ST.

JOHN COLLEGES
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

VOLCANOES

Prepared by:
Ms. Sunshine B. San Diego
 What is Volcanologist?
• They are scientist that study
volcanic activity. They analyze
the grounds vibrations with
seismometers/seismographs
and other equipment, looking
for warning signs, such as
ground bulging and cracking
and increased frequency of
earthquakes.
What is volcano? It is a vent or an
opening on Earth’s surface
from which materials such
as hot lava and volcanic
gases escape from within
the planet. Movements of
the land surface, as well as
those of the hot materials
from the mantle and core,
contribute to the formation
of volcanoes.
Mt. Mayon
THE FORMATION
AND PARTS OF
VOLCANOES
• A volcano forms when magma,
molten rock from the Earth’s
interior, is forced to the surface of
the earth because of tectonic
activity underneath it. Volcanoes
are often classified as mountains,
hills or craters that eject materials
like lava and tephra (airbone ash
and dust) when they explode.
Lava is the name of given to
magma that has erupted out of
the volcano’s opening.
• Of the 1500 active volcanoes on Earth, 23 are
located in the Philippines (PHIVOLCS, 2018).
The Philippines belongs to the Pacific Ring of
Fire, an area in the Pacific ocean where most of
the active volcanoes are located. Volcanic activity
happens when crustal plates diverge, converge
or move past each other over Earth’s mantle,
forming volcanoes on the surface. The crustal
plates that float in the asthenosphere and
lithosphere experience activity.
• In a mid-oceanic ridge,
the floor mountainous
region of the ocean floor,
volcanoes from diverging
plates, or tectonic plates
moving away from each
other. On the other hand,
volcanoes in the Pacific
Ring of Fire usually result
from converging plates,
which are tectonic plates Convergence of Oceanic and Continental
Lithosphere along the Pacific Ring of Fire
that collide with each
other.
• When the plates beneath Earth’s crust
diverge, converge or overlap their movement
produces friction resulting in a high
temperature that melts the crust and
creates magma. Overtime, the
accumulation of magma beneath the
surface generates a great amount of
pressure that causes magma to escape into
the cracks and fissures in Earth’s surface.
When this occurs, a volcano erupts.
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
PARTS:
1. MAGMA CHAMBER - It is the storage of magma, the molten
rock found about 5 km below Earth’s crust. The formation of
a magma chamber requires the right temperature and a
great amount of pressure. When the surrounding rocks of
the chamber break, magma rises to the surface through a
volcanic eruption.
2. MAIN VENT OR CONDUIT - This is the pipe or channel in
which moves up above Earth’s crust. It is connected to the
magma chamber and can be several kilometers long. Lava is
ejected through the main vent during a volcanic eruption.
Once a volcano erupts, the lava may cool over the conduit,
creating a plug.
3. THROAT
- It is the uppermost part of the main vent where the
entrance of the volcano is located and lava is ejected.

