12 Bonding

Reminder:
Daily Review Size: increases down a group,

decreases right across a period
Comparing Trends in the Periodic Table
Metal Reactivity: increases down a
1. Locate the elements on the periodic table. group and left across a period
2. State which element is larger, with a reason. Non-metal Reactivity: increases up
3. State which element is more reactive, with a reason a group and right across a period
2. Calcium is larger. It is
further down the group
Compare magnesium and calcium
and has more energy
in terms of their size and reactivity. levels.
3. Calcium is more
reactive. It loses
electrons more easily
since it is bigger.
Reminder:
2. Chlorine is larger. It is
further down the group
Compare fluorine and chlorine in
and has more energy
terms of their size and reactivity. levels.
3. Fluorine is more
reactive. It attracts
since it is smaller.
Reminder:
2. Nitrogen is larger. It is
closer to the left and has
Compare nitrogen and fluorine in
fewer protons to pull in
terms of their size and reactivity. the electrons.
3. Fluorine is more
reactive. It attracts
since it is smaller.
Types of Bonding
Year 10 Chemistry
Learning Objectives
Describe the three types of chemical bonding
Describe the properties of each type of chemical bond
Activate Prior Knowledge

Ionic compounds contain a metal ion and a non-metal ion.
Covalent compounds only contain non-metal elements.
Which of the compounds below are ionic and which are

covalent?
CO2 CaCl2 MgF2 NH3 CH4 FeO P2O5

CFU 1
Concept Development How does a chemical bond
form?
Types of Bonding
• Elements react with each other to obtain the same electron CFU 2
configuration as a noble gas, becoming more stable. When sulfur and oxygen
• Reactions involve the valence electrons of the elements interacting. react, what type of bond
forms?
• When the valence electrons of atoms interact, it causes atoms to join
together and a chemical bond is formed. CFU 3
What type of bonding is in
There are three bonding types: iron chloride (FeCl2)?
 Metallic bonding in substances composed of metals only
 Ionic bonding in substances composed of metals and non-metals
 Covalent bonding in substances composed of non-metals only
CFU 1
Concept Development Why are valence electrons
free to move?
Types of Bonding – Metallic bonding
• Metal atoms have a weak hold on their valence electrons. CFU 2
• The valence electrons are free to move throughout the metal What term is used to describe
without being bound to one particular atom. the shared electrons in metals?
• The electrons are ‘shared’ by the metal atoms and
are called delocalised electrons.
CFU 1
Concept Development How do valence electrons
form covalent bonds?
Types of Bonding – Covalent bonding
• Non-metal atoms bond to other non-metal CFU 2
atoms by sharing valence electrons. Why are electrons shared?
• Electrons are shared so that the valence shell of each atom is full.
CFU 3
• Hydrogen atoms have one valence electron. Carbon has four valence
electrons. How many
• Two hydrogen atoms form a bond by sharing their electrons, so hydrogen atoms does it
they both have two electrons, filling their valence energy levels. bond with to fill its valence
energy level?
• Covalent bonds are found in most small

molecules, for example water, carbon dioxide and
oxygen.
CFU 1
Concept Development What happens to the
electrons in an ionic bond?
Types of Bonding – Ionic bonding
• Ionic bonds form when a metal atom transfers its valence electrons CFU 2
to non-metal atoms. What causes the ions to
• The metal becomes positively charged and the non-metal becomes bond together?
negatively charged.
CFU 3
How are the ions arranged
in an ionic solid?
• An ionic bond forms from the electrostatic attraction between the

oppositely charged ions.
• Each ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite charge, building up
a 3-D structure called a lattice.
Skill Development / Guided Practice Summary of Bond Types Metal atom
Non-metal atom
Collect a graphic organiser from your teacher, or
rule up a page in your science book to take notes. Metallic Covalent
Electrons Electrons
You will need to take notes on: shared shared
• how each type of bond is formed
+ + + + H
• The properties of each type of bond H
+ + + + H H
• An explanation of each property
e.g. copper, e.g. water, hydrogen,
iron, zinc carbon dioxide
Ionic
Electrons transferred
- + - + e.g. sodium chloride

