UTIL FINALS REVIEWER

MECHANICAL SYSTEM

escalators, conveyors, four important components of mechanical transport systems

elevators, and dumbwaiters
moving platform or cage for carrying passengers or freight
Elevator
from one level of a building to another
Dumbwaiter small elevator for conveying food, dishes, or other
materials between the floors of a building
Elisha Otis
the man behind the introduction of safety elevators

ELEVATOR PARTS

BULKHEAD roof providing access to elevator shaft

CONTROL PANEL containing switches and buttons
HOISTING MACHINERY raising and lowering elevator
driving heave PULLEY FOR HOISTING
IDLE SHEAVE TIGHTENING AND GUIDING HOISTING CABLES
MACHINE BEAM HEAVY STEEL BEAMS SUPPORTING HOISTING MACHINE
HOISTING CABLE USED FOR RAISING AND LOWERING ELEVATOR
GUIDE RAIL TRACKS CONTROLING THE ELEVATOR
TRAVELLING CABLE CONNECTING ELEVATOR CAR TO FUELED ELECTRIC OUTLET
COUNTERWEIGHT BALANCING ANOTHER WEIGHT
LIMIT SWITCH SWICTH AUTOMATICALLY CUTS OFF CURRENT WHEN AN OBJECT MOVED BY IT

BUFFER SPRING DEVICE FOR ABSORBING IMPACT

BOTTOM CAR CLEARANCE VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM FLOOR TOO LOWEST PART OF ELEVATOR
HOISTWAY DOOR DOOR BETWEEN HOISTWAY AND ELEVATOR
ELEVATOR CAR SAFETY MECAHNICAL DEVICE FOR SLOWING DOWN AND STOPPING ELEVATOR
LANDING FLOOR ADJACENT TO ELEVATOR
HOISTWAY VERTICAL ENCLOSED SPACE FOR TRAVEL OF AN ELEVATOR
TAOP CAR CLEARANCE VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM THE TOP OF AN ELEVATOR CAR
PENTHOUSE STRUCTURE HOUSING OF ELEVATOR MACHINERY
COUNTERWEIGHT BALANCING ANOTHER WEIGHT

HOW ELEVATOR WORKS

Firstly, an elevator shaft is made to house the elevator itself and contain its travel
within it. Then an elevator car is placed inside. This is where the passengers go to use
the elevator. To drive the car upwards and downwards, a hoisting machinery is
located either up top, or below the shaft, depending on the design, which we will
discuss later. To achieve balance in vertical travel and to ease up the load that the
hoisting machinery is exerting, a counterbalance, usually made up of stacked metal
materials, is installed usually beside the elevator car. These provides enough
leverage for the machinery to bank on in hoisting the elevator car up and down.
 elevator pit switch and buffer is usually located in the
1. General purpose or
commercial elevator is provided for the following purposes:
2. Residential
3. Institutional
4. Industrial
5. Store

CAR, CABLES, and ELEVATOR Elevators MAIN COMPONENTS

MACHINE.
1. ROPING (SINGLE WRAP
ELEVATOR arrangements
2. ROPING (DOUBLE WRAP)
Elevator machine types
gearless traction machine is an assembly high speed, low torque electric motor that is powered thru AC or DC.
s commonly used in office buildings and residential condominiums of 10 stories or more.

Geared Traction Machine employs a worm and gear between the driving motor and the sheavE

Elevator CONTROL SYSTEMS

1. Single Automatic Push Button Control Considered as the simplest of passenger operated automatic control system.
the elevator only handles one call at a time
2. Collective control t collect all calls of travelling up and also that of travelling down, and accommodates
them in an efficient way
3. Electronic group supervisory dispatching controls a group of elevators. With an efficient program in place, calls are assigned to
and control elevators. T

Hydraulic type elevators

1. Oil Hydraulic Elevators Also called plunger elevators
raised by means of movable rod/plunger rigidly fixed to the bottom of the car. .
2. Conventional Hydraulic Elevators uses a hydraulically powered plunger to push the elevator and assist it in lowering.

