43 Lecture Presentation 0

Chapter 43
The Immune System
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Reconnaissance, Recognition, and
Response
• Barriers help an animal to defend itself from the
many dangerous pathogens it may encounter.
• The immune system recognizes foreign
bodies = “not self” and responds with the
production of immune cells and proteins.
• Two major kinds of defense have evolved:
innate immunity and acquired immunity.

How do immune cells of animals recognize foreign cells?
1.5 µm
• Innate immunity is present before any
exposure to pathogens and is effective from
the time of birth.
• It involves nonspecific responses to pathogens.
• Innate immunity consists of external barriers
plus internal cellular and chemical defenses.

• Acquired immunity = adaptive immunity,
develops after exposure to agents such as
microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances.
• It involves a very specific response to
pathogens.

Animal Immunity Pathogens
(microorganisms
and viruses)
INNATE IMMUNITY Barrier defenses:

Skin
• Recognition of traits Mucous membranes
shared by broad ranges Secretions
of pathogens, using a
small set of receptors
Non-specific Internal defenses:
• Phagocytic cells
Rapid response Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
Natural killer cells
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Humoral response:

Antibodies defend against
• Recognition of traits infection in body fluids.
specific to particular
pathogens, using a vast Cell-mediated response:
array of receptors Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend
against infection in body cells.
• Slower response
For Innate Immunity, recognition and response
rely on shared traits of pathogens
• Both invertebrates and vertebrates depend on
innate immunity to fight infection. Vertebrates
also develop acquired immune defenses.
• The immune system recognizes bacteria and
fungi by structures on their cell walls.
• An immune response varies with the class of
pathogen encountered.

Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
• In insects, an exoskeleton made of chitin forms the

first barrier to pathogens.
• The digestive system is protected by low pH and
lysozyme, an enzyme that digests microbial cell
walls.
• Hemocytes circulate within hemolymph and carry
out phagocytosis, the ingestion and digestion of
foreign substances including bacteria.
• Hemocytes also secrete antimicrobial peptides
that disrupt the plasma membranes of bacteria.

Phagocytosis Microbes
PHAGOCYTIC CELL
Vacuole
Lysosome
Containing
hydrolytic
enzymes
Innate Immunity Defenses of Vertebrates
• The immune system of mammals is the best

understood of the vertebrates.
• Innate defenses include barrier defenses,
phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides.
• Additional defenses are unique to vertebrates:
the inflammatory response and natural killer
cells.

Barrier Defenses
• Barrier defenses include the skin and

mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary,
and reproductive tracts.
• Mucus traps and allows for the removal of
microbes.
• Many body fluids including saliva, mucus, and
tears are hostile to microbes.
• The low pH of skin and the digestive system
prevents growth of microbes.
Cellular Innate Defenses
• White blood cells = leukocytes engulf

pathogens in the body via phagocytosis.
• Groups of pathogens are recognized by TLR,
Toll-like receptors.

EXTRACELLULAR
TLR FLUID Lipopolysaccharide
signaling Helper
protein Flagellin
TLR4
WHITE
BLOOD
CELL
TLR5
VESICLE
TLR9
CpG DNA
TLR3 Inflammatory
responses
ds RNA
• A white blood cell engulfs a microbe, then
fuses with a lysosome to destroy the microbe.
• There are different types of phagocytic cells:
– Neutrophils engulf and destroy microbes.
– Macrophages are part of the lymphatic
system and are found throughout the body.
– Eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes.
– Dendritic cells stimulate development of
acquired immunity.
Lymphatic Interstitial fluid
Adenoid
System
Tonsil
Blood
Lymph capillary
nodes
Spleen Tissue Lymphatic

cells vessel
Peyer’s patches
(small intestine)
Appendix
Lymphatic
vessels Lymph Masses of
node defensive cells
Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins
• Peptides and proteins function in innate

defense by attacking microbes directly or
impeding their reproduction.
• Interferon proteins provide innate defense
against viruses and help activate
macrophages.
• About 30 proteins make up the complement
system, which causes lysis of invading cells
and helps trigger inflammation.

