CBS Imm1

Learning Outcomes
1. Describe innate immunity and adaptive

immunity
2. Know the names and function of the cells of
the immune system
3. Describe the tissues of the immune system
Immune Response
The collective and coordinated response of
the Immune System to the introduction of
foreign substances (i.e. pathogens, proteins
and polysaccharides) without implying a
physiologic or pathologic consequence
What type of immune responses What are characteristics of
protect individuals from immunity and mechanisms?
infections?
How are cells

and organs of What happens
the immune when the immune
system system goes
organised to wrong?
respond to
foreign
substances?
http://bitesized.immunology.org/
What type of immune responses What are characteristics of
protect individuals from immunity and mechanisms?
infections?
How are cells

and organs of What happens
the immune when the immune
system system goes
organised to wrong?
respond to
foreign
substances? Clinical
Immunology
laboratory
http://bitesized.immunology.org/
The types of immune responses are:
• Innate Immunity
– Mediates the initial protection against
infections
• Adaptive Immunity
– Develops more slowly and mediates the later
defense against infections
Innate Immunity
12
NK cells
Complement
Hours
6
Phagocytes
Microbe
Epithelial barriers 0
Epithelial layers protect tissues from invasion
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Respiratory tract
• Uro-genital tract
Microbe
What forms the protective barriers?

•Skin
•Mucus
•Defensins
•Gut microflora
The main types of phagocytic cells in the immune system
Neutrophils: constitute 50%-60% of total circulating white blood cells, main
function in innate immune system. They have segmented nuclei. They can secrete
products that stimulate monocytes and macrophages. They are capable of
destroying engulfed foreign bodies.
Dendritic cells: main role to activate adaptive immune response by interacting

with T helper cells through the display of antigen on their surface
Monocytes: found in blood, they display antigens to activated T cells at site of
infection (SOI) and destroy engulfed foreign bodies
Macrophages: are similar to monocytes but they are found in tissues. They have
specialised names depending on the tissue where they are found: CNS- microglia;
liver- Kupffer cells; lung- alveolar macrophages; osteoclasts-bone etc…
Complement
Complement is a proteolytic cascade of

proteins
There are 3 known pathways

Attract immune cells
Classical pathway
Create an
inflammatory
Alternative pathway C3 environment
Create a membrane
Lectin-binding pathway
attack complex on
microbe
Antibodies
5
EffectorT lymphocytes
Adaptive Immunity
Days
3
B lymphocyte T lymphocyte
1
• Two types of adaptive immunity
– Cell-mediated Immunity: T lymphocytes
• some can activate phagocytes to destroy microbes that are ingested
by phagocytes (T helper cells)
• Others kill any type of host cells that are habouring infectious
microbes in their cytoplasm (cytotoxic T cells)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO6qmpApyDM
– Humoral Immunity: mediated by antibodies produced by B

lymphocytes
Antibodies do not have access to microbes that live inside infected cells
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQmaPwP0KRI
Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity
Extracellular Phagocytosed Intracellular
Microbe
Responding
lymphocytes
Helper T
B lymphocyte lymphocyte Cytolytic T
lymphocyte
Effector
mechanism
Block infections Activate Kill infected cells and

Functions and eliminate macrophages to kill eliminate reservoirs
extracellular phagocytosed of infection
microbes
microbes
Properties of Adaptive Immune
Response
• Specificity
– Ability to recognise and respond to many different microbes
• Memory
– Enhanced responses to recurrent or persistent infections
• Specialisation
– Responses to distinct microbes are optimised for defense
• Non-reactivity to self antigens
– Prevents injurious immune responses against host cells and
tissues
Phases of Immune Responses
• Recognition phase
– APC stimulates naïve T and B cells leading to clonal expansion
• Activation phase
– Antibodies, effector T cells produced
• Effector phase
– Humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity eliminate antigens
• Decline (Homeostasis)
– apoptosis
• Memory
– Surviving memory cells
Recognition Activation Effector Decline Memory
phase phase phase (Homeostasis)
Antibody
producing cell
Effector T cell
Differentiation Humoral
Clonal immunity
expansion
apoptosis Surviving
memory cells
Cell-mediated
immunity
APC
Naïve T cell
Naïve B cell
Time after antigen exposure

Tissues of the Immune system
• Generative organs (primary lymphoid tissues)
– Bone marrow (where all lymphocytes arise)

– Thymus (where T cells mature)
• Peripheral organs (secondary lymphoid tissues)
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
Tonsils
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic
Bone Marrow
vessels
Generative lymphoid Peripheral lymphoid
organs organs
recirculation
Mature B
B lymphocyte lymphocytes
lineage Bone marrow Blood Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus Mucosal and