3. Roped Hydraulic Elevator combination of a hydraulic jack and cables to lift the elevator car

4. Holeless Hydraulic Elevator Whenever the building is located on site with a shallow bedrock, or a high water table, or
an unstable soil condition, this type of hydraulic elevator is used.

DUMBWAITERS
 ESCALATORS are power-driven stairway consisting of steps attached to a continuously circulating
belt, used for moving passengers up and down between floors.
s is a general term pertaining to equipment that mechanically transports
Conveyors
materials and people from one point to another.
Common escalator types
1. Step type escalator Utilizes a stepped platform, much like a typical stair.

2. Wheelchair escalator with provisions for the travel of those in wheelchair, either attached or integral to the assembly

3. Spiral escalator Where the aesthetics and space efficiency of a curved

stairway is required, a spiral escalator is used

parts of escalator

First, it is there to keep the What is the purpose of the brush, or brush-like accessory at
passengers from getting too close to
the sides of escalator steps?
the edges. This prevents them from
getting stuck at the sides of the
escalator. Second, it keeps foreign
objects out of the interior parts of
the escalators.
Safety Features of Escalators 1. Handrails and steps travel at the same speed to ensure
steadiness and balance
2. Steps are large, steady and are designed to prevent from
slipping
3. • Automatic controls of a service brake
4. In case of over-speed or under-speed, an automatic
governor shuts down the escalator
5. An automatic stop switch islocated near the comb plate
which may be manually operated to stop the escalator

Escalator Fire Protection Systems

shuts off the well way at a given floor, thus preventing draft and the spread of fire upward through
• Rolling Shutter escalator wells.

These are closely spaced, high-velocity water nozzles which will, in the case of fire, form a compact water
Spray Nozzle Curtain curtain to prevent smoke a

Smoke guard Consists of fire proof baffles surrounding the well way
Sprinkler vent In case of fire, the smoke picks up relays automatically start the fansin the fresh air
intake, located on the roof,

Code Provisions on Transport Systems

Hoists
1. Operating control shall be plainly marked to indicate the direction of travel.
2. Each cage-controlled hoistshall be equipped with an effective warning device.
3. Each hoist designed to lift its load vertically shall have its rated load legibly marked on
the hoist or load block or at some easily visible space.
4. A stop, which shall operate automatically, shall be provided at each switch, dead end
rail or turntable to prevent the trolley running of the n the switch is open.
5. Each electric hoist motor shall be provided with an electrically or mechanically
operated brake so arranged that the brake will be applied automatically when the power
is cut off from the hoist.
Elevators 1. Hoist ways for elevatorsshall be substantially enclosed throughout their height, with
no openings allowed except for necessary doors, windows or skylights.
2. Ropes, wires of pipesshall not be installed in hoist ways
3. Hoist way pits shall be of such depth that when the car rests on the fully compressed
buffers, a clearance of not less than 600mm
4. When four or more elevators serve all or the same portion of a building, they shall be
located in not less than two (2) hoist ways and in no case shall more than four (4)
elevators be located in any one hoist way.
5. Where a machine room or penthouse is provided at the top of a hoist way, it shall be
constructed with sufficient room for repair and inspection.
Escalators
1. The angle of inclination of an escalator shall not exceed 35 degrees from the
horizontal.
2. The width between balustrades shall not be less than 558mm nor more than 1.20m.
This width shall not exceed the width of the steps by more than 330mm.
3. Solid balustrades of incombustible materials shall be provided on each side of the
moving steps. If made of glass, it shall be of tempered type glass.
4. Each balustrade shall be provided with a handrail moving the same direction and at
the same speed as the steps.
5. The rated speed, measured along the angle of inclination, shall be not more than 30
meters per minute.
6. Starting switches shall be key-operated and located within sight of escalator steps
7. Emergency buttons shall be continuously and accessibly located at or near the top
and bottom landings but protected from accidental contact.
 FIRE AND SIGNAL SYSTEMS

