Chapter 8

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

PowerPoint Lectures
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8th Edition, Global Edition
REECE • TAYLOR • SIMON • DICKEY • HOGAN

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Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
 CELL DIVISION AND
REPRODUCTION

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 8.1 Cell division plays many important roles
in the lives of organisms

• The ability of organisms to reproduce their own

kind is a key characteristic of life.
• Cell division (Reproduction)
• is the process by which cells reproduce
themselves.
• produces two “daughter” cells that are genetically
identical to each other and the original “parent” cell,
• requires the duplication of chromosomes, the
structures that contain most of the cell’s DNA, and
• sorts new sets of chromosomes into the resulting
pair of daughter cells.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
 8.1 Cell division plays many important roles
in the lives of organisms

• Cell division is used for

• reproduction of single-celled organisms,
• growth of multicellular organisms from a fertilized
egg into an adult,
• repair and replacement of cells, and
• production of sperm and eggs.

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
 8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission

• Prokaryotes (single-celled bacteria and archaea)

reproduce by binary fission (“dividing in half”).
• The chromosome of a prokaryote is typically
• a single circular DNA molecule associated with
proteins and
• much smaller than those of eukaryotes.

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Figure 8.2a-3
Plasma
membrane Prokaryotic
Cell wall chromosome

Binary fission
classified as Duplication of the chromosome
1
and separation of the copies
asexual
reproduction,
because the
genetically
identical Continued elongation of the
offspring inherit 2
cell and movement of the copies
their DNA from
a single parent.

Division into
3
two daughter cells

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 THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE
AND MITOSIS

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 8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of
eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
• Eukaryotic cells:
1. are more complex and larger than prokaryotic
cells,
2. have more genes, and
3. store most of their genes on multiple
chromosomes within the nucleus.
• Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic
number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.

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 Organization of Eukaryotic Chromosomes:
• In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are located in the nucleus,
and are made up of chromatin.
• Chromatin is composed of DNA and histone proteins.
• DNA coils around histone proteins to form nucleosomes.
• The nucleosomes interact with one another to form coils and
supercoils that make up chromosomes.

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 8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of
eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division

• Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

chromatin consisting of
• one long DNA molecule and
• proteins that help maintain the chromosome
structure and control the activity of its genes.

• To prepare for division, the chromatin becomes:

1. highly compact (dense) and
2. visible with a microscope.

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Figure 8.3b-0
Chromosomes Chromosomal DNA
When does a chromosome consist molecules
of two identical chromatids?

Sister chromatids

Chromosome
duplication

Sister
chromatids
Centromere

Separation
of sister
chromatids
and
distribution
into two
daughter
cells
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 8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of
eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division

• Before a eukaryotic cell begins to divide, it

duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two
copies called sister chromatids.
• The sister chromatids are joined together along
their lengths by proteins, most closely at a region
called the centromere.
• When a cell divides, the sister chromatids
• separate from each other and are then called
chromosomes, and
• sort into separate daughter cells.
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8.4 The cell cycle includes growing and
division phases
• The cell cycle is the period between one cell division
and the next. The cell cycle consists of two stages,
characterized as follows:
1. Interphase: duplication of cell contents
• G1 —growth, increase in cytoplasm and
synthesize new proteins and organelles. It is the
longest stage.
• S—duplication of chromosomes
• G2—growth, preparation for division, checking
for errors in DNA copy, and correcting the errors
2. Mitotic phase: division
• Mitosis—division of the nucleus
• Cytokinesis—division of cytoplasm
Figure 8.4

G1
(first gap) S
(DNA synthesis)
M
e sis i s G2
n
Cy toki ito
s
M (second gap)

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 • Note:
Cells can also exist the cell cycle (usually from the G1
phase) and enter into a state called the G0 phase. During
G0 phase, cells do not copy their DNA and do not prepare
for cell division. Many cells in the human body are in the
G0 phase. For example, fully developed cells in the
central nervous system stop dividing at maturity and
normally never divide again.

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 8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic
changes
• A mitotic spindle:
• is required to divide the chromosomes,
• guides the separation of the two sets of daughter
chromosomes (chromatids), and
• is composed of microtubules and associated
proteins.
• Spindle microtubules emerge from two
centrosomes, microtubule-organizing regions in
the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Centrosomes are
found in animal cells, but do not exist within plant
cells.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
 8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic
changes

• Mitosis progresses through a series of stages:

1. Prophase, (Prometaphase)
2. Metaphase,
3. Anaphase, and
4. Telophase.
• Cytokinesis often overlaps telophase.

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 8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic
changes

• Interphase:
1. The cytoplasmic contents double.
2. Two centrosomes form.
3. Chromosomes duplicate in the nucleus during the
S-phase.

