Main Concepts and Points: Srisai Public School: Patancheru Chemistry Class X

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 3

SRISAI PUBLIC SCHOOL: PATANCHERU

CHEMISTRY CLASS X

CHAPTER 1
PERIODIC TABLE
DAY: 3 PART:3 DATE:

Main concepts and points


The elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S , Cl are called TYPICAL ELEMENTS as they summarize
the properties of the respective group to which they belong.
STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED TO FIND THE PERIOD, GROUP, METAL /
NONMETAL, VALENCY OF AN ELEMENT PRESENT IN A SHORT PERIOD.
1.Period= Number of shells.
2.Group = Number of valence electrons.
3.Metal / Nonmetal = If the number of valence electrons are 1,2,3 the element is metal. Metals
lose electrons and form positively charged cations.
If the number of valence electrons are 4, 5, 6, 7 the element is nonmetal.
4. Valency = If the element is metal, its valency is equal to number of valence electrons.
If the element is nonmetal, its valency is equal to 8 - number of valence electrons.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
1.The properties of elements which are directly or indirectly related to their electronic
configuration and show a regular gradation as we move across a period or down in a group
are called Periodic properties.
2. The important periodic properties are;
i) Atomic Size
ii)Metallic character.
iii) Nonmetallic character.
iv) Ionisation potential.
v) Electron affinity
vi)Electronegativity
Atomic size
1.Also known as atomic radius.
2. The distance between the center of the nucleus of an atom and its outermost shell.
3.It is also defined “Half the inter nucleus distance between the combined atoms in a
molecule.”
4. Unit: Angstrom 1 Ao = 10 – 10 m
Picometre = 1pm = 10 – 12 m
5.Atomic size depends on Number of shells and nuclear charge.
6. An increase in number of shells increases the distance between the nucleus and the
outermost orbit, so an increase in number of shells increase the atomic size.
7. An increase in nuclear charge decreases the atomic size. As the nuclear charge increases
the force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons present in the outermost orbit
increases. The outermost orbit comes closer to the nucleus. This makes the atomic size to
decrease on increasing the nuclear charge.

Trends in atomic size on moving down in a Group:


1.On moving from top to bottom in a group size of the atom increases.
Reason: On moving down in a group each successive element is added with an extra shell
and so the distance between the nucleus and the outermost orbit increases. The atomic
number increases i.e., the nuclear charge increases but is overcome by the addition of
the extra shell.
Example: In group 1 hydrogen is the smallest and caesium is the largest in size.
In group 17 Fluorine is the smallest and Iodine is the largest in size.
Trends in atomic size on moving from left to right in a Period:
1.On moving across a period the atomic size decrease.
2.Reason: On moving across a period all the elements have same number of shells. The atomic
number increases i.e., the nuclear charge increases. Number of valence electrons
increases. The force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron
increases. So, the nucleus pulls the valence electrons towards it. The outermost orbit
comes closer and closer to the nucleus leading to the decrease in atomic size.
3. On moving across a period the alkali metal has the largest and the halogen has the smallest
atomic size.
4.Inert gases are the last element present in a period, but their atomic size is bigger than
halogen.
5.Reason: The inert gases have the maximum number of electrons in their outermost orbit
thus the electronic repulsions are maximum. The nuclear pull over the valence electrons
is the least. So, the atomic size of inert gases is larger than halogens but not bigger than
the alkali metals present in the same period.
6.Cation is smaller than its parent atom.
Reason: Cations are formed by the loss of electrons. The number of positively charged
protons in the nucleus are more than the negatively charged electrons. The nucleus
pulls the electrons with greater force and size of the cation becomes smaller when
compared to its parent atom.
7.Anions are larger than their respective parent atoms.
Reason: Anions are formed by gaining of electrons. The number of electrons is more than
the number of protons. The outermost orbit experiences less inward pull. So, the size
of the anions is larger than their respective parent atoms.

You might also like