Grammar 1 Class 1

Class 1
A. Introduction
English Grammar I / TAI 102 – 104 / 7122

Teacher: Francisco Larco Corry
School UNAB English Department
of Translation and Interpretation 1
Before we go any further, please answer the questions below.
1. What is a word / phrase / sentence / clause?
2. What is a part of speech?
School of Translation and Interpretation

What is a part of speech?
1. A category of words that have similar grammatical properties.
2. Traditionally can be classified into content words (that have both lexical
and grammatical meaning) and function words (that only have grammatical
meaning).
Content (open class) Function (closed class)
Have a lexical meaning, denote a Demonstrate the relations between

notion. the content words or specify the
grammatical meaning
 Noun
 Verb  Preposition
 Adjective  Conjunction
 Adverb  Article
 etc.  etc.
Taken and adapted from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/exploring-

linguistic-science/parts-of-speech/42D5F51E4F350016B982C3BA6D727B07#

Notional parts of speech
1. Noun. Names a person, place, thing or idea. E.g. Dog, house, teacher, apple, etc.
2. Verb. A word or a group of words that describes an action or experience. E.g. realize,
walk, see, go, go out, put off, etc.
3. Adjective. Describes a noun or a pronoun. E.g. crazy, nice, young, ugly, etc.
4. Adverb. Describes a verb, adjective or adverb. E.g. loudly, always, barely, lately, etc.
5. Pronoun. Replaces the name of a person, thing or idea. E.g. he, she, it, them, us, etc.
6. Numeral. Stands for a number. E.g. one, first, second, thirty-two, etc.
Functional parts of speech
1. Preposition. Used before a noun, pronoun or a gerund to show time, place or

direction. E.g. at, in, on, about, to, etc.
2. Conjunction. Joins words or groups of words in a sentence. E.g. and, because, since,
so, etc.
3. Interjection. Shows emotion or feeling. E.g. wow, oh, ouch, etc.
4. Article. Used to indicate whether a noun is general or specific. E.g. a, an, the.

Class 1
B. Verb
English Grammar I / TAI 102 – 104 / 7122

Teacher: Francisco Larco Corry
School UNAB English Department
of Translation and Interpretation 5
Verbs in English
A verb is a part of speech that denotes a process.
Verbs:
1. Full verbs (principal verbs)
2. Modal or auxiliary verbs.
Principal verbs in English
A principal verb is a verb that has a lexical meaning. It typically shows the
action or state of being of the subject. It can stand alone or can be used
with auxiliary or modal verbs.
a. Transitive
b. Intransitive
c. Regular
d. Irregular

Transitive / Intransitive verbs
Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs are the verbs that The intransitive verbs show no
require a direct object. necessity in any direct object.
A sentence with a transitive verb and A sentence with an intransitive verb

with no direct object looks incomplete and with no direct object looks normal
and unfinished. and complete.
Examples Examples
They bought a car. The wind blew.
Johnny fed the cat. John laughed.
We sent the report. The keys disappeared.

Many verbs in English can be transitive or intransitive depending on a particular
sentence.
The group of people sang songs. (transitive)
He always sings. (intransitive)
She left the city at 6 pm. (transitive)
I want to leave early. (intransitive)
 Some verbs in English are always intransitive. E.g. die, arrive.

Regular/ Irregular verbs
1. Regular verbs are the ones that use one system to produce the past forms (ed
inflection). E.g. start-started, walk-walked etc.
2. Irregular verbs are the ones that use different systems to produce the past
forms (different suffixes and inflections). E.g. go-went-gone, do-did-done.
 About 250 irregular verbs exist in English

 Usually have Germanic origin
 There are 7 classes of irregular verbs in English

Auxiliary verbs in English
 Auxiliary verbs are not the principal ones (can not stand alone in a sentence).
 Auxiliary verbs are the ones that perform a helping function in a sentence.
 Auxiliary verbs are used to change different aspects in a sentence. E.g. be,
have, do, modal verbs.
Things that auxiliary verbs can express:
 Tense: present, past, future.

 Aspect: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous.
 Modality.
 Voice: passive, active.
 Emphasis to a sentence

Remember:
1. V is always a Verb Phrase (including single verbs).

2. V comes after the Subject (S) in declarative sentences
3. V is the element where tense (e.g. looked ) and aspect (e.g. looking ) are shown.
4. V shows 'concord' with the number (singular/plural) and person of the Subject.
E.g. The dogs bark The dog barks
I / You like it He / She / It likes it
5. V is the most obligatory of clause elements
Examples:
Taken and
1. I bought a paper. 2. Shut up! adapted from
V V Syntax
Workbook,
Mike Perkins,
University of
3. They may be late 4. Will you help me? Sheffield.
V V- -V

Additional literature
1. A comprehensive grammar of the English language: Quirk, R. P. 96-134
2. Longman English grammar practice: Alexander, L.G. P. 156-180

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Class 1

English Grammar I / TAI 102 – 104 / 7122

1. What is a word / phrase / sentence / clause?

2. What is a part of speech?

School of Translation and Interpretation

1. A category of words that have similar grammatical properties.

Content (open class) Function (closed class)

Have a lexical meaning, denote a Demonstrate the relations between

Taken and adapted from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/exploring-

School of Translation and Interpretation

Functional parts of speech

1. Preposition. Used before a noun, pronoun or a gerund to show time, place or

School of Translation and Interpretation

English Grammar I / TAI 102 – 104 / 7122

A verb is a part of speech that denotes a process.

2. Modal or auxiliary verbs.

Principal verbs in English

School of Translation and Interpretation

Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs

A sentence with a transitive verb and A sentence with an intransitive verb

Johnny fed the cat. John laughed.

We sent the report. The keys disappeared.

School of Translation and Interpretation

The group of people sang songs. (transitive)

He always sings. (intransitive)

She left the city at 6 pm. (transitive)

I want to leave early. (intransitive)

 Some verbs in English are always intransitive. E.g. die, arrive.

School of Translation and Interpretation

 About 250 irregular verbs exist in English

School of Translation and Interpretation

Things that auxiliary verbs can express:

 Tense: present, past, future.

School of Translation and Interpretation

1. V is always a Verb Phrase (including single verbs).

E.g. The dogs bark The dog barks

I / You like it He / She / It likes it

5. V is the most obligatory of clause elements

School of Translation and Interpretation

1. A comprehensive grammar of the English language: Quirk, R. P. 96-134

2. Longman English grammar practice: Alexander, L.G. P. 156-180

School of Translation and Interpretation

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