CHAPTER -1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The history of the elevator, if you define it as a platform that can move people
and objects up and down, is actually a rather long one. Rudimentary elevators are
known to have been in use in ancient Rome as far back as 336 B.C., with the first
reference of one built by the talented Archimedes.
These early elevators were open cars rather than enclosed ones, and
consisted of a platform with hoists that would enable the car to move vertically.
The hoists were typically worked manually, either by people or animals, though
sometimes water wheels were used. Romans continued to use these simple
elevators for many years, usually to move water, building materials, or other heavy
items from one place to another.
As for the dedicated passenger elevator, this was created in the 18th century,
with one of the first used by King Louis XV in 1743. He had an elevator
constructed at Versailles that would carry him from his apartments on the first floor
to his mistress' apartments on the second floor. This elevator wasn't much more
technologically advanced than those used in Rome. To make it work, men
stationed in a chimney pulled on the ropes. They called it a "flying chair."
It wasn't until the 1800s that elevator technology really started to advance.
For starters, elevators no longer needed to be worked manually. In 1823, two
British architects Burton and Hormer built a steam-powered "ascending room" to
take tourists up to a platform for a view of London. Several years later, their
invention was expanded upon by architects Frost and Stutt who added a belt and
counter-weight to the steam power.
Soon enough, hydraulic systems began to be created as well, using water
pressure to raise and lower the elevator car. However, this wasn't practical in
some cases pits had to be dug below the elevator shaft to enable the piston to pull
back. The higher the elevator went, the deeper the pit had to be. Thus, this wasn't
a viable option for taller buildings in big cities.
So despite the hydraulic systems being somewhat safer than
steam-powered/cabled elevators, the steam powered ones with cables and
counterweights, stuck around. They had just one major drawback: the cables could
snap, and sometimes did, which sent the elevator plummeting to the bottom of the
shaft, killing passengers and damaging building materials or other items being
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transported. Needless to say, no one was jumping to get on these dangerous
elevators and so passenger elevators up to this point were largely a novelty.
The man who solved the elevator safety problem, making skyscrapers
possible, was Elisha Otis, who is generally known as the inventor of the modern
elevator. In 1852, Otis came up with a design that had a safety "brake." In the
event that the cables broke, a wooden frame at the top of the elevator car would
snap out and hit the walls of the shaft, stopping the elevator in its tracks.
Otis himself demonstrated the device, which he called a "safety hoist," at the
New York World's Fair in 1854, when he went up in a make-shift elevator himself
and had the ropes cut. Rather than plummeting to his death as the audience
thought might happen, his safety hoist snapped out, catching the elevator within
seconds. Needless to say, the crowd was impressed.
Otis went on to found his own elevator company, which installed the first public
elevator in a New York building in 1874. The Otis Elevator Company is still known
today as the world's largest elevator manufacturer.
While the cable elevator design has remained, many additional improvements
have been made, the most obvious of which is that elevators now run on electricity
rather than steam power, a change that came about starting in the 1880s. The
electric elevator was patented by Alexander Miles in 1887, though one had been
built by the German inventor Werner von Siemens in 1880.
Otis' safety hoist wasn't the end of safety innovation, either. These days, it's
virtually impossible for an elevator to plummet and kill passengers. There are now
multiple steel cables to hold the elevator's weight, plus a number of different
braking systems to stop an elevator from falling if the cables somehow snap. If,
despite all these safety measures, the elevator does fall, there are shock
absorbers at the bottom of the shaft, making it unlikely death will occur and
reducing the possibility of serious injury.
Today, modern commercial buildings commonly have multiple elevators with a
unified control system. In addition, all modern elevators have special override
controls (to make elevators go directly to a specific floor without intermediate
stops)

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1.2. TYPES OF ELEVATORS
Elevators are devices that move people and goods vertically within a dedicated
shaft that connects the floors of a building. Elevator has 4 different types which
can be used in different applications. They are
 Passenger Elevator
 Hydraulics Elevator
 Freight elevator
 Dumbwaiter
1.2.1. Passenger Elevator
A passenger lift type transport passengers from floor to floor. These elevators
can have additional features, too, including loudspeakers to play music or
announcements, audio or visual advertising, or television displays. Express
elevators are a popular variation in high-rise buildings. Passenger elevators'
capacities are related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators
are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 pounds (450–2,700 kg) in 500 lb
(230 kg) increments. Generally passenger elevators in buildings with eight floors or
less are hydraulic or traction, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min (1.0 m/s)
hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min traction. In buildings up to ten floors, traction and
gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above
ten floors, speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to 2000 ft/min (10 m/s).

