter weight
makes the elevators more efficient by
offsetting the weight of the car and
occupants so that the motor doesn't have
to move as much weight.
Arowwai Industries
MACHINE-ROOM-LESS
ELEVATORS
Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction
elevators that do not have a dedicated
machine room above the elevator shaft.
The machine sits in the override space and
is accessed from the top of the elevator
cab when maintenance or repairs are
required. The control boxes are located in
a control room that is adjacent to the
elevator shaft on the highest landing and
within around 150 feet of the machine.
Arowwai Industries
MACHINE-ROOM-LESS
ELEVATORS
Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction
elevators that do not have a dedicated
machine room above the elevator shaft.
The machine sits in the override space and
is accessed from the top of the elevator
cab when maintenance or repairs are
required. The control boxes are located in
a control room that is adjacent to the
elevator shaft on the highest landing and
within around 150 feet of the machine.
Arowwai Industries COMPONENTS (PARTS) OF
AN ELEVATO
R
Arowwai Industries DESIGN
CONSIDERATIO
N

The key considerations which affect elevator

system design are:
· Number of floors to be served
· Floor-to-floor distance
· Population of each floor
· Location of building
· Specialist services within the building
· Type of building occupancy
·Maximum peak demand in passengers per 5-
minute period
CAPACITY
BEFORE DETAILED PLANNING CAN BEGIN, YOU NEED TO KNOW THE EXPECTED CAPACITY OF YOUR BUILDING AND
LIFT WAITING TIMES, AND HOW THIS WILL IMPACT LIFT REQUIREMENTS.THERE ARE GUIDELINES FOR CALCULATING
THIS, AND A PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESTIMATE OF THE RELEVANT PARAMETERS IS VITAL. THE BUILDING’S FUNCTION,
ITS TENANTS, AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING, AS WELL AS THE STANDARD OF LIFT
SERVICE, WILL ALL IMPACT UPON THE NUMBER OF CARS REQUIRED IN YOUR BUILD.

PEAK DEMAND
WHEN PLANNING A LIFT IN A HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS, A PRIORITY IS TO ENSURE TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT IS
T
EFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE, WHICH MEANS ANTICIPATING THE DAILY ACTIVITIES OF YOUR TENANTS AND
PREDICTING THEIR LIFT USAGE, ESPECIALLY DURING PEAK PERIODS.