Inflammatory Responses
• Following an injury, mast cells release
histamine, which promotes changes in blood
vessels; this is part of the inflammatory
response.
• These changes increase local blood supply
and allow more phagocytes and antimicrobial
proteins to enter tissues.
• Pus = a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead
microbes, and cell debris, accumulates at the
site of inflammation.
Major events in a local Inflammatory Response
1. 2. 3.
Pathogen Splinter
Chemical Macrophage
signals Fluid
Mast cell
Capillary Phagocytosis
Red blood cells Phagocytic cell

• Inflammation can be either local or systemic
(throughout the body).
• Fever is a systemic inflammatory response
triggered by pyrogens released by
macrophages, and toxins from pathogens.
• Septic shock is a life-threatening condition
caused by an overwhelming inflammatory
response.

Natural Killer Cells
• All body cells (except red blood cells) have a

class I MHC protein on their surface.
• MHC = Major Histocompatibility Complex ,
part of the extracellular matrix.
• Class II MHC protein molecules are found on
specialized cells
• Cancerous or infected cells no longer express
this MHC protein; natural killer (NK) cells
attack these damaged cells.
Innate Immune System Evasion by Pathogens
• Some pathogens avoid destruction by

modifying their surface to prevent recognition
or by resisting breakdown following
phagocytosis.
• Tuberculosis (TB) is one such disease and kills
more than a million people a year.

In Acquired Immunity, lymphocyte receptors
provide pathogen-specific recognition
• White blood cells called lymphocytes recognize and
respond to antigens, foreign molecules.
• Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the
heart are called T cells, and those that mature in bone
marrow are called B cells.
• Lymphocytes contribute to immunological memory, an
enhanced response to a foreign molecule
encountered previously.
• Cytokines are secreted by macrophages and
dendritic cells to recruit and activate lymphocytes.

Acquired Immunity = Active Immunity: Specific
• B cells and T cells have receptor proteins that

can bind to foreign molecules.
• Each individual lymphocyte is specialized to
recognize a specific type of molecule.
• An antigen is any foreign molecule to which a
lymphocyte responds.
• A single B cell or T cell has about 100,000
identical antigen receptors.

Antigen receptors on lymphocytes
Antigen- Antigen- Antigen-

binding binding site binding
site site
Disulfide
bridge
Variable
regions V V
C C Constant C C
regions
Light
chain
Transmembrane
region
Plasma
membrane
Heavy chains  chain  chain
Disulfide bridge
B cell Cytoplasm of B cell Cytoplasm of T cell T cell
B cell receptor
T cell receptor
• All antigen receptors on a single lymphocyte
recognize the same epitope, or antigenic
determinant, on an antigen.
• B cells give rise to plasma cells, which secrete
proteins called antibodies or
immunoglobulins.

Epitopes = antigen determinants
Antigen-
binding Epitopes
sites (antigenic
determinants)
Antigen-binding sites
Antibody A Antigen Antibody C
C C
Antibody B
The Antigen Receptors of B Cells and T Cells
• B cell receptors bind to specific, intact antigens.

• The B cell receptor consists of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains.
• The tips of the chains form a constant (C) region, and
each chain contains a variable (V) region, so named
because its amino acid sequence varies extensively
from one B cell to another.
• Secreted antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are
structurally similar to B cell receptors but lack
transmembrane regions that anchor receptors in the
plasma membrane.

• Each T cell receptor consists of two different
polypeptide chains. The tips of the chain form a
variable (V) region; the rest is a constant (C) region.
• T cells can bind to an antigen that is free or on the
surface of a pathogen.
• T cells bind to antigen fragments presented on a host
cell. These antigen fragments are bound to cell-
surface proteins called MHC molecules.
• MHC molecules are so named because they are
encoded by a family of genes (many unique / specific)
called the Major Histocompatibility Complex.

The Role of the MHC
• In infected cells, MHC molecules bind and

transport antigen fragments to the cell surface,
a process called antigen presentation.
• A nearby T cell can then detect the antigen
fragment displayed on the cell’s surface.
• Depending on their source, peptide antigens
are handled by different classes of MHC
molecules.

