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    Philippines in The 19th Century

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    BALAURO, JESSA MAE M.
    The Philippines was formally organized as a Spanish colony in 1565, with Manila selected as the capital. For over 300 years until 1898, the Philippines was ruled as a Spanish crown colony, first administered through Mexico and later directly from Madrid. The colonial administration established a centralized government and divided the country into local provinces ruled by governors. While this political unity had economic benefits, the population faced exploitation. Education was controlled by the Catholic friars and emphasized religion over science. By the late 19th century, exposure to foreign trade stimulated the economy but also the rise of Filipino nationalism seeking independence.

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    Philippines in The 19th Century

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    BALAURO, JESSA MAE M.
    136 views41 pages
    The Philippines was formally organized as a Spanish colony in 1565, with Manila selected as the capital. For over 300 years until 1898, the Philippines was ruled as a Spanish crown colony, first administered through Mexico and later directly from Madrid. The colonial administration established a centralized government and divided the country into local provinces ruled by governors. While this political unity had economic benefits, the population faced exploitation. Education was controlled by the Catholic friars and emphasized religion over science. By the late 19th century, exposure to foreign trade stimulated the economy but also the rise of Filipino nationalism seeking independence.

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    Philippines in the 19th Century

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    The Philippines was formally organized as a Spanish colony in 1565, with Manila selected as the capital. For over 300 years until 1898, the Philippines was ruled as a Spanish crown colony, first administered through Mexico and later directly from Madrid. The colonial administration established a centralized government and divided the country into local provinces ruled by governors. While this political unity had economic benefits, the population faced exploitation. Education was controlled by the Catholic friars and emphasized religion over science. By the late 19th century, exposure to foreign trade stimulated the economy but also the rise of Filipino nationalism seeking independence.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    136 views41 pages

    Philippines in The 19th Century

    Uploaded by

    BALAURO, JESSA MAE M.
    The Philippines was formally organized as a Spanish colony in 1565, with Manila selected as the capital. For over 300 years until 1898, the Philippines was ruled as a Spanish crown colony, first administered through Mexico and later directly from Madrid. The colonial administration established a centralized government and divided the country into local provinces ruled by governors. While this political unity had economic benefits, the population faced exploitation. Education was controlled by the Catholic friars and emphasized religion over science. By the late 19th century, exposure to foreign trade stimulated the economy but also the rise of Filipino nationalism seeking independence.

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    Philippines in the 19th

    Century
    Introduction
    • The Philippines was not formally organized as a Spanish
    colony until 1565 when Phillip II appointed Miguel Lopez de
    Legazpi the first governor general. Legazpi selected manila for
    the capital of the colony in 1571 because for it's fine natural
    harbour in the rich lands surrounding the city that could supply
    it with produce.
    • The coronation brought great change in the political economic
    and cultural life of the people..
    Change brought by Spanish colonizers

    • The foremost aim of Spanish colonization was to spread


    Christianity
    • The second name of the Spanish colonizer was economic wealth
    • The third aim of Spanish colonization was political Gradeur
    Colonial administration
    Colonial administration
    For over 333 years , the Philippines was a crown colony of
    Spain. Until 1821 when the Mexican revolted and one
    independence from Spain, the Philippines was a dependency
    of Mexico being administered by the Viceroy in the name of
    the king. From 1821 to 1898 the country was distinct
    government until under the direct control of the home
    government in Madrid. The king issued cedulas for the
    administration of the colony and appointed a governor,
    member of the royal audiencia and other high officials.
    CEDULA
    - 1920
    ENCOMIENDA
    • It's come from the Spanish word Encomendar which
    means to " to entrust“.

    • The earliest political systems used during the Conquista


    period was encomienda system.

    • Under the encomienda system, the native inhabitants in


    a given geographic region where entrusted to an
    Encomenderi or trustee as a reward for his service to
    the Spanish crown
    The Early Filipino Social Structure
    FILIPINO

    Highest Class Middle Class Lowest Class

    • Spanish Officials • Natives


    • Peninsulares Indios
    • Mestizoz
    • Friars
    THE HIGHEST CLASS
    • These are the people who have the power and authority to rule over
    the Filipinos.
    They enjoyed their position and do whatever they want
    1.The Spanish Officials
    2.The Peninsulares ( Spanish who were born in Spanish .
    They held the most important government, jobs , and made up the
    smallest number of the population.
    3.The Friars are member of any certain religious order of men
    Middle Class
    These are the
    • Native or the pure Filipino
    • Mistezoz or the Filipino of mixed Idigenous
    Filipino Or Europen or Chinese ancestry
    Three types of mestizos
    Person Of Mixed Chinese and Filipino
    Mestizos de Sangley ancestry