Fig. 1.1 inside of passenger elevator

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1.2.2. Hydraulics Lift
A hydraulic lift is a type of machine that uses a hydraulic apparatus to lift or
move objects using the force created when pressure is exerted on liquid in a
piston. Force then produces "lift" and "work". Hydraulic lifts work on a basic
principle: to go up, a pump pushes oil into the cylinder, pushing the piston (which
pushes the lift car) up. To go down, the valve opens and oil is allowed to flow back
into the reservoir, and is pushed back using the gravitational force of
the lift car.The working of elevator is the pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe
leading to the cylinder. When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take
the path of least resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is
closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the
fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.When
the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the
electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more
fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot
escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and the valve is still closed). The
piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays where it is.

Fig. 1.2 structure of hydraulic elevator

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1.2.3. Freight Elevators
Freight elevators are designed to carry goods, not passengers. These large
elevators can carry heavy loads, typically much more than a passenger elevator
can carry. A rugged interior protects freight elevators from the wear and tear of
loading and unloading cargo. Their carrying load can vary between 2000 to 4500
kilograms. Most often their source of power are electric engines. The qualities you
need in your freight elevators are the specifications we use to design and build
them. We can handle any factory, warehouse or industrial project in the most
economical and efficient manner possible. The controllers used in our freight
elevators are the same advanced technology controllers used in our industry-
leading passenger elevators.

Fig. 1.3 freight elevatoR

1.2.4. Dumbwaiter
A dumbwaiter has a similar purpose to a freight elevator; it’s just much, much
smaller. These are sometimes referred to as lazy waiters, and they are primarily
used for transporting small loads like food and books from floor to floor. They can
be accessed by way of a small panel on the wall, much like a passenger elevator
in miniature. The dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon in 1883, and
although the simple rope-and-pulley design has been upgraded, dumbwaiters are
still in use today. Many were simple human powered devices, which looped a rope

5
around a pulley or rafter which could be controlled manually (early example shown
left). A service lift like this is still used today at one of Thomas Jefferson's estates.
Older versions even had a speaking tube next to them, which enabled waiters to
talk to chefs in the kitchens. These then evolved with the progress of the industrial

revolution, with electric motors being added in the 1920s.

Fig. 1.4 diagram of dumbwaiter

1.3 ADVANCEMENT IN LIFT

The first elevators may have appeared in ancient Greece. They were invented
by the mathematician Archimedes around 235 BC and used a system of pulleys
and winches. Some believe elevators may have been around even longer than
that, as archeologists have found shafts that might have been used for elevators
by several ancient civilizations. Elevators were definitely present in the Roman
Coliseum, and small basket elevators were used to transport people and goods up
to mountain monasteries during the Middle Ages.
The inventions of hydraulics and electricity brought about the first modern
elevators. In 1852, American inventor Elisha Graves Otis created the first safety
device that prevented the cabin from falling if the main cable broke. The device
was demonstrated in New York’s Crystal Palace in 1854. The first passenger
elevator was installed in 1857, but it wasn’t until the 1870s that elevators began

6
showing up in office buildings. German inventor Werner von Seimer built the first
electric elevator in 1880
Safety has been the objective of advances in elevator technology. From the
very beginning, it’s what has determined the usage of these transportation
devices. The first innovation was the elevator safety brake. Far from “modern,” this
patented device was put into use in 1861.
1.3.1 Automatic Doors:
The automatic door has been around since the 1940s, when Joseph Giovanni
patented the sensitive door bumper. It automatically stops further closure of the
elevator doors if it encounters an obstruction. The concept has seen further
innovation since then, though. Today’s elevators use infrared or ultrasound
sensors in the doors. Elevator doors equipped with this technology won’t politely
bump into you. They’ll stop beforehand.
1.3.2. Microprocessor Control
Elevators used to be run manually by dedicated operators. They didn’t just
push buttons to open and close doors, and move from floor to floor. Early on,
these human operators also used a lever that controlled the speed of descent. A
soft landing was due to their skill. By the late 1970s, microprocessors were added
to elevator operation. It automated this process. These mini-computers took over
the decision-making of when and where an elevator stopped. It greatly increased
elevator efficiency because it automatically controlled the speed. It also meant that
it was time to retire if you were an elevator operator
1.3.3. Sky Lobbies
You might not even know what this is—and that’s mainly because the
innovation isn’t really part of the operation of an elevator itself. Sky lobbies are
essential in modern skyscrapers. Think of them as staging areas.
You’ll enter an elevator on the ground floor. It’ll ascend at a high speed to a
certain level of the building without stopping. When the doors open, you’ll have
arrived at the sky lobby. From there, you’ll switch elevators to ascend the rest of
the way to your designated floor and these elevators have the ability to stop at any
floor along the way.
This innovation was introduced as a way to move a large number of people
around with a limited number of elevators. The position of the sky lobby is