4. SECONDARY VENT AND CONE

-This vent is found in larger volcanoes that need more than
one vent as a passageway for magma. Secondary vents
pose danger because lava flow can start flowing in a
different direction on the flank or the sides of the volcano,
instead of erupting at the top.
5. CRATER
- It is formed around the main vent
where volcanic materials, like lava, ash, and
rocks come out during volcanic eruption.
Volcanoes with secondary vents have craters
found on the sides of the volcano. When the
summit crater is filled with water, a crater is
lake is often formed.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
1.ACTIVE VOLCANOES
- It is one that has erupted at least once
since the last Ice age, or in the last 10, 000
years and is expected to erupt again in the
future.
- Active volcanoes are often regarded as the
most dangerous type. Based on the most
recent finding of the United States
Geological Survey, there are about 1500
active volcanoes in the world today.
• In the Philippines, around
23 volcanoes are considered
active, one of them is Mayon
Volcano.
• Mayon is the most active
volcano in the country. It is
found in Albay, Bicol. Its
most recent volcanic activity
was recorded last January
22, 2018, when it started to
spew lava and ash after
several months of silence.
What is a Hotspot?
• It is an area in Earth’s mantle where
magma is generated and causes
volcanic activity.
• Big Island of Hawaii contains five active
volcanoes: Mauna Kea, Hualalai,
Mauna Loa, Loihi, and Kilauea.
• Mount Kilauea is one of the most active
among the five volcanoes in Hawaiian
Islands.
2. DORMANT VOLCANO
- It is a volcano that has the capacity
to erupt but has not erupted in the
10, 000 years. This does not
necessarily mean, however, that it
will not erupt again.
- Mount Pinatubo, prior to its
catalysmic VEI 5 eruption in 1991,
had no historical record of
eruption. It unforeseen explosion
caused the destruction of
thousands of homes and the
demise of about 800 casualties.
3. EXTINCT VOLCANO
- It is an active volcano that has not erupted over
the last 10, 000 years and is not expected to
erupt in the future.
- Mount Malinao and Mount Masaraga, both
located in Albay, are two extinct stratovolcanoes
that have no recorded historical eruptions in the
last 10, 000 years. With Mt. Mayon, these
volcanic mountains make up the “Magayan
Trio”.
• Mount Vesuvius in Italy
erupted suddenly in 79 • On the other
A.D. destroying the towns hand,the
of Herculaneum and Soufriere
Pompeii. Hills volcano
on the
islands of
Montserrat in
the Carribean
resumed
activity only
in 1995.
 TYPES OF
VOLCANOES
ACCORDING TO
SHAPE AND
EXPLOSIVENESS
 According to World Atlas, the
planet’s surface is broken into micro,
minor, and major tectonic plates which
move in relation to one another. The
plates “float” on the layer in Earth’s
mantle called asthenosphere. When
that hot and viscous layer melts
because of tectonic activity, it produces
magma.
1. SHIELD VOLCANOES
-They are low mountains with broad
sloping sides, formed by flowing lava. The
lava flows in all directions from the central
vent, creating a seemingly flattered cone
with a domical summit similar to that of a
hill. The accumulation of erupted lava
spread across the great distances, forming
a thin, a dipping sheet on the surface.
• Shield cone
volcanoes are some
of the largest
volcanoes in the
world.
• The largest shield
cone volcano in the
world is Mauna
Loa in Hawaii,
standing 13, 677
feet or about 4 168
meters sea level.
SUMMIT CALDERAS
• They are volcanic
craters that are
formed by an
explosive eruption
or a collapsed peak
surface because of
an empty magma
chamber.
2.CINDER VOLCANOES
• The simplest type of volcanoes are the
cinder cone volcanoes. These are
steep conical hills of volcanic debris
formed by particles and blobs of
erupted lava. When a cinder cone
volcano explodes, a gas-filled lava
flows up into the air and breaks into
small fragments that gather at the
vent, forming a circular oval cone.
• In the
Philippines, there is
the Smith Volcano
on the western part
of the Babuyan
Island.
• Smith is the youngest
cinder cone volcano
found in Babuyan
Island. Its last
eruption was in 1924.
3. COMPOSITE
VOLCANO/STRATOVOLCANO
• Composite volcanoes also called
stratovolcanoes, are made of alternating
layers of volcanic debris, lava flows, and
cinders that run down steep, symmetrical
flanks. A stratovolcano rises up to 8000
feet or 2 438 meters above the
surroundings. It is usally formed by the
accumulation of erupted volcanic
materials in its slope.
• The dormancy of composite
volcanoes is the beginning
of its destruction. When
magma hardens, it plugs
the conduit system and
strips away the fissures on
the flanks, making it prone
to erosion.
• An example of a dormant
composite volcano is Mt.
Mazama in Oregan, United
States.
MT. FUJI
MT. COTOPAXI IN ECUADOR
MT. ST. HELENS IN THE USA
MT. MAYON IN THE PHILIPPINES’
MOUNT BULUSAN IN SORSOGON
MOUNT HIBOK-HIBOK IN
CAMIGUIN
TYPES OF VOLCANOES ACCORDING TO
SHAPE AND EXPLOSIVENESS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
WHAT IS VOLCANIC
ERUPTION?
A volcanic eruption is when
lava and gas are released from
a volcano—sometimes
explosively.
 Volcanic eruptions occur
when magma is pushed out of
the crater or the flanks of
volcanoes and released to the
surface of Earth. Magma is a
mixture of molten rock,
crystal, and dissolved gas.
 The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) measures the height of materials ejected
from inside the planet to Earth’s surface, the volume of ejected materials, and the
duration of the eruption.
 TYPES OF MAGMA
1. Basaltic or Mafic
- It is a dark-colored mafic
volcanic rock formed from
dried up iron-filled and
magnesium-filled lava.
Basaltic magma is rich in
iron, magnesium, and
calcium but low in potassium
and sodium. It is classified as
MAFIC.
What is Viscosity?
-It is a property that
determines the
intensity of lava
eruption. Fluids
with high viscosity
flow less easily than
fluids with low
viscosity.
2. Andesitic or Intermediate