Antigen Presentation
by an MHC molecule Top view: binding surface
exposed to antigen receptors
Antigen
Class I MHC Antigen
molecule
Plasma
membrane of
infected cell
• Class I MHC molecules are found on almost
all nucleated cells of the body.
• They display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T
cells.
• Class II MHC molecules are found on
specialized cells: macrophages, B cells, and
activated T cells…

Interaction of T cells with Antigen-Presenting Cells
Infected cell Microbe Antigen-

1 Antigen presenting
cell
associates
with MHC
Antigen molecule
fragment Antigen
fragment
1
1
Class I MHC Class II MHC
molecule 2 molecule
2
T cell T cell
2 T cell receptor
receptor
recognizes
combination
(a) Cytotoxic T cell (b)

Helper T cell
• Class II MHC molecules are located mainly on
dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
• Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are
antigen-presenting cells that display antigens
on their surface to cytotoxic T cells and helper
T cells.

Lymphocyte Development
• The acquired immune system has three

important properties:
– Receptor Diversity
– Lack of reactivity against host cells
– Immunological Memory

Generation of Lymphocyte Diversity by Gene
Rearrangement
• Differences in the variable region account for
specificity of antigen receptors.
• The immunoglobulin (Ig) gene encodes one
chain of the B cell receptor.
• Many different chains can be produced from
the same Ig chain gene by rearrangement of
the DNA.
• Rearranged DNA is transcribed and translated
and the antigen receptor formed.
Origin of Self-Tolerance
• Antigen receptors are generated by random

rearrangement of DNA.
• As lymphocytes mature in bone marrow or the
thymus, they are tested for self-reactivity.
• Lymphocytes with receptors specific for the
body’s own molecules are destroyed by
apoptosis, or rendered nonfunctional.

Amplifying Lymphocytes by Clonal Selection
• In the body there are few lymphocytes with antigen

receptors for any particular epitope.
• The binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen
induces the lymphocyte to divide rapidly.
• This proliferation of lymphocytes is called clonal
selection.
• Two types of clones are produced: short-lived
activated effector cells (fight current battle) and long-
lived memory cells… for future attacks by same
pathogen.

Clonal Selection of B cells Antigen molecules
B cells that
differ in
antigen
specificity Antigen
receptor
Antibody
molecules
Clone of memory cells Clone of plasma cells = effectors

• The first exposure to a specific antigen
represents the primary immune response.
• During this time, effector B cells = plasma
cells are generated, and T cells are activated
to their effector forms.
• In the secondary immune response =
memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient
response.

Primary immune response Secondary immune response to
to antigen A produces antigen A produces antibodies to A.
antibodies to A. Primary immune response to antigen
B produces antibodies to B.
104
Antibody concentration
(arbitrary units)
103
Antibodies
to A
102 Antibodies
to B
101
100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Exposure Exposure to
to antigen A antigens A and B
Time (days)
Acquired immunity defends against infection of
body cells and fluids
• Acquired immunity has two branches: the
humoral immune response and the cell-
mediated immune response.
• Humoral immune response involves
activation and clonal selection of B cells,
resulting in production of secreted antibodies.
• Cell-mediated immune response involves
activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T
cells.
• Helper T cells aid both responses.
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response Cell-mediated immune response
Key
Antigen (1st exposure)
+ Stimulates
Engulfed by Gives rise to
Acquired Antigen-
+ +
presenting cell
Immune
Response +
B cell + Helper T cell + Cytotoxic T cell
Memory
Helper T cells
+ + +
Antigen (2nd exposure)
+ Memory Active
Plasma cells Memory B cells Cytotoxic T cells Cytotoxic T cells
Secreted
antibodies
Defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens, Defend against intracellular pathogens
thereby neutralizing pathogens or making them better targets and cancer by binding to and lysing the
for phagocytes and complement proteins. infected cells or cancer cells.
Acquired Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response
Immune Key Antigen (1st exposure)
Response + Stimulates Engulfed by
Gives rise to
Antigen-
+ presenting cell
B cell +
Helper T cell
Memory
Helper T cells
+ +
Plasma cells Memory +
B cells
Secreted
antibodies
Defend against extracellular pathogens
Acquired Cell-mediated immune response
Immune Antigen (1st exposure) Key
Response + Stimulates
Engulfed by
Gives rise to
Antigen-
presenting cell +
Helper T cell + Cytotoxic T cell
Memory
Helper T cells
+ +
Active
+ Cytotoxic T cells
Memory
Cytotoxic T cells
Defend against intracellular pathogens