7
determined by passenger flow models, and the analysis behind it has created a
highly efficient way for elevators to service large, tall buildings.
The bottom line is that technology has made modern elevators more
comfortable and able to accommodate more people but they were always very
safe from the beginning. Short ascents may now be driven by hydraulic shaft lifts
instead of cables, but even that technology was already in use by the earliest of
elevators before electricity became reliable enough to introduce the electric-driven
motors that now drive elevator cable-winding cylinders.
Elevators are responsible for shaping our modern cities. There would be no
skyscrapers without them. For the most part, however, they still operate using the
principles that made the first elevators possible more than 160 years ago.
1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY
jin Sun et.al.,(2010) explains that the needs to develop new elevator scheduling
methods that can make effective use of advance traffic information. A novel two-
level formulation is developed, with detailed car dynamics embedded in simulation
models for performance evaluation.
Yan Dongmei (2014)addressed that The traditional elevator group control
system, a fuzzy control system is proposed in the paper.It aims at decreasing

waiting time and energy loss. It optimizes the elevator group harmoniously. And a
better control result is obtained.
Peter B. Luh et.al(2008) explains that Implements the optimized scheduling of
a group of elevators with destination entry and future traffic information for normal
operations and emergency evocation To overcome the difficulties caused by traffic
uncertainties, one important trend is introduced to explore advance information.
Cheng Jing et.al.,(2014) addressed that avoids the limit of wireless distance,
and the adjustor just needs to stay in the elevator car when adjusting the
parameter of elevator car instead of running up and down, the real-time
adjustment result is able to be seen in the Android phone. Test has proved that the
feasibility, effectiveness and reliability of the design of an elevator wireless
adjustment system.
Hang Li(2015) explains that tries to discuss the implementation of several
reinforcement learning algorithms on the elevator control system. Through the

8
application of the reinforcement learning algorithms, the elevator system can
perform better.
Fan Lingyan et.al.,(2008) explains that This paper mainly focuses on using
programmable logic controller to control the circuit and building the elevator model.
Hall Effect sensor is used for the elevator position. DC Motor is used to control the
up and down movement of the elevator car. In this paper, Auto Station Software
ladder logic program is used for four floors control system
Hong Xu et.al.,(2008) addressed that, This paper describes the development
of two nine-storey elevators control system for a residential building. The control
system adopts PLC as controller, and uses a parallel connection dispatching rule
based on "minimum waiting time" to run two elevators in parallel mode. The paper
gives the basic structure, control principle and realization method of the PLC
control system in detail. It also presents the ladder diagram of the key aspects of
the system. The system has simple peripheral circuit and the operation result
showed that it enhanced the reliability and pe.rformance of the elevators.
Dae-Woong Chung et.al.,(2001) present a new standardized type of gearless
traction machine drive system with a PM motor for high-speed elevators. Some
control functions which are indispensable for improving the performance of
elevator systems have been addressed. Stringent evaluation, environment and life
tests ensure that the presented system is not only high-performance but long-
lasting and more reliable.
Cao Liting et.al.,(2007) A dynamic optimized dispatching system for elevator
group based on synthetically application the artificial intelligent technology is
presented in this paper. The elevator group is divided into five traffic modes
according to the actual traffic flow by using an expert system based on artificial
neural network firstly, and then a synthetically estimate parameter of elevator
dispatching calculated found on fuzzy control theory in every identified traffic mode
according the needs of passengers and the requirements of managers. The
simulation is in allusion to the data of a office building by the MATLAB. The
elevator dispatching pattern is optimized, the service quality of elevator is
improved, and the transportation efficiency of elevator is increased by using this
control system.
Jian Chu et.al.,(2012) the existing elevator control system cannot meet the
requirement of safety and energy saving management. So this paper researches