THE FIRE TRIANGLE

CLASSES OF FIRE
These are fires caused by
ordinary combustible materials, CLASS A
such as wood, cloth, paper,
rubber, plastics, et
flammable or combustible CLASS B
liquids, and flammable gases
electrical in nature CLASS C

combustible metals, such as CLASS D

potassium, sodium, magnesium
FIRE GROWTH
1. PRE-FLASHOVER/GROWTH PHASE At this stage, initial combustion takes place
2. FLASHOVER when it undergoes the rapid change from a local fire to one that is involving all
combustible materials in a room
3. FULLY DEVELOPED FIRE where the fire is at its maximum rate of heat release
. It means the deprivation of either of the components of the fire triangle in the
4. DECAY
occurring fire.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION fire extinguishers, fire hoses/fire hose cabinet, and sprinkler systems.
plays an important role during stages 1 and 2 of fire growth
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION . This includes firewalls manifests during stages 3 and 4 of fire growth.
a. FIRE AVOIDANCE
b. FIRE GROWTH RESTRICTION Principles involving the handling of fire
c. FIRE CONTAINMENT
d. FIRE CONTROL
a. FIRE DETECTION
Principles involving lifesaving in a fire emergency situation
b. SMOKE CONTROL
c. ESCAPE PROVISIONS
Use of non-flammable construction materials. avoid “octopus
Fire Avoidance connections” . Keeping heat sources from combustible finishing and
interior materials.
Fire Detection makes use of visual and mechanical methods of alerting the occupants
of the hospital that a fire has occurred in a given location

Smoke Detector

Manual Fire system: may include fire extinguishers or fire blankets

Fire Growth Restriction to suppress the fire
Automatic means: may commonly be sprinkler systems installed in
building
Fire rated walls and slabs
Fire Containment • Fire cladding at structural components
• Fire compartmentalization

Fire Control Provision of rapid and complete access for fire department
personnel and apparatus
• Provision of protected fire shafts

Smoke Control Smoke containment • Smoke dispersal • Pressurization

Pressurization Technique whereby air is blown into spaces which are desired to be
kept clear of smoke
 Communication and Signal System
1. Surveillance and Signal Equipment
2. Audio and Visual Communication Equipment two main types of Communication and Signal Systems:

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM types

1. Automatic System This system uses automated detectors and sensor that trips the fire
suppression system in case of fire

2. Manual System This employs visual detection for the person on-duty, which in turn triggers the

DETECTORS

1. Temperature Detector used to detect changes in temperature and triggers the system
accordingly; most common example is a ‘thermostat’.
Used in areas where a lot of smoke may result from fire, this kind of
2. Photoelectric Detector
detectors react to the obscuration of light beam
these detectors operate by detecting ionized particles in the air. These are
3. Ionization Detector
effective in detecting alcohol and plastic fires

two types: Infrared (IR) or Ultraviolet (UV). These are industrial grade
4. Flame detectors
detectors and are highly sensitive.

INTRUSION (BURGLAR) It uses infrared light to detect movement of doors and windows, and sends
alarm whenever unauthorized movement is detected.
ALARM SYSTEM
Water flow switches are installed to monitor the flow of water in a sprinkler
SPRINKLER ALARM head and when triggered will trip a coded transmitter
It is a type of a surveillance system wherein you install a number of closed-
TELEVISION ANTENNA SYSTEM circuit cameras in the vicinity

SOUND AMPLIFICATION SYSTEMS or PUBLIC

ADDRESS SYTEMS
1. Microphone
picks up feed from the microphone (input) and controlsthe sound output
2. Amplifiers
(speakers)
3. Loudspeakers
specialized speakers that plays the lower frequencies
a. Woofer –
b. Tweeter speakers that plays the higher frequencies

MECHANICAL PLAN AND LAYOUT

The operation starts with the fire reserve tank, capable of supplying water to the system for the duration of one (1)
hour. The jockey pump (JP) is responsible for maintaining the required pressure in the system even when not needed.
This shall ensure proper functioning of the sprinkler heads in case of fire

On the other hand, the fire pump (FP) is responsible for producing the required pressure during operation, that is, in
case of fire. Aside from the sprinkler heads, in a wet pipe system, the pumps must also be able to supply water to the
fire hoses located at each floor of the building.