Defense System Week 3

Review
● What is gastrovascular cavity?

● What is closed and open circulatory system?
● What are the parts of a human heart?
● What are the different components of blood?
● What are the parts of plants for transporting nutrients
and substances?
The Need for a
Defense System
General Biology 2
Learning Objectives
 compare the body’s innate defenses and adaptive responses
 describe first line of defense and its role
 explain the presence of second line of defense
 discuss microbial proteins and inflammatory response.
 identify different types of autoimmune diseases
 discuss third line of defense and explain the reason why it takes
longer for it to respond
How can you be protected
from invading pathogens?
The immune system is the
body’s defense specialist.
Sci Bit
Lack of sleep or too much stress can cause confusion to your

immune system. Stress can release a hormone cortisol, that
destroys the capacity of the immune system to do its job. During
high levels of stress, cortisol suppresses the immune cells to stop
fighting, so your body becomes susceptible to diseases.
Defense System
● The immune system is

● Immune response –
divided into two
the collective and
subsystem.
coordinated process
performed by immune
I. Innate or natural immune
system upon the
system
production of a foreign
II. Specific or adaptive
substance.
immune system
Vertebrate Immunity
Innate Immune System
Physical Barriers Internal Defense Adaptive Immune

System
• Skin, hair, cilia • Inflammatory response • Antibodies and the

• Mucus membrane • Complement proteins humoral immune
• Mucus and chemical • Phagocytic cells response
secretions • Natural killer cells • Cell-mediated immune
• Digestive enzymes in (NK) response
the mouth • Memory response
• Stomach acid
First Line of Defense
• It consist of a surface
barrier and internal
structures that
prevents
microorganisms from
invading body
tissues.
• Skin and other
ectodermal
structures.
• Respiratory and
digestive tracts.
Saliva, tears and Nasal secretions
Lysozymes – enzyme that helps

breakdown bacterial cell walls.
Respiratory and digestive tract
Mucus – a chemical defense that is secreted and acts

as a protective barrier that blocks the barrier from
sticking to the inner epithelial.
Respiratory Tract Digestive Tract
• When the airway is infected, extra
mucus is secreted, which will • Hydrochloric in the stomach act as a chemical
trigger more coughing and defense
sneezing responses. • Kill microorganisms from food
• Diarrhea and vomiting
Secretions at Epithelial Surfaces
Site Sources Secretions
Eyes Lacrimal glans (tears) Lysozyme, IgA, IgC
Ears Sebaceous glands Waxy secretions (cerumen)
Mouth Salivary glands Digestive enzymes, lysozymes,

IgA, IgC, lactoferin
Skin Sweat glands (sweat) Lysozyme, high NaCl, short-

Sebaceous glands (sebum) chain fatty acid
Stomach Gastric juices Digestive enzymes (pepsin,

renin), hydrochloric acid
Second Line of Defense
• Also known as the circulatory

system and lymphatic system.
• Lymphatic system – consist of a
network of lymphatic vessels and
organs, nodes, and tiny bean
structures called lymph nodes.
• Lymph tissues are located in the
tonsils, thymus, spleen and
bone marrow.
Internal defense of the
innate immune
response
 White blood cells

 Antimicrobial proteins
 Inflammatory
response
White Blood Cells
 Macrophage – large, irregularly shaped WBCs that patrol and ingest

microorganisms through phagocytosis.
 Neutrophils – most abundant circulating WBCs similar to
macrophages as they engulf bacteria through phagocytosis.
 Natural killer cells – cells that do not attack the microbes directly.
They kill the infected cell by puncturing a hole into the plasma
membrane of the target cell.
 Perforins – protein released by natural killer cells through vesicles and form a
pore.
White Blood Cells
 Dendritic cells – are phagocytes that process and the alert the
adaptive immune system when an antigen is present.
 Eosinophils – are granular WBCs with enzymes that targets parasitic worms.
 Basophils – are granular WBCs that contain histamines that cause inflammation
during immune responses and allergic reactions. Ectoparasites infection.
 Mast cells – are granular WBCs that also contain histamines and
other substances.
 Lymphocytes – responsible for specific immunities.
Antimicrobial Proteins
• Antigen – any substance that causes your immune system to produce

antibodies against it.
• Cytokines – is a signaling protein that attract more
macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells on the infection site.
• Interferon - is a signaling protein made and released by
host cells in response to the presence of several
viruses.
Inflammatory Response
• Swelling, redness, or heat are body’s localized response.

• The infected or damaged cells will release large amounts of chemical alarm signals,
called histamines and prostaglandins.
• With high temperature and increase blood flow, WBC can work faster while the
pathogens cannot tolerate the heat.
• Neutrophils arrived first , releasing chemicals to kill the microbes in the area.
• Pus is produced. Mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue cells and dead pathogens.
• Macrophage will follow to engulf pathogens and dead cells.
Complement system
Specific Immune System (Adaptive Immune Response)
Third line of defense
• Takes days or weeks to become

established
• More specific in invading
pathogen.
• Highly evolved defense
mechanism characterized by Macrophages
specificity, specialization, and
memory.
Two Specialized groups of Lymphocytes
• B – lymphocytes (B – cells) –
mature in the bone marrow, direct
antibody immunity or humoral
response
• T – lymphocytes ( T – cells) –
mature in the thymus gland, help
in cellular immunity or cell-
mediated response.
Humoral Immune Response
• The humoral immune system deals with antigens from pathogens that are freely
circulating, or outside the infected cells.
• Can be plasma cells and memory cells.
• Memory cells – will provide immunity when encounter the same antigen
• Plasma cells – produced antibodies
• Antibodies – specialized proteins that circulate in blood plasma and lymph and
neutralizes the antigens by making them more susceptible to phagocytosis.
How does antibodies inhibit an infection?
1. Neutralization – antibodies prevent a virus or

toxic protein from binding to their target.
2. Opsonization – a pathogen tagged by antibodies
is consumed by a macrophage or neutrophil.
3. Complement activation – antibodies attached to
the surface of a pathogen cell activate the
complement system.
Five General Types of Antibodies
Cell – mediated Immune Response
• Cytotoxic cells – group of T cells

• Perforin – toxic protein
Three Immune System Disorders
Autoimmune disorders
Immunodeficiencies
Hypersentivity reactions

Defense System Week 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Defense System Week 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Defense System Week 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review

● What is gastrovascular cavity?

Lack of sleep or too much stress can cause confusion to your

● The immune system is

Physical Barriers Internal Defense Adaptive Immune

• Skin, hair, cilia • Inflammatory response • Antibodies and the

Lysozymes – enzyme that helps

Respiratory and digestive tract

Mucus – a chemical defense that is secreted and acts

Ears Sebaceous glands Waxy secretions (cerumen)

Mouth Salivary glands Digestive enzymes, lysozymes,

Skin Sweat glands (sweat) Lysozyme, high NaCl, short-

Stomach Gastric juices Digestive enzymes (pepsin,

• Also known as the circulatory

 White blood cells

 Macrophage – large, irregularly shaped WBCs that patrol and ingest

• Antigen – any substance that causes your immune system to produce

• Swelling, redness, or heat are body’s localized response.

Third line of defense

• Takes days or weeks to become

1. Neutralization – antibodies prevent a virus or

• Cytotoxic cells – group of T cells

You might also like