9
the elevator intelligent-card control system based on CAN bus, involving computer
technology, network technology, IC card inductive technology and so on. The
elevator energy saving management and the visitor registration problems are
solved from the technical level. The powerful software platform for property
management is developed, which has high degree of technical difficulty and
complexity. Compared with the traditional elevator management method, it is a
great technical progress, and is a great accumulation for developing similar
application system.
Gu Deying et.al.,(2010) Elevator group control system is a complex, random,
multi-objective, non-linear, uncertain decisionmaking problem. Fuzzy control
algorithms are suitable for Elevator group control system because its algorithms
are multiobjective. The algorithms optimize the elevator group control
harmoniously. Simulation mode of elevator group control system is established in
MATLAB in light of the property of elevator group control system and Fuzzy
Control Theory in this paper. The advantage of elevator group control system
using Fuzzy Control is validated by simulation in MATLAB.

10
 CHAPTER-2

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Hydraulic lifting machines are widely used for the lifting, moving and pushing
function in mining, construction and steel industries and in material handling
equipments. Today, modern automation technology has a very important place for
hydraulic systems. The reason for this is that hydraulic systems are simple,
versatile and efficient for the transmission of power. These systems operate
smoothly with reversal function possibility and can work well in high temperature
environment conditions.

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM

11
 Fig 2.1 block diagram for existing system

Dc supply is used to provide 5v to the Atmega8 microcontroller. The atmega8

microcontroller is used to coordinate the functions of various Hardware circuitries.
here the microcontroller is used to control the elevator circuit. The Single phase
power supply is given to rectifier. Rectifier circuit is used to convert ac to dc. This
dc power supply is given to voltage regulator. Voltage regulator is used to regulate
the voltage level. When a steady, reliable voltage is needed, then voltage regulator
is the preferred device. Which is connected to push button. Push button is used to
do Door open and close process. Dc motor is used in hydraulic elevator. This
motor is used to do up and down process. Dc motor output is connected to
hydraulic section. Hydraulic section are used When fluid under pressure forced
into the cylinder, the ram gets reciprocate to the movable pulley with the help of
arrangement of hydraulic section so the pulley can rotate with the help of wire
rope the cage can maintain their pressure force with their floors. So the lift is stay
in level with each floor. The limit switch is connected to microcontroller. Which is
used to select the desired floor. the buzzer is connected to microcontroller. It is
used to make some noise.

2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM

 The user waits outside the elevator for long time to arrive because the
user cannot know elevator occupied or not.
 There is no intimation for arrival of elevator to the respective floor.
 Here, there is no biometric based security access system.
 If there is a need of goods in all the floors at a time we don’t have any
Extra blocks to transfer.
 Hydraulic lifts tend to be a little noisier than other elevator systems.
 The relatively slow speed. A hydraulic lift cannot move faster than 150
feet per minute.
 The elevator ride quality is generally not as smooth as with other lift
systems.
 The hydraulic oil can emit an unpleasant odor when it becomes too warm
from overuse.

12
 CHAPTER - 3

3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

An elevator is a type of vertical and horizontal transportation that moves goods
between floors of a building. Elevators are typically powered by electric motors.
This project is to design an elevator which operates with a biometric system.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

GSM
WIRESLES
BIO METRIC S
SENSING TRANSRE
CEIVER
MICRO
CONTROLLER keyboard
MOTOR RELAY AT mega328
1
5V DC
SUPPLY

MOTOR 24V
RELAY POWER
2
SUPPLY

13
 Fig. 3.1 block diagram for proposed system

In this project we are using using Arduino mega 328 microcontroller.