+ - + - (table salt)
Skill Development / Guided Practice
Properties of Metallic Bonds
• Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat. The delocalised
electrons carry a charge and are able to move through the metal.
• Metals are malleable (can be bent or reshaped). The delocalised forces

of attraction in the lattice means that when the metals are hit with
a hammer they will bend without breaking. The lattice structure can
adapt to a new shape.
• A lot of energy is required to melt metals and overcome the strong force of attraction
between the positive metal atoms and the delocalised electrons. This means that
metals have high melting and boiling points.
Properties of Covalent Bonds
• Covalent substances are neutral substances, so do not conduct electricity, even
when dissolved in water. The electrons are shared between atoms in bonds,
therefore there are no free moving charged particles, so no current flows.
• Covalent substances are brittle and break easily. When force is applied to the
solid, the weak bonds between molecules are broken and the solid shatters.
Sulfur
• The forces holding the molecules together are weak, so little energy
is required to separate them. This results in a low melting point and low
The forces between methane
boiling point for the substance. molecules are weak, so it exists
as a gas at room temperature.
In a methane molecule,
the four C – H covalent
bonds are strong.
Properties of Ionic Bonds
• Ionic compounds are brittle. When pressure is applied to the lattice, ions of like-charge
are forced to come close together. The repulsion force of like-charges is enough to break
the lattice.
• This electrostatic force of attraction is very strong between ions in the lattice, so ionic
substances generally have high melting and boiling points.
Properties of Ionic Bonds
• Ionic substances in the solid state cannot
conduct electricity. The ions are in fixed
positions, so there is no movement of
electrical charge.
• When the ionic substance is dissolved in water

or in molten form, the ions are free to move
and can conduct electricity.
Relevance
Understanding the types of bonding between atoms will help you predict how elements will
react together.
The type of bonding in a substance also determines some of the properties of the substance, for
example its electrical conductivity and its brittleness, which affect how they are used.
DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME

Pickles are stored in brine (salty water). Sodium
chloride is an ionic compound, which conducts
electricity when dissolved.
The positive sodium ions move to the electrode

at one end of the pickle (glowing yellow end)
and the negative chloride ions move to the
electrode at the other end.
The yellow colour is distinctive to sodium

(remember the flame tests)
Independent Practice Use your notes to answer the following questions.
1. Match the bond types to the correct combination of elements.
i. Metallic a) metal / non-metal
ii. Covalentb) non-metal / non-metal
iii. Ionic c) metal / metal
2. Match the bond types to the term that best describes them.
i. Metallic a) shared electrons in pairs
ii. Covalentb) electrostatic attraction between charged atoms
iii. Ionic c) delocalised shared electrons
3. Define the terms malleable, brittle and conductor.
4. In terms of bonding, explain why coal, a form of carbon, is brittle.
5. In terms of bonding, explain why copper is a good conductor of electricity.
6. In terms of bonding explain why aluminium chloride is not malleable, while aluminium metal is
malleable.
7. Explain why sodium chloride does not conduct electricity in solid form but does conduct
electricity when dissolved in water.

12 Bonding

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Reminder:

Daily Review Size: increases down a group,

Activate Prior Knowledge

Which of the compounds below are ionic and which are

CO2 CaCl2 MgF2 NH3 CH4 FeO P2O5

• Covalent bonds are found in most small

• An ionic bond forms from the electrostatic attraction between the

- + - + e.g. sodium chloride

• Metals are malleable (can be bent or reshaped). The delocalised forces

• When the ionic substance is dissolved in water

DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME

The positive sodium ions move to the electrode

The yellow colour is distinctive to sodium

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