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    Immunity: 1 Line of Defense 2 Line of Defense 3 Line of Defense

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    taylor449
    The document summarizes key concepts about immunity and the immune system. It discusses the three lines of defense against pathogens which are mechanical barriers, inflammation, and the immune system. It then covers topics such as antigens, B and T lymphocytes, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, antibodies, cytokines, acute and chronic inflammation, hypersensitivities, and the relationship between stress and immunity.

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    Immunity: 1 Line of Defense 2 Line of Defense 3 Line of Defense

    Uploaded by

    taylor449
    74 views93 pages
    The document summarizes key concepts about immunity and the immune system. It discusses the three lines of defense against pathogens which are mechanical barriers, inflammation, and the immune system. It then covers topics such as antigens, B and T lymphocytes, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, antibodies, cytokines, acute and chronic inflammation, hypersensitivities, and the relationship between stress and immunity.

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    Immune 11

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    The document summarizes key concepts about immunity and the immune system. It discusses the three lines of defense against pathogens which are mechanical barriers, inflammation, and the immune system. It then covers topics such as antigens, B and T lymphocytes, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, antibodies, cytokines, acute and chronic inflammation, hypersensitivities, and the relationship between stress and immunity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    74 views93 pages

    Immunity: 1 Line of Defense 2 Line of Defense 3 Line of Defense

    Uploaded by

    taylor449
    The document summarizes key concepts about immunity and the immune system. It discusses the three lines of defense against pathogens which are mechanical barriers, inflammation, and the immune system. It then covers topics such as antigens, B and T lymphocytes, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, antibodies, cytokines, acute and chronic inflammation, hypersensitivities, and the relationship between stress and immunity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 93

    Immunity

    1st line of defense


    Mechanical barriers
    2nd line of defense
    Inflammation
    3rd line of defense
    Immunity
    Immunity
    The immune system processes memory
    and specificity and creates long-lasting
    protection against specific antigens.
    Antigens- Chemical substance that the
    body recognizes as “nonself”
    Two types of immunocytes
    B lymphocytes
    T lymphocytes
    T Lymphocyte
    B lymphocyte – plasma cell
    Immunity
    B-cells produce antibodies
    T-cells attack antigen directly

    Memory and specificity constitute


    Immunity
    Natural immunity
    Not produced by the immune response
    Species specificity.
    Acquired immunity
    Active acquired immunity
    After natural exposure to an antigen or
    immunization
    Passive acquired immunity
    Antibodies or T lymphocytes transferred
    Serum
    Primary Immune Response
    Exposure to antigen
    5-7 days
    Increase in IgM
    Secondary immune response
    2nd exposure to antigen
    Immediate response
    IgG produced in large amounts
    Antigen
    Sufficiently foreign to host
    Sufficiently large
    Sufficiently complex
    Present in sufficient amounts
    Antigens
    Haptens
    Self antigens
    Tolerance
    Supressor T cells
    HLA antigens
    Produced by MHC
    Produced by group of genes found on
    the surface of almost every tissue cell in
    the body
    Blood Group Antigens
    Rh +
    85% of North Americans
    Rh –
    15% of North Americans
    Blood Group Antigens
    ABO system
    Agglutination and lysis cause transfusion
    reactions
    Humoral Immune Response
    B lymphocytes
    Immune response is initiated when an
    antigen binds and interacts with
    receptor on the surface of an immature
    B cell
    Immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells
    Memory cells
    Immunoglobulins
    General term for glycoproteins produces
    in response to a challenge by
    immunogen
    Antibodies are specific for particular
    antigen
    http://www.whfreeman.com/immunolog
    y/CH05/kuby05.htm
    5 molecular classes
    IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD
    Immune Complex Assay,
    Serum
    Normal – Negative
    Immune complexes are commonly
    present in autoimmune disorders and
    also are found in immune
    hypersensitivities that do not involve
    autoimmunity.
    Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis,
    Serum
    IgG 700-1500 mg/dl
    IgA 140-400 mg/dl
    IgM 35-375 mg/dl
    IgD 0-8 mg/dl
    IgE 4.2-592 mg/dl
    Function of Antibodies
    When antibody binds to antigen:
    Agglutination
    Percipitation
    Neutralize
    Function of antibodies
    Neutralize bacterial toxins
    Neutralize virus
    Opsonizing bacteria
    Activating inflammatory response
    Secretory Immune system
    B cells
    Thoracic duct
    Regiopnal lymph nodes
    Blood
    Mucosal lymphoid tissue
    IgA dominant secretory immunoglobulin
    Primary role of IgA
    Cell Mediated Immune Response
    T cells
    Cell mediated effects
    Cytotoxicity
    Delayed hypersensitivity
    Memory cell
    Control
    Macrophage and T cell
    Cytokines
    Secreted by cells participating in the
    immune response.
    Inflammation
    Superficial hallmarks
    Redness – rubor
    Swelling – tumor
    Heat – calor
    Pain – dolor
    Loss of fuction - functiolaesa
    Acute inflammatory response
    Cellular injury
    Immediate response
    Arterioles briefly constrict
    Then dilate increasing blood flow
    Exudate plasma and blood
    Blood thickens
    Leukocytes migrate and adhere to vessel
    walls
    Acute inflammatory response
    Endothelial cells contract
    Leukocytes squeeze through
    Vascular permeability continues
    Neutrophils arrive
    Monocytes and Macrophages
    Eosinophils
    Basophils
    Platelets
    Acute inflammatory response
    Plasma protein systems
    Complement
    Clotting
    Kinin
    Mast Cell
    Cellular bags of granules located in
    loose connective tissues close to blood
    vessels.
    Activate inflammatory response
    Degranulation
    Synthesis of mediators in response to
    stimulus
    Mast Cell
    Degranulation
    Histamine
    Neutorphil chemotactic factor
    Eosinophil chemotactic factor of
    anaphylaxis