Helper T Cells: Respond to Nearly All Antigens
• A surface protein called CD4 binds the class II

MHC molecule.
• This binding keeps the helper T cell joined to
the antigen-presenting cell while activation
occurs.
• Activated helper T cells secrete cytokines that
stimulate other lymphocytes.
• Positive Feedback in the Immune System
enhances the process until some endpoint
or maximum rate is reached.
The central role of helper T cells in humoral and
cell-mediated immune responses
Antigen-
presenting Peptide antigen
cell
Bacterium
Class II MHC molecule

CD4
TCR (T cell receptor)
Helper T cell
Cytokines + +
Humoral Positive Feedback … Cell-mediated
immunity
+ + immunity
= secretion of
B cell Cytotoxic T cell = attack on
antibodies by
infected cells.
plasma cells.
Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Cells
• Cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells in cell-

mediated immune response.
• Cytotoxic T cells make CD8, a surface protein
that greatly enhances interaction between a
target cell and a cytotoxic T cell.
• Binding to a class I MHC complex on an
infected cell activates a cytotoxic T cell and
makes it an active killer.
• The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes proteins
that destroy the infected target cell.

The killing action of cytotoxic T cells
3. lysis
1. 2.
Released cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Perforin
Granzymes
CD8 TCR Dying target cell

Class I MHC Pore
molecule
Target Peptide
cell antigen
B Cells: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
• The humoral response is characterized by

secretion of antibodies by B cells.
• Activation of B cells is aided by cytokines and
antigen binding to helper T cells.
• Clonal selection of B cells generates antibody-
secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of
humoral immunity. Positive Feedback …

B cell activation in the humoral immune response
Antigen-presenting cell Bacterium
Peptide B cell
antigen
Class II MHC
molecule + Clone of plasma cells Secreted
TCR CD4 Cytokines
antibody
molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulum of
plasma cell
Activated
Helper T cell helper T cell Clone of memory
B cells
2 µm
Antibody Classes
• The five major classes of antibodies, or

immunoglobulins, differ in distribution and
function.
• Polyclonal antibodies are the products of many
different clones of B cells following exposure to
a microbial antigen.
• Monoclonal antibodies are prepared from a
single clone of B cells grown in culture.

The five Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
Distribution Function
antibody, or IgM
(pentamer)
First Ig class
produced after
Promotes neutraliza-
tion and cross-
immunoglobulin initial exposure to

antigen; then its
concentration in
the blood declines
linking of antigens;
very effective in
complement system
activation
(Ig), classes J chain
IgG Most abundant Ig Promotes opsoniza-

(monomer) class in blood; tion, neutralization,
also present in and cross-linking of
tissue fluids antigens; less effec-
tive in activation of
complement system
than IgM
Only Ig class that

crosses placenta,
thus conferring
passive immunity
on fetus
IgA Present in Provides localized

(dimer) secretions such defense of mucous
as tears, saliva, membranes by
mucus, and cross-linking and
J chain breast milk neutralization of
antigens
Presence in breast
milk confers
Secretory passive immunity
component on nursing infant
IgE Present in blood Triggers release from

(monomer) at low concen- mast cells and
trations basophils of hista-
mine and other
chemicals that cause
allergic reactions
IgD Present primarily Acts as antigen

(monomer) on surface of receptor in the
B cells that have antigen-stimulated
not been exposed proliferation and
to antigens differentiation of
B cells (clonal
Trans- selection)
membrane
region
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgM First Ig class Promotes neutraliza-

(pentamer) produced after tion and cross-
initial exposure to linking of antigens;
antigen; then its very effective in
concentration in complement system
the blood declines activation
J chain
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgG Most abundant Ig Promotes opsoniza-

(monomer) class in blood; tion, neutralization,
also present in and cross-linking of
tissue fluids antigens; less effec-
tive in activation of
complement system
than IgM
Only Ig class that

crosses placenta,
thus conferring
passive immunity
on fetus
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgA Present in Provides localized