- Andesitic magma contains

an intermediate percentage of
iron, magnesium, calcium,
potassium, and sodium. It
has 10% more silicates in its
composition, making it more
viscous than basaltic magma.
3. Rhyolitic or Felsic
• Rhyolitic or Felsic Magma
has the highest amount of
silicates and gas content, as
well as the highest viscosity
among all types of magma. It
also has highest amounts of
sodium and potassium but
lower amounts of iron,
magnesium, calcium.
• Basaltic magma has low viscosity but is 10,
000-100, 000 times more viscous than
water, while rhyolitic magma is said to be a
million times more viscous than water. On
the other hand, andesitic magma has an
intermediate viscosity among the 3 types.
• If magma has low viscosity, the gases
expand slowly. As magma reaches the
surface of Earth, the gas bubbles burst and
an effusive or non-explosive eruption
occurs with the lava flow.
• When the magma has high
viscosity, the gases expand
slowly. Hence, the pressure
builds up within the gas
bubbles. As magma is forced
into the crater, the pressurized
gas bubbles erupt explosively,
resulting in the production of
pyroclastic materials.
• When volcanoes erupt, they spew
different types of materials that
spread into the atmosphere and flow
along the ground, The magma that
reaches the surface of Earth is a
combination of hot gases, dust,
cinders, and rocks. These materials
are categorized into two types- lava
flows and pyroclastic materials.
LAVA FLOWS
• Lava flows are glowing streams of erupted
magma that move along the land surface
slowly after being ejected non violently from
the opening of a volcano. These outpourings
of lava that appear like thick flowing sheets of
fire. In oceans, underwater eruptions from
submarine volcanoes result in the formation
of pillow lava.
Lava Flow at the Big Island of
Hawaii Pillow Lava
 The following are some of the materials that are contained in lava flow:

1. Aa is Hawaiian term
pronounced as “ah-
ah” . It is a type of lava
that has a rough,
rubbly or spiky texture.
The thick aa lava flow
encases a somewhat
dense interior.
2. Pahoehoe is
pronounced as “pah-
hoy-hoy” in Hawaiian.
It is a smooth and
fluid lava flow. In
solidified form, it
often has a billowy or
ropy surface.
3. Blocks are fragments
of lava or rocks that
are larger than 64 mm.
They form because of
the splitting or
breaking of viscous
lava flow surfaces.
These are also
considered pyroclastic.
Pyroclastic Materials
-consists mainly of volcanic ash, gas, and
gravel.