ATmega-328 is basically an Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) micro-controller.
ATmega-328 is the most micro-controller that is used while designing. AT mega
328 is the most important part of Arduino. The program is uploaded on the AVR
micro-controller attached on Arduino. It operates ranging from 3.3V to 5.5V but
normally we use 5V as a standard. ATmega-328 is an AVR Microcontroller having
twenty eight (28) pins in total. Gsm, wireless transceiver, Keyboard, biometric
sensing and two relay are connected according to arduino pins. 14 to 21 pins of
arduino are connected to 4*4 Matrix Membrane Keyboard. The keyboard is used
to select the floor of the building. wireless transceiver is a combination
transmitter/receiver in a single package. The term applies
to wireless communications devices such as cellular telephones, cordless
telephone sets, handheld two-way radios, and mobile two-way radios . A GSM
module is a chip or circuit that will be used to establish communication between a
mobile device or a computing machine and a GSM system.It is used to send the
message to the customer or receiver. Relay is used inbetween the arduino and
motor because electric motors need much more current than an Arduino pin can
supply. A relay may allow an Arduino pin to supply a small amount of current, yet
control a much larger current for the motor. A relay may be activated by the
Arduino pin, and it's contacts might be capable of supplying the motor's needs.two
motors are used in this project.one motor is used to do door open and close
process another one used for elevator lifting process. A biometric system is a
technological system that uses information about a person (or other biological
organism) to identify that person. here the biometric system check the receiver
finger print the and it is deliver the things safely to the receiver.

14
3.3 ADVANTAGE OF PROPSED SYSTEM

• This system is a very useful device that moves goods to the all floor in the
shortest time.
• Here, biometric based accessing system allows only authenticate person
can take their good
• The user can easily know elevator occupied information so no longer to wait
outside elevator.
• This elevator system is easily can be establish in many stories buildings,
shopping mall, hospital, houses.
• They occupy less space in a building, requiring almost 10% less area for
the lift shaft.

15
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 DESIGN OF ELEVATOR

Elevator is a device that efficiently moves people or goods vertically
between floors of a building, vessel, or other structures. They are generally
powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight
systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid, to raise a cylindrical piston in the form
of a jack. So we have to design a motor by using with counter weight and without
counter weight.
There are two methods to calculate the motor torque without using
counterweight they are,
 Load torque required for lifting a load.
 Load Torque Required for driving a belt conveyor

4.1.1 WITHOUT COUNTERWEIGHT

4.1.1.1 Load torque required for lifting a load

Fig. 4.1 formula for load torque for lifting a load

16
The motor is connected center of the drum and the a load is connected to the
drum by using belt.
Five cases follow, to illustrate the above concepts.
Case 1
If the values of Drum diameter are 0.5 m and the load weight is 1200 kg (kilo
gram) to find the load torque by using the load torque formula.
Drum diameter (D) =0.5m
Weight = 1200kg
N=kg∗9.807 = 1200*9.807 = 11767.9800(N)
Load (W) =11767.9800(N)
1
T = ∗D∗W
2
T =1/2 x0.5 x11767.9800=2941.995(N-m)
By using the given values of drum diameter is 0.5m and load weight is
1200kg elevator required 2941.995 (N-m)torque of the motor

Case 2

If the values of Drum diameter is 0.5 m and the load weight is 600 kg (kilo gram)
calculate the motor torque by using the load torque formula.

The drum diameter is 0.5 m and load weight is 600kg of elevator motor is
required 1471.05 (N-m)torque of the motor

Case 3

If the values of Drum diameter is 0.5 m and the load weight is 300 kg (kilo
gram) calculate the torque of the motor by using the load torque formula.
The drum diameter is 0.5m and the load weight is 300 kg of elevator motor is
required 740.25(N-m) torque of the motor.

Case 4

17
 If the values of Drum diameter is 0.5 m and the load weight is 2000 kg (kilo
gram) calculate the torque of the motor by using the load torque formula.
The drum diameter is 0.5m and the load weight is 2000 kg of elevator motor is
required 4903.5 (N-m) torque of the motor

Case 5
If the values of Drum diameter is 0.5 m and the load weight is 200 kg (kilo gram)
calculate the torque of the motor by using the load torque formula.
The drum diameter is 0.5m and the load weight is 200 kg of elevator motor is
required 490.35 (N-m) torque of the motor

4.1.1.2. Load Torque Required for driving a belt conveyor

Fig. 4.2 formula for Load Torque Required for driving a belt conveyor

In this method the motor is connected the center of roller and the weight Is
placed above the conveyor belt. The weight is moves horizontally and deliver to
the customer.

Five cases follows, to illustrate the above concepts.

Case 1
The given roller diameter is 0.5 m. The weight of the load is 1200kg and the
constant value of gravity(9.8m/s^2) and friction coefficient is 1 in this problem how
much torque is required for 1200 kg weight of the load.