THE PROS AND CONS OF DESTINATION CONTROL SYSTEM

ONCE YOU’VE CONSIDERED THE BEHAVIOUR OF PEOPLE WHO WILL BE USING YOUR BUILDING, YOU NEED TO
THINK ABOUT HOW BEST TO TRANSPORT THEM. DESTINATION CONTROL SYSTEM IS ONE WAY TO IMPROVE THE
PERFORMANCE OF YOUR LIFTS, WHEREBY, INSTEAD OF CHOOSING THE DESIRED FLOOR INSIDE THE LIFT CAR, THE
SELECTION IS MADE ON THE LANDING, TYPICALLY VIA A TOUCH SCREEN.
ONCE PASSENGERS HAVE SELECTED THEIR REQUIRED FLOOR, THEY ARE AUTOMATICALLY NOMINATED THE MOST
SUITABLE LIFT. IN THEORY THIS MAKES LIFT SERVICE MORE EFFICIENT BUT YOU SHOULD CONSIDER WHETHER THIS
SYSTEM IS APPROPRIATE FOR YOU, ESPECIALLY IF YOURS IS TO BE A MULTI-TENANTED BUILDING, WHERE NEEDS
MAY VARY SIGNIFICANTLY. DESTINATION CONTROL SYSTEM IS MORE SUITABLE FOR A SINGLE-TENANTED BUILDING
WHERE EMPLOYEES ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE SIMILAR SCHEDULES. ALSO IT’S WORTH BEARING IN MIND THAT
THE SYSTEM IS MORE EFFECTIVE ON UP-PEAK THAN DOWN-PEAK, AS THE LIFT CAR NOMINATION IS FROM THE
GROUND FLOOR. THIS CAN RESULT IN SOME ISSUES AT THE END OF THE DAY WHEN JOURNEYS BEGIN FROM MANY
DIFFERENT FLOORS.
THE LUNCHTIME RUSH
THESE DAYS IT’S TYPICAL FOR PEOPLE TO LEAVE THE OFFICE FOR LUNCH, BUT IF YOU ARE PLANNING A
STAFF RESTAURANT, CAFÉ OR CANTEEN YOU NEED TO CONSIDER CAREFULLY WHERE IN THE BUILDING TO
PLACE IT. IF YOU PUT YOUR RESTAURANT ON THE FIRST FLOOR, YOU WILL CAUSE SERIOUS CONGESTION AT
LUNCHTIME; LIFTS WON’T GET ANY FURTHER THAN THE FIRST FLOOR BECAUSE THEY WILL BE SHUTTLING
HUNGRY PASSENGERS UP AND DOWN. THERE WILL BE SIMILAR PROBLEMS IN THE MORNING AS WORKERS
STOP OFF FOR THEIR BREAKFAST AND COFFEE. THIS ISSUE CAN BE RESOLVED BY LOCATING ANY FOOD
HUB ON THE GROUND FLOOR OR, IF IT’S APPROPRIATE, BY CREATING A PANORAMIC DINING EXPERIENCE
AT THE TOP OF YOUR TOWER. IN THE LATTER CASE YOU SHOULD CONSIDER A SEPARATE LIFT SYSTEM TO
TAKE PASSENGERS DIRECTLY TO THE RESTAURANT FLOOR. IF YOUR RESTAURANT IS ON THE GROUND
FLOOR, IT MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE TO INSTALL ESCALATORS.

SAFETY AS A PRIORITY
LAST BUT NOT LEAST, YOU MUST ENSURE ACCESS TO YOUR HIGH-RISE BUILDING COMPLIES WITH FIRE
AND SAFETY STANDARDS. IF YOUR BUILDING IS A CERTAIN SIZE (WHERE THE UPPER-MOST STOREY IS
MORE THAN 18M ABOVE GROUND FLOOR LEVEL), THE LAW REQUIRES THAT YOU INSTALL A SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED FIREFIGHTER’S LIFT. IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH FIRE REGULATIONS, THE LIFT NEEDS FIRE-
RATED DOORS, A BACK-UP POWER SUPPLY, A LARGER CAR, MINIMUM 1.0 MPS SPEEDS, INTERNAL
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM AND BUILT IN WATER PROTECTION FOR FIREFIGHTING RUN-OFF. THE LIFT
MUST SERVE EVERY FLOOR OF THE BUILDING, REACH THE HIGHEST FLOOR IN LESS THAN 60 SECONDS,
AND FIT A MINIMUM OF EIGHT PEOPLE.
 P E R F O M A N C E I N N O V A T I V E T A S K