(dimer) secretions such defense of mucous
as tears, saliva, membranes by
mucus, and cross-linking and
J chain breast milk neutralization of
antigens
Presence in breast
milk confers
Secretory passive immunity
component on nursing infant
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgE Present in blood Triggers release from

(monomer) at low concen- mast cells and
trations basophils of hista-
mine and other
chemicals that cause
allergic reactions
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgD Present primarily Acts as antigen

(monomer) on surface of receptor in the
B cells that have antigen-stimulated
not been exposed proliferation and
to antigens differentiation of
B cells (clonal
Trans- selection)
membrane
region
The Role of Antibodies in Immunity
• Neutralization occurs when a pathogen can

no longer infect a host because it is bound to
an antibody.
• Opsonization occurs when antibodies bound to
antigens increase phagocytosis.
• Antibodies together with proteins of the
complement system generate a membrane
attack complex and cell lysis.

Antibody-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal
Activation of complement system

Viral neutralization Opsonization and pore formation
Bacterium
Complement proteins
Virus
Formation of
membrane
attack complex
Flow of water
Macrophage and ions
Pore
Foreign
cell
Active Immunization
• Active immunity develops naturally in

response to an infection.
• It can also develop following/ from
immunization, also called vaccination.
• In immunization, a nonpathogenic form of a
microbe or part of a microbe elicits an immune
response to an immunological memory.

Passive Immunity
• Passive immunity provides immediate, short-

term protection.
• It is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the
placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA
passes from mother to infant in breast milk.
• It can also be conferred artificially by injecting
antibodies into a nonimmune person.

Passive
immunization
of an infant
occurs during
breast-feeding
Immune Rejection
• Cells transferred from one person to another

can be attacked by immune defenses.
• This complicates blood transfusions or the
transplant of tissues or organs.
• MHC molecules are different among genetically
nonidentical individuals.
• Differences in MHC molecules stimulate
rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants.

• Chances of successful transplantation increase
if donor and recipient MHC tissue types are
well matched.
• Immunosuppressive drugs facilitate
transplantation.
• Lymphocytes in bone marrow transplants may
cause the donor tissue to reject the recipient.

Blood Groups
• Antigens on red blood cells surface determine

whether a person has blood type A (A antigen),
B (B antigen), AB (both A and B antigens), or O
(neither antigen).
• Antibodies to nonself blood types exist in the
body.
• Transfusion with incompatible blood leads to
destruction of the transfused cells.
• Recipient-donor combinations can be fatal or
safe.
Disruption in immune system function can elicit
or exacerbate disease
• Some pathogens have evolved to diminish the
effectiveness of host immune responses.
• If the delicate balance of the immune system is
disrupted, effects range from minor to often
fatal.

Allergies
• Allergies are exaggerated (hypersensitive)

responses to antigens called allergens.
• In localized allergies such as hay fever, IgE
antibodies produced after first exposure to an
allergen attach to receptors on mast cells.

Mast cells, IgE, and the allergic response
IgE
Histamine
Allergen
Granule
Mast cell
• The next time the allergen enters the body, it
binds to mast cell–associated IgE molecules.
• Mast cells release histamine and other
mediators that cause vascular changes leading
to typical allergy symptoms.
• An acute allergic response can lead to
anaphylactic shock, a life-threatening reaction
that can occur within seconds of allergen
exposure.

Autoimmune Diseases
• In individuals with autoimmune diseases, the

immune system loses tolerance for self and
turns against certain molecules of the body.
• Autoimmune diseases include systemic lupus
erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus, and multiple
sclerosis.

X-ray of a
hand
deformed
by
rheumatoid
arthritis
Exertion, Stress, and the Immune System
• Moderate exercise improves immune system

function.
• Psychological stress has been shown to disrupt
hormonal, nervous, and immune systems.

Immunodeficiency Diseases
• Inborn immunodeficiency results from

hereditary or developmental defects that
prevent proper functioning of innate, humoral,
and/or cell-mediated defenses.
• Acquired immunodeficiency results from
exposure to chemical and biological agents.
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) is caused by a virus.