    Person Of mixed Spanish and Filipino


    Mestizos de Espanola
    Ancestry

    Tomatras Person of mixed Spanish, Filipino, Chinese


    ancestry
    The Lowest Class
    • This includes Filipino Only
    • They are the Native or pure Filipinos
    • The indios are the poor people having pure
    blood Filipino which ruled by the Spanish
    The political system
    of the Philippines in
    19th century
    The Philippine in the nineteenth century
    was under the one central government
    established by the Spain. For the first
    time in history in the country was
    become united as one nation and call
    Pilipinas.
    Central government under Spain
    Since is Spain was from the country the Spanish
    king ruled the islands through the viceroy of
    Mexico, which was the another Spanish colony.
    King of Spanish

    Viceroy of Mexico

    Phillippines
    Central government under Spain
    When Mexico regained it's freedom in 1821, the
    Spanish king ruled the Philippines through governor
    general. King of Spain Governor general Philippines.
    King of spain

    Governor general

    Philippines
    Governor general
    The king's representative and the highest ranking official in
    the Philippines. He had great powers. He had the power to
    appoint and dismiss public officials accept this personal
    choice by the king. He was the commander in chief of the
    colonial armed forces.

    He was also the president of the royal audiencia


    ( Like the chief justice of the supreme court today )

    The first one was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the last was
    Diego De los Rios
    Governor general
    The governor general and other government officials has
    so much power that is was commonly abused. Investigate
    the abuses there were bodies create.

    1. Presidential
    2. Visitador General
    3. Royal Audiencia
    Residencia
    This was a special judicial court that
    investigate the performance of a governor
    general who was about to be replaced. The
    residencia of which the incoming governor-
    general was usually a member submitted a
    report of it's finding to the king.
    Visitador general
    The council of the indies in Spain sent a
    government officials called the Visitador general
    to observe the conditions of the colony.
    The Visitador general reported his finding directly
    to the king
    Jose de Galvez become one of the Visitador
    general here in the Philippines.
    Royal audiencia
    Considered to be the highest court in the land during the Spanish
    regime.
    Serve as a advisory body to the governor-general and had the
    power to check and report his abuses. Audencia also audited in
    the expenditures of the colonial government and send an annual
    report to the Spain.
    The Archbishop and other government official could also report
    the abuses of the colonial government .
    Local government: Provincial
    Acadia Corregimiento

    Alcalde Mayor Corregidor

    Through they were less paid. They were given a privilege such as the
    INDULTO DE COMERCIO or the right to participate in the Galleon
    Trade
    Local government provincial
    • The ALCALDIA led by the alcalde mayor govern
    the province .Their duties are
    1.Represent the Spanish king in the governor general
    2. 2. Manage the day-to-day operation of the
    provincial government
    3.3. Implement the laws and supervise the collection
    of taxes
    The Corregimiento,
    • Led by the Corregidor govern the province that
    we're not entirely under Spanish control.

    Example of Philippine Corregimiento;


    Provinces are Bataan and Mindoro
    Local government: City
    Larger town become city is called
    AYUNTAMIENTO. It become the center of the trade
    industry. They had a city council called the cabillo
    which composed of the following ;

    1. Alcalde ( Mayor )
    2. 2. Regidores ( Councillors)
    3. 3. Alguacil ( Police Chief )
    4. 4. Escribando ( Secretary)
    Local government: Municipal
    Each province was divided into several town or Pablos headed
    by the GOBERNADORCOLLOS ( Little Governor)
    The main duties are efficient governance in tax collector.
    There are four Lieutenant aided the Gobernadorcillo
    1. Teniente Mayor ( Chief Lieutenant )
    2. 2. Teniente de Policia ( Police Lieutenant)
    3. 3. Teniente de Sementeras ( Lieutenant of the Fields )
    4. 4. Teniente de Ganados ( Lieutenant of the Livestock)
    Gobernadorcillo
    They had a small salaries but where expected from paying taxes

    Cabeza de barangay
    Serve as the barrio administrator or barangay captain Responsible for
    the peace and order of the barrio and recruited men for public works
    Educational System
    There are lots of criticisms received in the educational system of the Philippines in the late
    19th century. Below are the following:

    Overemphasis on religious matters


    •          The power of religious orders remained one of the great constants, over the centuries, of
    Spanish colonial rule. The friars of the Augustinian, Dominican, and Franciscan orders conducted
    many of the executive and control functions of government on the local level. They were
    responsible for education and health measures. These missionaries emphasized the teachings of the
    Catholic religion starting from the primary level to the tertiary level of education.
    2. Obsolete teaching methods
    • Their methods are outdated.
    3. Limited curriculum
    •           The students in the primary level were taught the Christian Doctrines, the reading of Spanish
    books and a little of the natives’ language. Science and Mathematics were not very much taught to
    the students even in the universities. Aside from the Christian Doctrines taught, Latin was also
    taught to the students instead of Spanish.
    4. Poor classroom facilities
    5. Absence of teaching materials
    6. Primary education was neglected
    7. Absence of academic freedom
    •          The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s educational system
    was extended to the schools that Spaniards established in the
    Philippines. Learning in every level was largely by rote. Students
    memorized and repeated the contents of book which they did not
    understand. In most cases knowledge was measured in the ability of the
    students to memorize, largely hampering intellectual progress.
    8. Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning
    •          In entirety, education during the Spanish regime was privileged only to
    Spanish students. The supposed Philippine education was only a means to
    remain in the Philippines as colonizers. For this reason, the Filipinos became
    followers to the Spaniards in their own country. Even auspicious Filipinos
    became cronies, to the extent that even their life styles were patterned from
    the Spaniards.
    9. Friar control over the system
    •          The friars controlled the educational system during the Spanish times.
    They owned different schools, ranging from the primary level to the tertiary
    levels of education. The missionaries took charge in teaching, controlling and
    maintaining the rules and regulations imposed to the students.
    Economic Development and the Rise
    of Filipino Nationalism
    The country was opened to foreign trade at the end of the 18th century which
    resulted in the rapid rise of foreign firms in Manila. This stimulated
    agricultural production and export of sugar, rice hemp and tobacco. The
    number of families which prospered from foreign commerce and trade were
    able to send their sons for an education in Europe. Filipinos who were
    educated abroad were able to absorb the intellectual development in Europe
    Factors Contributed to the Development of Filipino
    Nationalism:

    •Opening of the Philippines to International Trade and the Rise of the Middle Class
     Manila was opened to foreign trade which brought prosperity to the Filipinos
    and Chinese mestizo resulting to the existence of middle class.
    •Influx of European Liberalism
    Ideas of the enlightened philosophers like John Locke and Jean Jacques
    Rosseau, masonry and the French Revolution reached the Philippines.
    Liberty, religious freedom, democracy, human rights such as suffrage, freedom
    of speech, press and form associations and assemblies.
    Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869

    Connects Mediterranean and red sea;


    shortened distance between Europe and
    Orient
       
    Results:
    (a) Philippines became closer to Europe and
    Spain
    (b) (b) encouraged European travelers to come to
    our country
    (c) (c) exodus of literal ideas from Europe to the
    Philippines (d) more educated and young
    Filipinos were able to study abroad
    Spanish Revolution of 1868 and the
    Liberal Regime of  Carlos Maria Dela
    Torre(1869-1871
    Glorious September Revolution of 1868: Queen
    Isabela II was overthrown resulting to the rise of
    liberalism in Spain. Generals Juan Prim and Francisco
    Serrano appointed dela Torre as the governor-general
    in the Philippines (true democrat). Most liberal
    governor-general walked the streets in civilian clothes
    and dismissed his alabaderos (halberdiers) – the
    governor’s security guards – and went unescorted.
    •Accomplishments:

    (1) abolished censorship of the press and allowed unlimited discussions of political problems and
    proclaimed freedom of speech
    (2) abolished flogging as a punishment
    (3) curtailed abuses particularly the tribute and the polo
    (4) allowed secular priests to be assigned to vacant parishes or seminaries and created an office
    which would prevent abuses by members of the regular religious orders
    (5) reformed the Royal Audiencia to bring about speedier administration of justice
    (6) decreed educational reforms, ordered the setting up of medical, pharmacy, and vocational
    schools
    (7) created the Council of the Philippines on December 4, 1870 which was a consultative body to
    study Philippine problems and propose solutions to them
    •Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the Execution of
    GomBurZa (February 17, 1872)

    •      Monarchy was restored in Spain (Prince Amadeo of Savoy, son of Victor Emmanuel I)
    ascended the throne in 1870.

    •      April 4, 1871: Isquierdo became the governor-general; “with crucifix in one hand and a
    sword in the other” restored press censorship (b) prohibited all talk on political matters and
    secularization of the parishes (c) disapproved the establishment of arts and trades in Manila (d)
    dismissed natives and mestizos in the civil and military service.
    →Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872)
      About 200 Filipino soldiers and workers
    in Fort San Felipe mutinied, under the
    leadership of Sgt La Madrid; caused by
    Izquierdo’s abolition of the exemption of
    the Filipino workers from polo and paying
    tributes; mutineers were able to kill the fort
    commander and some soldiers; mutiny
    leaders and participants were arrested and
    shot to death
     
    GomBurZa (fought for the Filipinization of parishes and champions of
    liberalism and humanitarianism)

       They were charged of sedition and rebellion


    due to the false testimony of Francisco Zaldua
    (former Bicolano soldier and was bribed by the
    Spanish prosecutors to implicate them as the
    masterminds of the mutiny). Military Court:
    three priests guilty and sentenced them to die by
    garrote.
    Originally, Rizal’s plan was to take up priesthood and
    become a Jesuit father. When he heard of the
    martyrdom of GomBurZa, he changed his mind and
    swore to dedicate his life to vindicate the victims of
    Spanish oppression.

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