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 • Prophase
• CENTROSOMES MOVE TO THE
OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL;

• CENTRIOLES ORGANISE THE

SPINDLE FIBRES;

• CHROMOSOMES BECOME
SHORTER AND THICKER AS THE
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)
CONDENSES;

• EACH CHROMOSOME CONTAIN

TWO DNA MOLECULES CALLED
CHROMATIDS;

• NUCLEOLUS DISAPPEARS;

• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE starts to

BREAK DOWN, and completely
disappear at Prometaphase.
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 • Metaphase

• SPINDLE FIBRES FROM BOTH

POLES ATTACH TO THE
CENTROMERE OF EACH
CHROMOSOME;

• CHROMOSOMES LIE IN THE

CYTOPLASM;

• ALL CHROMOSOMES ALIGN AT

THE EQUATOR (CENTRE) OF
THE CELL;

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 • Anaphase

• SPINDLE FIBRES CONTRACT

AND THEY SHORTEN;

• SISTER CHROMATIDS OF EACH

CHROMOSOME SPLIT;

• SISTER CHROMATIDS OF EACH

CHROMOSOME MOVE TO
OPPOSITE POLES;

• CHROMATIDS MOVE WITH THEIR

CENTROMERE REGION
LEADING;

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 • CHROMOSOMES REACH THE
• Telophase OPPOSITE POLES AND
UNWIND;

• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
REFORMS AND TWO
DAUGHTER NUCLEI ARE
FORMED;

• NUCLEOLUS REAPPEARS;

• SPINDLE FIBRES BREAKS

DOWN;

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 8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic
changes

• During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is divided into

separate cells.
• Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously with
telophase.

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 1. IN ANIMAL CELLS, CELL MEMBRANE IN THE MID REGION OF THE CELL IS
DRAWN IN AND PINCHES OFF FORMING TWO IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS.

Cytokinesis:
Cleavage furrow
Contracting ring of
microfilaments

Daughter cells

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 8.6 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal
cells
In plant cells:

1. THE CELL WALL DOES NOT ALLOW THE PINCHING OFF OF THE
CELL MEMBRANE;

2. INSTEAD, A CELL PLATE IS FORMED IN BETWEEN THE TWO

NUCLEI;

3. THE CELL PLATE GRADUALLY TURNS INTO CELL MEMBRANES

OF THE TWO CELLS;

4. FINALLY, THE CELL WALL IS FORMED BETWEEN THE TWO CELL

MEMBRANES;

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Figure 8.6b-0

Cytokinesis New
cell wall

Cell wall Cell

of the wall
parent cell

Daughter
nucleus

Cell plate
forming Cell plate
Vesicles containing Daughter cells
cell wall material

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 8.7 Anchorage, cell density, and chemical
growth factors affect cell division

• The cells within an organism’s body divide and

develop at different rates.
• Cell division is controlled by
• anchorage dependence, the need for cells to be in
contact with a solid surface to divide,
• density-dependent inhibition, in which crowded
cells stop dividing,
• the presence of essential nutrients, and
• growth factors, proteins that stimulate division.

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Figure 8.7a

Anchorage
dependence: cells
anchor to the dish
surface and divide

Density- dependent
inhibition: When cells
have formed a
complete layer, they
stop dividing.

Removal of cells
Note:
1. Cancer cells
are not subject
to anchorage Restoration of single
dependence;
layer by cell division
they grow
whether or not
they are in 2. density-
contact to Cancer cells forming dependent
suitable clump of overlapping inhibition fails
surface cells in tumor.
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When grown in the lab, cells fail to
divide if an essential nutrients is left
out of the culture medium.
Growth Factor: is a protein
molecule made by the body; it Cultured cells
functions to regulate cell division &
cell survival.
suspended in liquid
For example, a protein called
vascular endothelial growth factor The addition of
(VEGF) stimulates the growth of
growth
new blood vessels during fetal
development and after injury.
factor

Cells fail Cells divide in

to divide presence of
growth factor

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 8.8 Growth factors signal the cell cycle
control system

• The cell cycle control system is a cycling set of

molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key
events in the cell cycle.
• Checkpoints in the cell cycle can stop an event or signal an
event to proceed.
• There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle.
1. G1 checkpoint: allows entry into the S phase or
causes the cell to leave the cycle, entering a
nondividing G0 phase.
2. G2 checkpoint
3. M checkpoint
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Figure 8.8a
G1 checkpoint

G0

G1
S

Control
system

G2

M checkpoint

G2 checkpoint
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 A checkpoint is a stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which
the cell examines internal and external cues and "decides"
whether or not to move forward with division.

The G1 Checkpoint at the G1/S transition checks for:

1. Cell size
2. Nutrients
3. Growth Factors
4. DNA damage

The G2 checkpoints at the G2/M transition checks for:

1. DNA damage
2. DNA replication completeness

The Spindle checkpoint at the transition from Metaphase to

Anaphase checks for:
Chromosome attachment to spindle at metaphase plate

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 8.9 CONNECTION: Growing out of control,
cancer cells produce malignant tumors

• A tumor is a mass of abnormally growing cells

within otherwise normal tissue.
• Benign tumors remain at the original site but may
disrupt certain organs if they grow in size.
• Malignant tumors can spread to other locations in
a process called metastasis.
• An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have
cancer.

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Figure 8.9

Lymph
vessels
Blood
vessel
Tumor
Tumor in
another
Glandular part of
the body
tissue

Tumor growth Invasion Metastasis

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 8.9 CONNECTION: Growing out of control,
cancer cells produce malignant tumors

• Cancers are named according to the organ or

tissue in which they originate.
• Carcinomas originate in external or internal body
coverings.
• Leukemia originates from immature white blood
cells within the blood or bone marrow.

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 8.9 CONNECTION: Growing out of control,
cancer cells produce malignant tumors

• Localized tumors can be

• removed surgically and/or
• treated with concentrated beams of high-energy
radiation.
• Metastatic tumors are treated with chemotherapy.
• It is increasingly possible to personalize cancer
treatment by
• sequencing the genome of tumor cells and
• tailoring treatment based upon the tumor’s specific
genetic profile.
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