Acquired Immune System Evasion by Pathogens
• Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to attack

immune responses.
• Through antigenic variation, some pathogens are able
to change epitope expression and prevent recognition.
• The human influenza virus mutates rapidly, and new
flu vaccines must be made each year.
• Human viruses occasionally exchange genes with the
viruses of domesticated animals.
• This poses a danger as human immune systems are
unable to recognize the new viral strain.

Latency
• Some viruses may remain in a host in an

inactive state called latency.
• Herpes simplex viruses can be present in a
human host without causing symptoms.

Attack on the Immune System: HIV
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects

helper T cells.
• The loss of helper T cells impairs both the
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
and leads to AIDS.
• HIV eludes the immune system because of
antigenic variation and an ability to remain
latent while integrated into host DNA.

The progress of an
untreated HIV infection Latency AIDS
Relative antibody
concentration
800
Helper T cell concentration
in blood (cells/mm3)
Relative HIV
600 concentration
Helper T cell
concentration
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years after untreated infection
• People with AIDS are highly susceptible to
opportunistic infections and cancers that take
advantage of an immune system in collapse.
• The spread of HIV is a worldwide problem.
• The best approach for slowing this spread is
education about practices that transmit the
virus.

Cancer and Immunity
• The frequency of certain cancers increases

when the immune response is impaired.
• Two suggested explanations are
– Immune system normally suppresses
cancerous cells
– Increased inflammation increases the risk of
cancer

Review Stem cell
Cell division and gene rearrangement
Elimination of
self-reactive
B cells
Antigen
Clonal selection
Formation of activated cell populations

Antibody
Memory cells Effector B cells
Microbe
Receptors bind to antigens

You should now be able to:
1. Distinguish between innate and acquired

immunity.
2. Name and describe four types of phagocytic
cells.
3. Describe the inflammation response.

4. Distinguish between the following pairs of
terms: antigens and antibodies; antigen and
epitope; B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes;
antibodies and B cell receptors; primary and
secondary immune responses; humoral and
cell-mediated response; active and passive
immunity.
5. Explain how B lymphocytes and T
lymphocytes recognize specific antigens.
6. Explain why the antigen receptors of
lymphocytes are tested for self-reactivity.
7. Describe clonal selection and distinguish
between effector cells and memory cells.
8. Describe the cellular basis for immunological
memory.
9. Explain how a single antigen can provoke a
robust humoral response.
10. Compare the processes of neutralization and
opsonization.

11. Describe the role of MHC in the rejection of
tissue transplants.
12. Describe an allergic reaction, including the
roles of IgE, mast cells, and histamine.
13. Describe some of the mechanisms that
pathogens have evolved to thwart the
immune response of their hosts.
14. List strategies that can reduce the risk of HIV
transmission.

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Chapter 43

The Immune System

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

INNATE IMMUNITY Barrier defenses:

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Humoral response:

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• In insects, an exoskeleton made of chitin forms the

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• The immune system of mammals is the best

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Barrier defenses include the skin and

• White blood cells = leukocytes engulf

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Spleen Tissue Lymphatic

• Peptides and proteins function in innate

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Red blood cells Phagocytic cell

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• All body cells (except red blood cells) have a

• Some pathogens avoid destruction by

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• B cells and T cells have receptor proteins that

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Antigen- Antigen- Antigen-

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Antibody A Antigen Antibody C

• B cell receptors bind to specific, intact antigens.

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• In infected cells, MHC molecules bind and

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Infected cell Microbe Antigen-

(a) Cytotoxic T cell (b)

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• The acquired immune system has three

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• Antigen receptors are generated by random

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• In the body there are few lymphocytes with antigen

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Clone of memory cells Clone of plasma cells = effectors

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B cell + Helper T cell + Cytotoxic T cell

Antigen (2nd exposure)

Helper T cell + Cytotoxic T cell

Defend against intracellular pathogens

• A surface protein called CD4 binds the class II

Class II MHC molecule

• Cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells in cell-

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CD8 TCR Dying target cell

• The humoral response is characterized by

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Antigen-presenting cell Bacterium

• The five major classes of antibodies, or