    Serotonin released by platelets


    Mast Cell
    Synthesis of leukotrines and
    postaglandins
    Leukotrines
    Postaglandins
    Plasma Protein Systems
    Complement System
    Classic pathway
    • Formation of antigen-antibody complex
    Alternative pathway
    • Polysaccharides in bacterial cell wall
    Plasma Protein Systems
    Clotting
    Prevents the spread of infection and
    inflammation to surrounding tissues
    Keeps microorganism and foreign bodies at
    the site of greatest phagocytic activity
    Forms a clot that stops bleeding
    Can be activated by substances produced
    during tissue destruction
    Plasma Protein Systems
    Kinin
    Bradykinin causes dilation of vessels, acts
    with prostaglandins to induce pain, cause
    extravascular smooth muscle contraction,
    increase vascular permeability, and may
    increase leukocyte chemotaxis
    Cellular Components of
    Inflammation
    Phagocytes
    Neutrophils
    Macrophages

    Eosinophils
    Cellular products - cytokines
    Interlukins
    Lymphokines
    Interferon
    Chronic inflammation
    Lasts 2 wks or longer regardless of
    cause
    Dense infiltration of macrophages and
    lymphocytes
    Local manifestation of
    Inflammation
    Swelling
    Exudate
    Resolution and Repair
    Healing
    Primary intention
    Secondary intention
    Reconstrictive
    Maturation
    Dysfunctional Wound healing
    Impaired collagen synthesis
    Impaired epithelialization
    Wound disruption
    Impaired contraction
    Hypersensitivity
    Allergy
    Autoimmunity
    Alloimmunity
    Pathogenesis of hypersensitivity
    Original insult
    Individual’s genetic makeup
    Immunologic process that amplifies the
    insult
    Hypersensitivity
    Type I IgE mediated
    Type II Tissue specific
    Type III Immune complex-
    mediated
    Type IV Cell-mediated
    Anaphylaxis Type I
    Rapid and severe
    Systemic
    Itching
    Erythema
    Vomiting
    Abd cramps
    Diarrhea
    Difficulty breathing
    Type I
    IgE mediated
    Response to allergen
    Mast cell degranulation
    Histamine
    Control
    Type I Clinical Manifestations
    Target tissues
    Gastrointestinal Tract
    Skin
    Respiratory tract
    GI manifestations
    Vomiting
    Diarrhea
    Abd pain
    Skin Manifestations
    Urticaria or hives
    Wheals
    Flares
    Respiratory Manifestaitons
    Conjunctivitis
    Rhinitis
    Asthma
    Genetic predispostion
    Atopic individuals
    Produce increased IgE
    Have more receptors on mast cells
    Airways and skin more responsive to
    allergens
    Allergy Tests
    Intradermal
    Epicutaneous
    RIST
    RAST
    Desentization
    Small amount of allergen injected in
    increasing doses over prolonged period
    Induces blocking antibody
    Competes for binding on allergen
    Unable to bind with IgE on mast cell
    Usually IgG
    May clone suppressor T cells
    Type II
    Tissue specific antigen
    Environmental antigens may bind to
    plasma membranes and function as
    targets
    Antibody binds to tissue antigen
    Type II
    Complement mediated lysis of cells
    Phagocytosis by macrophages
    Antibody dependent cell mediated
    cytotoxicity
    Antibody binding
    Type III
    Compliment levels vary
    Serum sickness
    Arthus reaction
    Type IV
    Mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes
    Do not involve antibody
    Graft rejection
    Poison Ivy or Heavy metals
    Skin reactions to chemicals detergents
    clothing topical Rx
    Autoimmunity
    Exposure of a previously sequestered
    antigen
    Development of neoantigen
    Complication of infection
    Emergence of “forbidden” clone of
    lymphocyte
    Alteration of suppressor T cells
    Alloimmunity

    Transient Neonatal diseases


    Transplants
    Infection
    Pathogen
    Devised means to circumvent normal
    controls provided by host’s defensive
    barriers.
    Pathogens