18
 D=0.5 m
W=1200kg
G=9.8(m/s^2)
µ=1
−17
F=1.0 e
1
T = ∗D(F+ µWg)
2
1
T= *0.5(1.0 e−17+ (1*1200*9.8))=2940(N-m)
2
The 0.5m diameter of roller and 1200kg weight of load of conveyor belt
requires 2940(N-m) Torque of the motor.

case 2
The given roller diameter is 0.5 m.The weight of the load is 900kg and the
constant value of gravity(9.8m/s^2) and friction coefficient is 1 in this problem how
much torque is required.
The 0.5m diameter of roller and 900kg weight of load of conveyor belt requires
2205 (N-m)torque of the motor.

Case 3
The given roller diameter is 0.5 m.The weight of the load is 600 kg and the
constant value of gravity(9.8m/s^2) and friction coefficient is 1 in this problem how
much torque is required for 600kg load.
The 0.5m diameter of roller and 900kg weight of load of conveyor belt requires
1470 (N-m) Torque of the motor

Case 4
The given roller diameter is 0.5 m.The weight of the load is 2000 kg and the
constant value of gravity(9.8m/s^2) and friction coefficient is 1 in this problem how
much torque is required for 2000kg load.
The 0.5m diameter of roller and 2000kg weight of load of conveyor belt requires
4900 (N-m) Torque of the motor.

Case 5

19
The given roller diameter is 0.5 m.The weight of the load is 200 kg and the
constant value of gravity(9.8m/s^2) and friction coefficient is 1 in this problem how
much torque is required for 200kg load.
The 0.5m diameter of roller and 200kg weight of load of conveyor belt requires
490 (N-m) Torque of the motor

4.1.2 WITH COUNTERWEIGHT

The method of calculating the necessary size of motor needed to drive a lift
with counterweight. To calculate the size of a motor two methods can be used:
The steady state method and the dynamic method. The steady state method
ensures that the motor can move the out of balance masses at the required steady
state speed. The dynamic method ensures that the motor can accelerate (and
possibly decelerate) the masses up to the required rated speed at the necessary
rate.
in our project we are using steady state method

4.1.2.1 Steady state method

The first and most commonly used method is to check that the motor
supplies sufficient power to move the out of balance mass at the rated speed
1200∗9 .81∗S (1−CF)
M=
❑

 9.81 is the acceleration due to gravity;

 s is the rated top speed;
 CF is the counterweight factor (a factor less than 1);
 η is the total efficiency of the installation (taken around 85%)

there are two cases used to calculate the size of the motor. they are

Case 1
In a lift system which has an MG set supplying its DC hoist, calculate the size of
the AC prime mover for a 1200kg, running at 10 rpm speed and the counterweight
ratio is 0.4

20
 Applying the formula above gives:

rpm
S=r∗2∗π
60

S=0.25*2* π*(10)/60=0.26 m/s

M=2295.54 kw
Thus, a 2295.54 kW motor can be selected.

Case 2
A two speed lift has a rated speed of 0.26 m/s, and a car load is 600kg. If the
overall system efficiency is 75%, and the counterweight ratio of 50% is used,
calculate the size of the motor.
Applying the above formula, gives:

M=1020.24 kw

Thus, an 1020.24 kW motor can be selected.

21
 CHAPTER-5

5.1 HARDWARE
Hardware Component of the Biometric elevator System is very Simple
Structure. When the goods get loaded you will be getting a command in the
Keypad as send and receive. You have chosen that anyone then it will ask for the
Floor Number. You have to enter the Floor Number. Everything will be sent when
that was completed you will be made to create a pass code for that particular
goods. That pass code will be set then the message should be send to the
receiver .once the door was closed the motor will be started to run. Then the
elevator will move to the particular floor. Once it is get the command it will be
stopped in that particular floor. Then the goods will be delivered to the Delivery
boxes which are in right and left side of the elevator. Once the goods are delivered
the elevator will be move on. The Receiver when need the goods they can take it
out using that particular pass code from the delivery box.
In this project we are using Arduino mega 328 microcontroller. The pin no 0 to
5 is connected to LCD(Liquid Crystal Display). Which is use to display the things
occupied information.pin no 14 to 20 is connected to 4*4 Matrix Membrane
Keyboard.it is used to select the desired floor and creating password. Arduino pin
no 7 to 10 and 23,24 are connected to L293x Quadruple Half -H drivers. It is motor
driver circuit.IR sensor are connected to driver circuit and arduino 21 pin. The IR
sensor are used to stop the elevator in desired floor.