T lymphocyte cutaneous
lineage Blood,
Mature T lymphoid
lymph
lymphocytes tissue
recirculation
Bone Marrow
• All blood cells originate from a common stem cell

that differentiate along particular lineages (i.e.
erythroid, megakaryotic, granulocytic, monocytic
and lymphocytic)
• Proliferation/maturation of precursor cells are
stimulated by cytokines (IL-7, IL-3, IL-9, IL-11, GM-
CSF) also called colony-stimulating factor
• These cytokines (hematopoetic-generation of blood cells)
are produced by stromal cells and macrophages and by
antigen-stimulated T-cells
• Bone marrow contains mature B lymphocytes and

numerous antibody-secreting plasma cells that migrate
from the periphery to the marrow as a consequence of
antigenic stimulation of B cells
Thymus
• The thymus provides an inductive environment
for development of T-lymphocytes from
hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition,
thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a
functional and self-tolerant T-cell repertoire.
Therefore, one of the most important roles of the
thymus is the induction of central tolerance
• The thymus is largest and most active during the

neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. By the
early teens, the thymus begins to shrink (atrophy)
and thymic stroma is replaced by adipose (fat)
tissue. Nevertheless, residual T lymphopoeisis
continues throughout adult life
Peripheral Lymphoid
Organs
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Mucosal and cutaneous immune systems

Peripheral Lymphoid
Organs
They are organised to concentrate antigen,
APCs and lymphocytes in a way that
optimises interactions among these cells
and the development of adaptive immunity
Lymph nodes
• Nodular aggregates of lymphoid tissues
located along lymphatic channels
throughout the body
• The fluid (lymph) from body is drained into
the lymphatics
• In the node, APCs sample the antigens of
microbes
Germinal Center
Capsule
Follicle Lymphocytes
Paracortex Artery
Vein
Medulla
Efferent
lymphatic
vessel
Afferent
lymphatic
vessel
Antigen
• Follicle: B cell zone- follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
activate B cells
• Paracortex: T cell zone
• Germinal Center: B cells- production of antibodies
• Lymphocyte recirculation: lymphocytes recirculate

between tissues.
– Naïve lymphocytes traverse the peripheral lymphoid organs,
where immune responses are initiated and effector lymphocytes
migrate to sites on infection ---- elimination of infectious agent
Spleen
• Abdominal organ
• Serves the same role in immune responses to
blood-borne antigens as that of lymph nodes in
responses to lymph-borne antigens.
• Blood-borne antigens are trapped and
concentrated by dendritic cells and macrophages
in the spleen.
• Phagocytes in the spleen that ingest and destroy
microbes in the blood
Area Function
Mechanical filtration of Red blood cells. In
RED PULP
mice: Reserve of monocytes
Active immune response through humoral

WHITE PULP
and cell-mediated pathways.
Cutaneous and mucosal
lymphoid systems
• Cutaneous lymphoid system is located
under the skin
• Mucosal lymphoid system is located in
gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
(Pharyngeal tonsils & Peyer’s Patches)
• These are sites of immune responses to
antigens that breach epithelia
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe innate immunity and adaptive
immunity
2. Know the names and function of the cells of
the immune system
3. Describe the tissues of the immune system
Cells of the Immune system
• Lymphocytes: Specific recognition of antigens
– T lymphocytes: mediators of cell-mediated immunity
– B lymphocytes: mediators of humoral immunity
– Natural Killer cells: cells of innate immunity

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Learning Outcomes

1. Describe innate immunity and adaptive

How are cells

How are cells

What forms the protective barriers?

Dendritic cells: main role to activate adaptive immune response by interacting

Complement is a proteolytic cascade of

There are 3 known pathways

– Humoral Immunity: mediated by antibodies produced by B

Extracellular Phagocytosed Intracellular

Block infections Activate Kill infected cells and

Time after antigen exposure

• Generative organs (primary lymphoid tissues)

– Bone marrow (where all lymphocytes arise)

Thymus Mucosal and

• All blood cells originate from a common stem cell

• Bone marrow contains mature B lymphocytes and

• The thymus is largest and most active during the

• Mucosal and cutaneous immune systems

• Paracortex: T cell zone

• Germinal Center: B cells- production of antibodies

• Lymphocyte recirculation: lymphocytes recirculate

Active immune response through humoral

– B lymphocytes: mediators of humoral immunity

– Natural Killer cells: cells of innate immunity

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