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    Lab Manual

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    Sitaramgv Venkata
    This document outlines various soil mechanics laboratory tests for determining properties of soils, including water content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, engineering soil classification, permeability, compaction, unit weight, direct shear strength, unconfined compression strength, and consolidation. The section on determining water content describes how to calculate the water content of a soil sample by measuring the mass of the moist soil, drying it, and determining the mass of water.

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    Lab Manual

    Uploaded by

    Sitaramgv Venkata
    62 views6 pages
    This document outlines various soil mechanics laboratory tests for determining properties of soils, including water content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, engineering soil classification, permeability, compaction, unit weight, direct shear strength, unconfined compression strength, and consolidation. The section on determining water content describes how to calculate the water content of a soil sample by measuring the mass of the moist soil, drying it, and determining the mass of water.

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    This document outlines various soil mechanics laboratory tests for determining properties of soils, including water content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, engineering soil classification, permeability, compaction, unit weight, direct shear strength, unconfined compression strength, and consolidation. The section on determining water content describes how to calculate the water content of a soil sample by measuring the mass of the moist soil, drying it, and determining the mass of water.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    62 views6 pages

    Lab Manual

    Uploaded by

    Sitaramgv Venkata
    This document outlines various soil mechanics laboratory tests for determining properties of soils, including water content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, engineering soil classification, permeability, compaction, unit weight, direct shear strength, unconfined compression strength, and consolidation. The section on determining water content describes how to calculate the water content of a soil sample by measuring the mass of the moist soil, drying it, and determining the mass of water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

    MANUAL













    Determination of Water Content
    Specific Gravity
    Sieve Analysis
    Hydrometer Analysis
    Liquid Limit Test
    Plastic Limit Test
    Shrinkage Limit Test
    Engineering Classification of Soils
    Constant Head Permeability Test in Sand
    Falling Head Permeability Test in Sand
    Standard Proctor Compaction Test
    Modified Proctor Compaction Test
    Determination of Field Unit Weight of Compaction by Sand Cone
    Method
    Direct Shear Test on Sand
    Unconfined Compression Test
    Consolidation Test
    Triaxial Tests in Clay




    Determination of Water Content
    Water content is defined as ,


    Water content is usually expressed in percent.
    Minimum Size of Moist Soil Samples to Determine Water Content
    Max. Particle size in the soil
    (mm)
    US Sieve No. Minimum mass of soil sample
    (gm)
    0.425 40 20
    2 10 50
    4.75 4 100
    9.5 3/8 in 500
    19.0 in 2500
    These above values are consistent with ASTM Test Designation D-2216.

    Equipment
    1. Moisture can(s)
    Moisture cans are available in various sizes
    2-in. (50.8 mm) diameter and 7/8 in. (22.2 mm) high,
    3.5-in (88.9 mm) diameter and 2 in. (50.8 mm) high.

    2. Oven with temperature control.
    For drying, the temperature of oven is generally kept between 105C to 110C.
    A higher temperature should be avoided to prevent the burning of organic matter
    in the soil.

    3. Balance.
    The balance should have a readability of 0.01 g for specimens having a mass of
    200 g or less.
    If the specimen has a mass of over 200 g, the readability should be 0.1 g.





    weight of water present in a given soil mass
    weight of dry soil
    w
    Procedure
    Determine the mass (g) of the empty moisture can plus its
    cap (W1) and also record the number.
    Place a sample of representative moist soil in the can.
    Close the can with its cap to avoid loss of moisture.
    Determine the combined mass (g) of the closed can and
    moist soil (W2).
    Remove the cap from the top of the can and place it on the
    bottom (of the can)
    Put the can (Step 4) in the oven to dry the soil to a constant
    weight. In most cases, 24 hours of drying is enough.
    Determine the combined mass (g) of the dry soil sample
    plus the can and its cap (W3)
    Calculation
    Calculate the mass of moisture = W2 - W3
    Calculate the mass of dry soil = W3 W1
    Calculate the water content = w % = [(W2-W3)*100]/(W3-W1)










    Determination of Water Content
    Description of soil: Brown Silty Clay Sample No. 4
    Location :
    Tested By : Date :
    Item Test No
    1 2 3
    Can No.
    42 31 54
    Mass of can, W1,gm
    17.31 18.92 16.07
    Mass of can + wet soil, W2 (g)
    43.52 52.19 39.43
    Mass of can + dry soil,. W3 (g)
    39.86 47.61 36.13
    Mass of moisture, W2 - W3 (g)
    3.66 4.58 3.30
    Mass of dry soil, W3 - WI (g)
    22.55 28.69 20.06
    Moisture content, w(%) =
    [(W2-W3)*100]/(W3-W1)
    16.2 16 16.5

    Average moisture content, w
    16.2%
    General Comments
    a. Most natural soils, which are sandy and gravelly in nature, may have water contents up to about - 15 to 20%.
    In natural fine-grained (silty or clayey) soils, water contents up to about - 50 to 80% can be found.
    However, peat and highly organic soils with water contents up to about 500% are not uncommon.
    Typical values of water content for various types of natural soils in a saturated state are shown in Table 2-3.

    b. Some organic soils may decompose during oven drying at 110C. An oven drying temperature of 110 may be
    too high for soils containing gypsum, as this material slowly dehydrates. According to ASTM, a drying
    temperature of 60C is more appropriate for such soils.

    c. Cooling the dry soil after oven drying (Step 5) in a desiccators is recommended. It prevents absorption of
    moisture from the atmosphere.
    Typical Values of Water Content in a Saturated State

    Soil Natural Water content in a
    saturated state
    Loose uniform sand 25-30
    Dense uniform sand 12-16
    Loose angular-grained silty sand 25
    Dense angular-grained silty sand 15
    Stiff clay , 20
    Soft clay 30-50
    Soft organic clay 80-130
    Glacial till 10

    Specific Gravity

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