22
5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 5.1 arduino is interfaced with lcd display and keyboard

23
Fig 5.2 arduino is interfaced with IR sensor and driver circuit

24
5.1.1. Arduino Mega

Fig 5.1 arduino mega 328

ATmega-328 is basically an Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) micro-

controller. It supports the data up to eight (8) bits. ATmega-328 has 32KB
internal builtin memory. This micro-controller has a lot of other characteristics.
ATmega 328 has several different features which make it the most popular
device in today’s market. These features consist of advanced RISC architecture,
good performance, low power consumption, real timer counter having separate
oscillator, 6 PWM pins, programmable Serial USART, programming lock for
software security, throughput up to 20 MIPS etc. ATmega-328 is mostly used
in Arduino. The further details about ATmega 328 will be given later in this
section. ATmega328 is an 8-bit and 28 Pins AVR Microcontroller, manufactured
by Microchip, follows RISC Architecure and has a flash type program memory of
32KB. It operates ranging from 3.3V to 5.5V but normally we use 5V as a
standard. Its excellent features include the cost efficiency, low power dissipation,
programming lock for security purposes, real timer counter with separate
oscillator.It’s normally used in Embedded Systems applications. You should
have a look at these Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems, we can design
all of them using this Microcontroller.

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5.1.1.1 Features Of Atmega328

 Microcontroller: ATmega328

 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

5.1.1.2 Applications Of Atmega328

 Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems
 Multiple DIY Projects.
 Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.
 Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.

5.1.2 DC GEAR MOTOR:

Fig 5.2 dc gear motor

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A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The speed of
motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as
RPM .The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed.
Using the correct combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced
to any desirable figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle
but increase its torque is known as gear reduction. This Insight will explore all the
minor and major details that make the gear head and hence the working of geared
DC motor. This gear motor is connected to pulley. It is used for lifting the elevater
up and down process. The external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a
straight expansion over the simple DC ones. the motor shows the outer protrudes
of the gear head. A nut is placed near the shaft which helps in mounting the motor
to the other parts of the assembly.gear motor may be an AC or DC motor coupled
with a gearbox or transmission. A gear motor adds mechanical gears to alter the
speed/torque of the motor for an application. Usually such an addition is to reduce
speed and increase torque. A DC motor without gears is useful in many
applications, for example the simple fan. Contrast that with the motor that operates
the turntable in your microwave, a gearbox there reduces the speed so your food
isn't thrown against the interior wall.

5.1.3 PULLEY
A pulley is simply a collection of one or more wheels over which you loop a
rope to make it easier to lift things.Pulleys are examples of what scientists
call simple machines. That doesn't mean they're packed with engines and gears; it
just means they help us multiply forces. If you want to lift a really heavy weight,
there's only so much force your muscles can supply, even if you are the world's
strongest man. But use a simple machine such as a pulley and you can effectively
multiply the force your body produces.

5.1.3.1 Types of Pulley

1. Static A static or class 1 pulley has an axle that is "staticed" or is stationary,

meaning that it cannot be moved. A fixed pulley is used to redirect the force in

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 a rope (called a belt when it goes in a full circle). A fixed pulley has
a mechanical advantage of 1. The static pulley has a wheel and an axle.
2. Movable A movable or class 2 pulley has an axle that is "free" to move
in space. A movable pulley is used to transform forces. A movable pulley has
a mechanical advantage of 2. That is, if one end of the rope is anchored,
pulling on the other end of the rope will apply a doubled force to the object
attached to the pulley.
3. Compound A compound pulley is a combination fixed and movable pulley
system.
4. Block and tackle - A block and tackle is a compound pulley where several

pulleys are mounted on each axle, further increasing the mechanical

advantage. Plutarch reported that Archimedes moved an entire warship, laden
with men, using compound pulleys and his own strength.

Pulleys are useful in construction sites.

Fig 5.3 pulley

5.1.4 Conveyor Belt

A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often
shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types
of conveyor systems. A belt conveyor system consists of two or
more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless loop of carrying
medium the conveyor belt that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are
powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The
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powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the
idler pulley. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in
general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory
and bulk material handling such as those used to transport large volumes of
resources and agriculture material as grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and
more.Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because
they are the most versatile and the least expensive.