ESCALATOR
S E N G I N E E R I N G U T I L I T I E S

K I M W H A L E N G . R A Z
A N N M A R Y A L O J A P
Q U E E N S O N
DEFINITIO
N
Escalator is a set of stairs
moved up or down by electric
power on which people can
stand and be taken from one
level of a building to another,
especially in shops, railway
stations, and airports.
Arowwai Industries
HISTORY OF
ESCALATOR
Escalator that we know today was created in
1859 by the Jesse Reno from Massachusetts,
USA. His creation used steam to power to
power the stairway conveyer belt that moved
on a 25 degree angle (first working example
was built in 1895). First commercial “moving
staircases” escalator was made by Charles
Seeberger in 1897 in cooperation with the Otis
Elevator Company. Both Jesse Reno and
Charles Seeberger sold their manufacturing
offices and patents to Otis Elevator Company
in 1911. By 1920s Otis engineers created the
basic metal model of Escalators that witch
design is in use today.
 OPERATING
PRINCIPLES
The escalator's core components are two chains that rotate
around two pairs of gears. At the top of the escalator, there is an
electric motor driving the gear to turn the chain. A typical
escalator uses a 100 horsepower engine to turn gears. Engines
and chain systems are installed in trusses, which refer to metal
structures extending between two floors.Each step on the
escalator has two sets of wheels, which move along two separate
orbits. The upper device (the wheel near the top of the step) is
connected with the rotating chain and is pulled by the driving
gear located at the top of the escalator. The wheels of other
groups only slide along the track, following the first group of
wheels. The two tracks are separated from each other so that
each step can be kept horizontal. At the top and bottom of the
escalator, the track is horizontally positioned to flatten the steps.
A series of grooves are arranged inside each step to connect
the front and back steps in the course of flattening.
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Besides rotating the main chain ring, the motor in the
escalator can move the handrail. The handrail is just
a rubber conveyor belt that revolves around a series
of wheels. The conveyor belt is precisely configured
so that the moving speed of the step is exactly the
same and the rider feels smooth. Unlike elevators,
escalator systems can lift people up dozens of floors,
but they are very suitable for short-distance
transportation. This is due to the high load rate of
escalators. After the elevator is full, it must wait for it
to reach the designated floor and return to the
elevator. On the escalator, as long as one person
reaches the upper level, he will make room for
others.
TYPES OF ESCALATOR
There are various designs of escalators which can be
installed depending upon the actual condition of the site or
the requirement of the site.

1. Parallel Es calator
There are various designs of escalators which can be
installed depending upon the actual condition of the
site or the requirement of the site.

Parallel escalators are commonly used in places

like: Malls
Metro Station
Public Buildings
2. Spiral Parallel Es calator
The spiral parallel escalator is a design that encourages
customers to travel around because it is put in areas
with an excessively long walking area. The ability to
walk around keeps the user from being annoyed.

3. M ultiple Parallel Es calator

Multiple parallel two or more escalators are those
that travel in a single direction alongside one or two
escalators in the same place that travel in the opposite
direction.
4. Cris s cross
Escalator
Crisscross escalators are the most common type of
escalator configuration, with the top and lower ends at
opposite ends of the escalator. This configuration is
also known as a crisscross arrangement or crisscross
escalators. These escalators are well-known because
they can be constructed at a minimal cost and need
very little floor area while meeting the most stringent
structural requirements.
5. Curved
Escalator
A curved escalator is one that is designed in a unique
way, such as a curved or helical shape with curved
steps. This escalator curves either to the left or to the
right. These escalators are typically utilized in
situations where the steps must be connected with
the help of a landing.
6. Step Type
Escalator
This is the most common type of escalator, and it is on the rise at present. Nowadays, the
steps are made of metal, but previously, these steps were made of wood, which could
not be as successful. Step escalators are popular because they can go up and down, as
well as flat and up and down again.

7. W heelchair-acces s ible Es calator

Wheelchair accessible escalators are ones that feature an attendant who will stop the
escalator if someone in a wheelchair needs to use it. These escalators are intended to
provide patients and wheelchair users with convenience when traveling. These escalators
are mostly found and installed in Japan only.
COMPONENTS/PARTS OF
ESCALATOR
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
These are electric stairwells. They are utilized when a big number of people must be
moved from one floor to another. These stairwells run continuously without the need for
operators. These escalators take the form of an inclined bridge that connects the floors.
An escalator is made up of a steel trussed framework, handrails, and an unending belt
with steps. A set of motor-driven sprocket wheels and a worm gear driving machine are
located at the upper ends of an escalator. A matching pair of sprocket wheels can be
found at the bottom. Two precision-machined roller chains pass over the sprockets,
dragging the never- ending belt of steps. The direction of escalators can be reversed.
They typically operate at speeds of 30 or 40 m/min. The stair slope is standardized at
30°. The capacity of the motorized stairs is determined by the width of the steps at a
certain speed of movement.
Escalators should be put where there is a high volume of traffic and where it is
convenient for passengers. Ample room should be reserved in the design of a new
building for motorized stairs. They must be sufficiently supported by structural framing.
In most cases, escalators are installed in pairs. One carries incoming traffic, while the
other carries outgoing traffic. Each storey's escalator layout can be either parallel or
crisscross. The crisscross pattern is more compact.
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