Lesson 8. Lexical Categories Introduction Discussion

LESSON 6
Lexical Categories (Parts of Speech)
Introduction
There are several ways to classify words. Traditionally, English teachers divide
words into eight parts of speech or lexical categories. However, the eight parts of
speech are arbitrary categories that are not relevant to many languages or do not
adequately represent the lexical differences or morphological units found in many
languages. Re-learning the parts of speech is a good jumping-off point to introduce
students to the primary functions of words within sentences. The lessons and sections
in the Explore part are meant to summarize the traditional parts of speech and to add a
few additional concepts.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the week, you are expected to:
 Exhibit understanding of the distinctions among the parts of speech.
 Determine the lexical category of words within sentences.
 Determine the sub-type of the lexical category of words within
sentences.
 Discuss how meaning of words change when their grammatical
function/lexical category is also change.
Pre-Competency Checklist
Activity 17
Please refer to VLP.
I guess that you just based your answers to the pre-competency on your background
knowledge learned from previous lessons. To dig deeper on the topic, let us read the
Explore part and learn more.
Learning Resources
 Lecture-Discussion Text
Reference: A Concise Introduction to Linguistics 2nd Edition, pp.104-108
 Guided Web/Internet Browsing
 Activity Sheet (Uploaded/Offline Submission)
Explore
Discussion Text
LEXICAL CATEGORIES (PARTS OF SPEECH)

Noun
 It is a word that refers to names of persons, places, attitudes,
ideas, things, qualities or conditions.
 A noun can be the subject of a sentence, the object of the verb
or the object of the preposition.
Discussion Text
 Some nouns occur after the articles a, an and the.

 Some nouns can be added with -s to show plurality and –‘s or
-s’ to show possession.
 Sub-Types of Nouns are:
 Proper nouns refer to specific or particular nouns.
(John, Philippines, EDSA, Atty. Reyes)
 Common nouns refer to generic and not specific nouns.
(man, country, street, attorney)
 Concrete nouns refer to tangible nouns.
(cow, tree, shoes)
 Abstract nouns refer to intangible nouns.
(love, freedom, admiration)
 Count nouns can be counted and can be pluralized.
(dog, cup, student, girl)
 Mass nouns cannot be counted and cannot be pluralized.
(butter, flour, gravel, sand)
 Collective nouns refer to a group of things.
(mob, flock, herd, battalion)
Pronoun
 A pronoun replaces a noun or another pronoun.
 The word being replaced or referred to by a pronoun is called
antecedent.
 Sub-Type of Pronouns:
 Indefinite pronoun does not have a specific reference ( any,
each, all, everyone, some)
 Reflective/reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject.
(myself, yourself, herself, himself)
 Intensive pronoun is used for emphasis and has the same
form as the reflexive pronoun.
 Personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing. ( I,
you, he, she, it)
 Demonstrative pronoun indicates what is being referred to.
(this, that, these, those)
 Interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. ( who,
whom, which, what)
 Relative pronoun links one phrase or clause to another
phrase or clause and take the same form as interrogative
pronouns.
Discussion Text
Adjective
 Adjectives modify a noun or a pronoun.
 They identify a characteristic or quality of a noun or pronoun.
 Adjectives occur before a noun.
 Adjectives can be added the suffix -er to show comparative
degree and -est to show superlative degree.
Verb
 A verb expresses an action, an occurrence, a condition or a
state of being.
 In English verd form changes according to tense, person,
number and aspect.
 Sub-Types of Verbs:
 Intransitive verbs do not require a direct object.
 Transitive verbs do take an object.
 Linking verbs cannot form a complete assertion/predication
by themselves. They do not take a direct object, as well.
They link the subject to a noun (predicate noun) or an
adjective.
Ex: My mother is an artist.
He remains a good person.
That pie smells good.
 Other linking verbs are:
 be
 become
 look
 appear
 taste
 feel
 sound
Adverb
 Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs ( careful,
today, now, often).
 Like adjectives, adverbs have a positive, comparative and
superlative degree: He walked fast. He walked faster. He walked
fastest.
Preposition
 Prepositions usually introduce a phrase (The cat was on the
fence).
 The phrase usually ends in a noun or pronoun, which is called
the object of the preposition.
 A preposition shows a relationship between its object and
another word/words in the sentence.
Discussion Text
Conjunction
 Conjunctions connect words or group of words.
 Sub-Types of Conjunctions:
 Coordinating conjunctions connect equal elements as in
the sentence: It is Rob and Becky’s account.
 Correlative conjunctions connect equal elements but
occur in pairs such as in the sentence: Either you or I will
go to the mall today.
 Subordinating conjunctions connect unequal elements;
for example, a dependent and independent clause such
as in the sentence: Because you studied very effectively,
you got an A in the test. You studied very effectively so
you got an A in the test.
Interjection
 Interjections are not a vital part of a sentence grammatically.
They can be removed and not destroy the grammatical structure
of sentence.
 Interjections are usually used to express feelings.
 Examples: oh, well, goodness sakes, good heavens, alas, ouch,
indeed
 Rule in writing interjections. If they stand alone, they end up
with an exclamation point. But if they are part of the sentence,
a comma is placed after the interjection and the exclamation
point is placed after the last word of the sentence.
Ex: Ouch!
Ouch, it hurts!
We are done with the discussion. Note however, that a word’s

lexical category depends on its function in a sentence. So, a word like
round can function as any one of the six lexical categories.
I hope you have understood the discussion, the first three questions in the
discussion board are the same questions found under the pre-competency assessment,
wherein your answers may be based commonly on prior knowledge. However, your
answers to the discussion board questions must be based from the insights that you
have learned from the discussion texts.
Discussion Board
Activity 19
Please refer to VLP
We are done with the lesson. Did you understand the lectures? If you feel that
some parts of the lesson are not yet clear, please feel free to post your questions and
send it to my FB messenger account.
I guess you are now ready for the evaluation of your understanding… Goodluck!!!
Please take note of the outputs to be submitted and the due date of submission
as highlighted below:
Post-Competency Checklist
Activity 20
Please refer to VLP

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LESSON 6

Lexical Categories (Parts of Speech)

LEXICAL CATEGORIES (PARTS OF SPEECH)

 Some nouns occur after the articles a, an and the.

We are done with the discussion. Note however, that a word’s

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