The Product is conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular
shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully.
These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products,
which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension
adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or
through changes in elevation or direction. In certain applications they can also be
used for static accumulation or cartons. In this elevator the conveyor belt is used to
transfer the things in horizontal movement.

Fig 5.4 conveyor belt

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5.1.5 IR SENSOR

Fig. 5.5 infrared sensor

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some

aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as
well as detects the motion.These types of sensors measures only infrared
radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the
infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These
types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared
sensor.The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is
simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as
that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, The resistances
and these output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light
received.

5.1.6 4X4 MATRIX KEYPAD

A matrix keypad is the kind of keypad you see on microwave ovens, gas
pumps, and calculators. A This 4x4 matrix keypad has 16 built-in pushbutton

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contacts connected to row and column lines. So, the program has to tell it
our keypad is has 4 rows and 4 columns, which I/O pins the lines are connected
to, and what value each button represents. The rows, cols, and values arrays store
that information. There are numerous techniques depending on the
connection keypad with microcontroller, but the fundamental logic is same the
columns are made as input and drive the rows making them as output. So as to
detect which key is pressed from the matrix keypad, the row lines are to be made
low one by one and read the columns.

Fig. 5.6 4*4 matrix keypad

5.1.5 LCD DISPLAY

The liquid crystal display uses the property of light monitoring of liquid crystal
and they do not emit the light directly. The Liquid crystal display is a flat panel
display or the electronic visual display. With low information, content the LCD’ s
are obtained in the fixed image or the arbitrary image which are displayed or
hidden like present words, digits, or 7 segment display. The arbitrary images are
made up of large no of small pixels and the element has larger elements.

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 Fig 5.7 diagram of lcd display

5.1.5.1 Features of 16×2 LCD module

 Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

 Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
 Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and
numbers
 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
 Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
 Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
 It can also display any custom generated characters
 Available in Green and Blue Backlight

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Pin diagram and description of each pin have explained in the following table.

Pin No Pin Name Pin Description

This pin is a ground pin and the LCD is connected to
Pin 1 GND the Ground

Pin 2 VCC The VCC pin is used to supply the power to the LCD

This pin is used for adjusting the contrast of the LCD

Pin 3 VEE by connecting the variable resistor in between the

VCC & Ground.
The RS is known as register select and it selects the
Command/Data register. To select the command

Pin 4 RS register the RS should be equal to zero. To select

the Data register the RS should be equal to one.
This pin is used to select the operations of
Read/Write. To perform the write operations the R/W

Pin 5 R/W should be equal to zero. To perform the read

operations the R/W should be equal to one.
This is a enable signal pin if the positive pulses are

Pin 6 EN passing through a pin, then the pin function as a

read/write pin.
DB0 to
Pin 7 DB7 The pin 7 contains total 8 pins which are used as a
Data pin of LCD.
This pin is connected to VCC and it is used for the
Pin 15 LED + pin 16 to set up the glow of backlight of LCD.

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5.3 HARDWARE PHOTOS

Hardware Structure of the Elevator and the Delivery box is shown in the below
Picture..

Fig 5.8 photo copy of hardware

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 CHAPTER-6
6.1 CONCLUSION
The Biometric based Elevator System is a Secured transformation of Goods.
Through this we can save our time and Energy. The Growth of Technology in our
life is day to day improving. According to that the changes should happen for a
Need full things. Now a days security for our things is a mandatory one to avoid
from the inconvenience. While transferring the goods in industrial areas as well as
domestic ares this elevator will be a need full one. These days many of our
domestic areas are changed as a Flats and Apartments. So number of
requirement will increase depend upon the Number of houses. We can’t able to
grap the goods from the delivary boy or a Watch man in order to avoid that this
security system will be the very helpful one. Through the security code created in
the elevator the person who is getting that security code via message he or she
can only access the goods. The elevator no need to wait for the person to takeout
the goods. Instead of that the goods will be transferred to the Delivery Boxes from
that anytime the person can access the goods at anytime. The time and energy
will be saved automatically.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Our Elevator system is having the Delivery box which is fixed in left and right of
the sides of elevator. Through this we can only have two types of end users. In
future the Elevator System can be developed in to multiple amounts of delivery
boxes according to the End users. In future the access will be given to the person
who is loading the goods also.The structure of the Elevator also can be reduced
in to small. So in future this Elevator System will be needed in each Domestic and
Industrial areas.

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6.3 REFERENCES
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