(a) Lapilli ; (b) Pumice; (c) Scoria

The following are examples of pyroclastic
materials:
1. Agglutinates
2. Volcanic Ash
3. Bombs
4. Cinders
5. Lapilli
6. Pumice
7. Scoria
1. Agglutinates are
2. Volcanic Ash
accumulations of are tiny lava
scoria, cinders, and particles that
pumice fragments that explode into the
are partially fused atmosphere
together to form a
cohesive mass.
when a volcano
Individual pyroclast erupts.
maintain a high
enough temperature to
meld into agglutinates.
3. Bombs are partially 4. Cinders are
molten fragments of vesicular fragments
lava that are larger of lava which are at
than 64mm. Volcanic least 1 centimeter in
eruptions blast them size.
into the atmosphere
as partly solid and
partly liquid
materials.
5. Lapilli are lava 6. Pumice is a frothy,
rocks or fragments, vesicular, pea-sized lumps
ranging from 2 to 64 of rocks composed of light-
colored volcanic minerals
mm in size. that are intermediate or
felsic in nature. They are
formed through the
expansion of gas during the
eruption of lava, thus, they
contain gas bubbles that
enable them to float on
water.
7. Scoria are vesicular volcanic rocks that
are commonly dark or reddish in color
and are mafic in composition.
ENERGY FROM
VOLCANOES
WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?
It is the energy from
the internal heat of the
planet. Such energy can
be obtained only from
places that generate
great heat; thus,
volcanoes have also
become sources of
geothermal energy.
• These are four main sources of geothermal energy-
magma, hydrothermal heat, geopressure oil, and
enhanced geothermal system that uses hot dry rocks.
1. Hydrothermal energy comes from both water and heat.
It is generated in areas where magma flows close to the
crustal surface, heating up the groundwater trapped in
the crevices of rocks and soil. It can also occur naturally
in water streaming near fault lines. Hydrothermal energy
is the most accessible type of geothermal resource. There
are different uses of hydrothermal energy, depending on
their temperature and their depth underneath the
ground.
a. Low-temperature b. High-temperature
geothermal energy is often
used for direct heating. geothermal energy is
Pockets of heat that are 150 generated by using
Degree Celsius and less can underground water with
be found a few meters below
the ground and be utilized for a minimum temperature
heating buildingsm of about 160 Degree
greenhouses, fishponds, and Celsius
industrial structures. Water
from hot springs are another
example of hydrothermal
resource; such is applied in
some places across the globe,
like in Kyushu, Japan.
 There are 2 major types of hydrothermal
sources used in generating electricilty -dry
steam resorvoirs and hot water resorvoirs.
• DRY STEAM RESERVOIRS and power
plants obtain geothermal energy from
natural underground sources of steam.
- The steam is derived from drilled wells that
are approximately 2000 to 3000 meters
deep beneath the surface. It is a piped
2. Hot Water reservoirs provide
geothermal energy through flash steam
power plants. As in dry steam
reservoirs, water with temperature of at
least 182 Degree Celsius is obtained
from drilled wells and piped into a low-
pressure container for saturation.
C. Hydrothermal Energy
It can also be obtained
through geothermal heat Geothermal slinky loops
pumps or GHPs. These are used to heat
GHPs consists of a looped buildings, fisheries, and
pipe system known as landscapes. Either heated
“slinky loop”, which water on a liquid called
connects pipelines above glycerol travels within
the ground to pipelines pipe loop and uses heat
installed 3 to 90 meters from underground to
deep beneath the surface. generate energy.
2. Geopressured Energy
• Comes from the geopressured resources wherein
layers of rock and soil pile up on top of an
impermeable rock or land surface. The pile of
rocks traps geothermal reservoirs below the
ground and increases the amount of pressure
within them.
• Co-produced geothermal energy is a man made
energy source that helps reduce greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.
3. Enhanced geothermal system is a
geothermal energy from hot dry rocks
in areas where is a steam or hot water
is not readily available. This system
applies drilling, fracturing, and
injection of water underground in order
to increase fluidity and permeability in
a hot but dry area.
4. Magma
As a geothermal source, is still being studied and
developed by a scientist today. In iceland,
researchers have been able to plant a 4.8 km
geothermal well in a volcanic site. This penetrates
deep enough to tap into water as hot as magma.
As opposed to the geothermal energy that
normally comes from the steam of earth-heated
water, volcanic geothermal energy is derived from
the substance known as supercritical water,
which results from a combination of molten rock
and water.
THANK YOU!