    Mechanism of action
    Infectivity
    Pathogenicity
    Virulence
    Immunogenicity
    Toxigenicity
    Host defense
    External barriers
    Inflammatory response
    Immune response
    Endotoxins
    Contained in cell wall of gram negative
    bacteria
    Released during lysis, growth, and
    destruction by antibiotics
    Pyrogenic bacteria
    Bacteremia, septicemia
    Presence of bacteria in blood caused by
    a failure of the defense mechanisms
    Symptoms produced by endotoxins
    Diagnosed by blood cultures
    Virus
    Develop intracellularly, hide from defense
    mechanisms
    Can cause cessation of protein synthesis
    Disrupt lysosomes
    Fuse host cells
    Alter antigenic properties
    Transform cells
    Promote secondary bacterial infections
    Clinical manifestations of infectious
    disease

    Fatigue
    Malaise
    Weakness
    Loss of concentration
    Fever
    Countermeasures
    Vaccines
    Antibiotics
    Resistant microorganisms
    Immune/inflammatory deficiencies

    Failure to function at normal capacity


    Congenital
    Acquired
    Nutritional
    Iatrogenic
    Trauma
    Stress
    Replacement for immune deficiencies

    Gamma globulins
    Transplantation and transfusion
    Gene therapy
    Stress
    A demand that exceeds a person’s
    coping abilities.
    General Adaptation Syndrome
    Alarm Stage
    Resistance or adaptation
    Fight or flight
    Exhaustion
    Progressive breakdown of compensatory
    mechanisms
    GAS
    Sympathetic Branch of Autonomic
    Nervous System
    Pituitary gland
    Adrenal gland
    GAS
    Alarm Triggers pituitary
    and sympathetic
    nervous system
    Resistance or Adrenal hormone
    Adaptation Cortisol,
    Norepinepherine,
    Epinepherine
    Exhaustion Impaired immune
    response
    Psychoneuroimmunology
    Immune related disease is multifactorial
    Stress response
    Adrenal medulla
    Releases catecholamines into blood
    epinepherine
    norepinepherine
    dopamine
    Cortisol
    hydrocortisone
    Norepinepherine
    Raises blood pressure
    Constricts smooth muscle
    Inhibits GI activity
    Dilates pupils
    Epinepherine
    Similar to norepinepherine
    Enhances myocardial contractility
    Increases heart rate
    Increases venous return to the heart
    Transient hyperglycemia
    Cortisol
    Similar to epinepherine
    Immunosuppressant
    Suppressing protein synthesis
    Reduces peripheral blood
    eosinophils.lymphocytes, and macrophages
    Directly influences immune response
    Supress inflamatory respnse
    Cortisol
    Decreases number of lymphocytes
    monocytes, and eosinophils
    Release of polymorphonucleasr
    leukocytes
    Inhibit release of substances involved in
    the inflammatory response
    HIV
    Antigen processing
    Macrophage ingests antigen
    Presents on surface
    T cell ‘sees’ antigen through receptors
    Tc cells have CD8
    Helper cells have CD4 receptors
    Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    Retrovirus carrying genetic information
    in RNA
    Bind to the surface of a cell an insert
    into cell.
    Creates enzyme reverse transcriptase
    and is converted into DNA
    HIV
    CD4 is the receptor site on T cell that
    acts as receptor for HIV
    May also needs fusin
    Can also infect other cells that express
    CD4 –
    Once activated, HIV causes destruction
    of CD4 positive cells.
    http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/
    WebPath/TUTORIAL/AIDS/AID
    S.html
    HIV transmission
    Blood or blood products – needles
    Infected body fluids
    Placenta
    Epidemiology
    90% die within 5 years of diagnosis
    Virtually every country or territory has
    reported AIDS cases
    Most rapidly spreading epidemic in the
    world
    Incidence versus prevalence
    Clinical Manifestations
    At time of diagnosis individual may
    manifest one of 4 conditions
    Serologically negative
    Serologically positive by asymptomatic
    Early HIV
    AIDS
    AIDS
    Three conditions for diagnosis
    Presence of HIV
    CD4 T cell count under 200
    One or more specified conditions
    • Three categories of conditions
    Opportunistic disease
    Bacterial
    TB
    Mycobacterium Avium Complex
    Salmonellosis
    Fungal
    Coccidioidomycosis
    Canciciasis
    Cryptococcosis
    Histoplasmosis
    Opportunistic disease
    Protozoan
    Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
    Cryptosporidiosis
    Toxoplasmosis
    Coccidiosis
    Opportunistic disease
    Viral
    Herpes simplex
    Cytomegalovirus
    Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
    (PML)
    Herpes zoster
    Opportunistic Disease
    Neoplasms
    Kaposi’s Sarcoma
    Malignant lymphomas
    Cervical neoplasm
    Treatment
    Prevent viral replication
    Restore immune function
    Antiretroviral drugs (AZT, ddl)
    Protease inhibitors
    Immunomodulatory drugs
    Anti-infective drugs

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